Ebintu by’olina okumanya ku kintu ekiddugavu eky’obwongo (Substantia Nigra)!

Wali weebuuzizza engeri entambula z’omubiri gwo, engeri gy’otambulamu, engeri gy’otambuzaamu emikono n’amagulu, gye bifugibwamu? Bino byonna bikwatagana n’ekitundu ekitono naye nga kikulu nnyo mu bwongo bwaffe. Ekitundu ekyo kiyitibwa buyitibwa Substantia Nigra . Leero, tugenda kwogera ku kitundu kino ekyewuunyisa.

Kale, kiki ekituuka ku Substantia Nigra?

Mu ngeri ennyangu, ekitundu kino ekiyitibwa substantia nigra kitundu ku nkola ya ‘Basal Ganglia’ mu bwongo bwo. Okubeera omutuufu, kino kye kiyamba okufuga entambula zo n’okutambula kw’ebinywa. Ensonga enkulu lwaki kino kikoleddwa eri nti substantia nigra ekola eddagala erikulu ennyo eriyitibwa dopamine . Dopamine eno eringa omubaka mu bwongo bwaffe. Waliwo ebitundu bibiri ebikulu ebya substantia nigra eno. Omulimu gwa buli omu ku bo gwa njawulo katono.

1. SN pars eziyitibwa reticulata

Ekitundu kino kisinga kwenyigira mu kufuga entambula z’amaaso go, n’obusobozi bwo okuyiga ebintu ebipya n’okulowooza. Obutoffaali bw’obwongo mu kitundu kino bubaamu eddagala eriyitibwa gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) . GABA ekola nga ekendeeza ku mirimu egiteetaagisa egy’obutoffaali bw’obwongo. Kwe kugamba, kiyamba okukomya obwongo okusindika obubonero obuteetaagisa mu binywa. Kino kiringa omupoliisi w’ebidduka okuyimiriza mmotoka eziteetaagisa.

2. SN pars ekika kya compacta

Obusimu obuyitibwa neurons oba obutoffaali bw’obusimu mu kitundu kino we wasinga okubeera eddagala lya dopamine eryayogeddwako emabegako. N’olwekyo, ekitundu kino kyenyigidde mu bintu bingi, gamba ng’enneewulira zo, obusobozi bwo okuyiga, engeri gy’osalawo akabi n’empeera, n’ebikukubiriza. Okukendeera kw’ekirungo kya dopamine kye kisinga okuvaako embeera ng’obulwadde bwa Parkinson .

Kale, Substantia Nigra esangibwa wa?

Ekitundu kino ekiyitibwa substantia nigra (SN) kisangibwa wakati mu bwongo bwo, obuyitibwa obwongo obw’omu makkati . Nga erinnya bwe liraga, lisangibwa wakati mu bwongo bwo. Okubeera omutuufu, kisangibwa waggulu katono ku kikolo ky’obwongo , okumpi n’ekifo omutwe n’ensingo we bikwatagana era omugongo we gutandikira. Wadde tukiyita ‘substantia nigra’, mu butuufu waliwo ebitundu bibiri eby’obwongo bwo. Zisangibwa ku buli ludda lw’obwongo obw’omu makkati. Buli kitundu kirimu ebitundu ebyogeddwako emabegako ebiyitibwa pars reticulata (SN pars reticulata) ne pars compacta (SN pars compacta). Ebibiri bino bwe bigattibwa wamu, biyitibwa ‘substantia nigra’ (substantiae nigrae).

Kino kifaanana ki? Langi ki? Kinene?

Olaba erinnya Substantia Nigra liva mu Lulatini. Kitegeeza ‘ekintu ekiddugavu’ . Ensonga lwaki kino kiri bwe kityo eri nti wadde ng’obwongo bwo obusigadde butera okuba enzirugavu eya pinki, ekitundu kino ekiyitibwa Substantia Nigra kiddugavu nnyo. Okubeera omutuufu, eringa bbandi enjeru eyeetooloddwa ebitundu bya langi enzirugavu. Ensonga lwaki kino kiri bwe kityo eri nti obutoffaali bw'obwongo mu kitundu kino bubaamu eddagala eriyitibwa Melanin . Obadde okimanyi nti Melanin era asangibwa mu butoffaali bw’olususu lwaffe. Bwe tubeera mu musana, olususu lwaffe lufuuka lwa kitaka (tan) olw’ekirungo kino ekya Melanin. Bw’obuuza obunene bwe buba, mu butuufu kitundu kitono nnyo. Teebereza, oyinza okuteeka nga 25 ku substantia nigras zino munda mu mupiira gwa Golf ogwa bulijjo! Kitono bwe kityo. Ekirala, wadde nga kitundu kya basal ganglia, substantia nigra (SN) si ganglion. It’s a nucleus , nga eno ye nsengekera mu nsengekera y’obusimu erimu ekibinja ky’obutoffaali obukola ekintu kye kimu, oba obulina ekika ky’enkolagana kye kimu.

Substantia Nigra ekolebwa mu ki?

Basal ganglia zo, omuli ne substantia nigra, zikolebwa ebika by’obutoffaali bibiri ebikulu. Ka tubyogereko mu bujjuvu.

• Obusimu : Buno bwe butoffaali obuli mu bwongo bwo n’obusimu bwo. Zino ze zitambuza n’okusindika obubaka. Zisobola okutambuza obubonero oba mu kemiko oba mu masannyalaze.
• Obutoffaali bwa glial: Buno bulinga obutoffaali obuyamba mu nkola y’obusimu. Wadde nga tezitambuza butereevu bubonero bwa busimu, ziyamba obusimu obuyitibwa neurons okukola omulimu ogwo.

Akatono ku busimu obuyitibwa neurons

Obusimu (Neurons) kika kya katoffaali akaweereza n’okufuna obubaka okuyita mu busimu bwo nga bukozesa obubonero bw’amasannyalaze n’eddagala. Obusimu obuyitibwa neuron bulina ebitundu bino:

• Omubiri gw’obutoffaali: Kino kye kitundu ekikulu eky’obutoffaali.
• Axon: Kino kitundu kiwanvu ekiringa omukono ekiva ku mubiri gw’obutoffaali. Ku nkomerero endala ey’ekisengejja (axon) kuliko ebitundu ebiwerako ebiwanvu ebiringa engalo. Wano akabonero k’amasannyalaze okuva mu busimu obuyitibwa neuron we kakyusibwa okufuuka siginiini ya kemiko. Ebitundu bino ebiringa engalo nabyo biyitibwa synapses . Wano obusimu obuyitibwa neuron we bukwatagana n'obutoffaali obulala obw'obusimu obuli okumpi .
• Dendrites: Bino bye bitonde ebitonotono ebiringa amatabi ku mubiri gw’obutoffaali (erinnya lino liva mu kigambo ky’Olulattini ekitegeeza ‘eringa omuti’). Dendrites zifuna obubonero bwa kemiko okuva mu synapses ku neurons endala.
• Myelin (Myelin : Kino kitundu kigonvu era nga kirimu amasavu nga kyetoolodde axon y’obusimu obuyitibwa neuron. Kikola ng’ekibikka ekikuuma.

Enkolagana y’obusimu (neuronal connections) nzibu nnyo. Dendrites mu neuron emu zisobola okuyungibwa ku nkumi n’enkumi z’obusimu obulala. Obusimu obumu buwanvu, obumu bumpi. Kino kisinziira ku kifo we bali mu mubiri n’omulimu gwe bakola.

Obutoffaali bwa glial kye ki?

Obutoffaali bwa glial bukola ebintu bingi eby’enjawulo. Ziyamba obusimu obuyitibwa neurons okukula n’okukula ng’okyali muto, era ziyamba okuddukanya engeri obusimu obuyitibwa neurons gye zikolamu mu bulamu bwo bwonna. Era zikuuma obusimu bwo obutakwatibwa yinfekisoni, zitereeza bbalansi y’eddagala mu busimu bwo, era zikola ekikuta kya myelin okwetoloola axons zo. Obadde okimanyi? Waliwo obutoffaali bwa glial obusinga emirundi nga kkumi okusinga obusimu obuyitibwa neurons mu busimu bwo!

Endwadde ki ezitera okukwata Substantia Nigra?

Waliwo endwadde n’embeera eziwerako eziyinza okukosa Substantia Nigra. Ebimu ku byo bye bino:

• Obulwadde bwa Alzheimer
• Ebizimba ku bwongo
• Obuvune ku mutwe , naddala obuvune ku bwongo obuva ku buvune ng’okukonziba
• Okukwatibwa ebintu eby’obutwa oba obutwa nga Trichloroethylene (TCE) .
• Yinfekisoni (naddala yinfekisoni ezireeta okuzimba obwongo, gamba nga encephalitis ) .
• Embeera z’okuzimba oba ez’abaserikale b’omubiri , gamba nga lupus
• Embeera ezisikira nga obulwadde bwa Huntington
• Lewy omubiri obulwadde bw’okubulwa amagezi
• Okukendeera kw’enkola eziwera
• Obulwadde bwa Parkinson - Buno bwe bulwadde obusinga okwogerwako obukwatagana ne Substantia Nigra, kubanga mu bulwadde buno, obutoffaali obukola dopamine busaanawo.
• Obulwadde bwa supranuclear palsy obugenda mu maaso
• Storoko
• Obulwadde bwa Wilson

Bubonero ki obutera okulabika ku ndwadde ezikwatagana ne Substantia Nigra?

Obubonero bw’endwadde ezikosa enkola ya basal ganglia oba substantia nigra, businziira nnyo ku kika ky’obulwadde. Kyokka waliwo obubonero obumu obutera okulabika:

• Ebizibu by’okutebenkeza n’okukwasaganya emirimu
• Okunafuwa kw’ebinywa n’okusannyalala
• Okukankana n’okukankana
• Obuzibu mu kussa essira, okulowooza oba okugonjoola ebizibu
• Okukaluubirirwa okufuga entambula y’amaaso, ekivaako obuzibu mu kulaba

Bikebere ki ebikolebwa okuzuula embeera ng’ezo?

Waliwo okukebera okuwerako okuyinza okuyamba okuzuula embeera ezikosa obwongo bwo, oba substantia nigra. Ebigezo ebisinga okukozesebwa bye bino:

• Okukebera omusaayi: Bino bisobola okuzuula ebintu eby’enjawulo, okuva ku buzibu bw’abaserikale b’omubiri okutuuka oba obutwa n’obutwa naddala ebyuma nga ekikomo, mercury, ne lead biyingidde mu mubiri.
• Okukebera kompyuta (CT) okukebera
• Evoked potentials (okugezesebwa kw’obusimu) .
• Okukebera obuzaale
• Sikaani ya magineeti ekwata ebifaananyi (MRI).
• Okukebera omukka oguyitibwa positron emission tomography (PET).
• Okukebera omukka oguyitibwa single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT scan) .

Bujjanjabi ki obw’endwadde ezikwatagana ne Substantia Nigra?

Olw’okuba waliwo embeera nnyingi eziyinza okukosa substantia nigra, obujjanjabi obuliwo nabwo bwa njawulo nnyo. Ekika ky’obujjanjabi bw’ofuna kisinziira ddala ku mbeera gy’olina. Oluusi embeera zino osobola okuziddukanyizibwa n'eddagala . Embeera endala ziyinza okwetaagisa okulongoosebwa . Wadde ng’embeera ezimu zisobola okuwona ddala, endala ziyinza obutaddamu kujjanjabwa. Mu mbeera ng’embeera tesobola kuwona ddala, ebiseera ebisinga kiba kirungi okufuga obubonero .

Kiki kye nnyinza okukola okukuuma Substantia Nigra yange?

Embeera nnyingi ezikosa obwongo bwo oba substantia nigra, zisobola okuziyizibwa oba waakiri okulwawo. Kyokka obulwadde bwa ParkinsonEndwadde ezimu, gamba nga kookolo, kizibu okuziziyiza kubanga zibeerawo nga tosuubira. Kyokka bino bye bimu ku bintu ebikulu by’osobola okukola:

• Lya emmere ennungi. Emmere gy’olya ekosa obulamu bw’enkola yo ey’okutambula kw’omusaayi n’obuzito bwo. Bino byombi bikwatagana butereevu n’obulamu bw’obwongo bwo.
• Beera ng’okola emirimu gy’omubiri buli kiseera era obeere n’obuzito obulungi. Obuzito bwo n’omutindo gw’emirimu gyo bisobola okuyamba okuziyiza oba okulwawo endwadde ezikosa obwongo naddala puleesa oba okusannyalala.
• Yambala ebyuma ebikuuma bwe kiba kyetaagisa. Obuvune ku mutwe naddala okukonziba n’obuvune obulala obw’ekikangabwa ku bwongo buyinza okuvaako obwongo okwonooneka. Oluusi okwonooneka kuyinza okuba okw’olubeerera. N’olwekyo kyetaagisa okwambala ebyuma ebikuuma obwongo obutafuna buvune ku bwongo, ku mulimu ne mu biseera eby’eddembe.
• Dukanya embeera zo ezitawona. Embeera nnyingi ezikosa obwongo n’obusimu zeeyongera okwonooneka okumala ekiseera. Okujjanjaba obulungi embeera zino ezitawona kiyinza okukendeeza ku kukula kwazo n’okukendeeza ku buzibu bw’obubonero.

Obubaka Obusembayo Okutwala Awaka

Nga bw’olaba, substantia nigra kitundu kitono nnyo ku bwongo bwaffe, naye ekola omulimu omukulu ennyo. Wadde abakugu bakyayiga bingi ku nsonga eno, naye bingi bye tumanyi dda. Kitundu kinene nnyo mu nkola z’amasannyalaze n’eddagala ez’obwongo bwaffe. Era kiyamba okukwasaganya entambula zaffe, okulaba kwaffe, n’ebintu ebirala bingi.

Jjukira nti obulamu bw’obwongo bwo bukulu nnyo eri obulamu bwo okutwalira awamu. Kale, tewerabira kulabirira bwongo bwo n’okugoberera obulamu obulungi.

Nga tekinologiya agenda mu maaso n’okunoonyereza ku by’obujjanjabi bwe kugenda mu maaso, tujja kuyiga ebisingawo ku nkola y’omunda eya Substantia Nigra n’engeri y’okujjanjaba endwadde ezigikwata. Kale, kikulu okuba n’essuubi!

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Substantia Nigra, Obwongo, Dopamine, Obulwadde bwa Parkinson, Entambula, Enkola y’obusimu