Ensengekera y’obuzaale kye ki? Ka tukyogereko mu ngeri ennyangu!

Wali weebuuzizzaako gye waggya ekifaananyi kyo eky’enjawulo, akamwenyumwenyu, langi y’enviiri, mpozzi n’engeri gy’oyogeramu? Oluusi tuwulidde nti, "Maama, ofaanana taata wo!" oba "Olina amaaso ga maama wo!" Ekyo kiri bwe kityo olw’ebintu bino ebitonotono, naye eby’amaanyi ennyo bye tugenda okwogerako leero, ebiyitibwa obuzaale . Bino bye bitufuula kye tuli, endabika yaffe, wadde omuntu waffe.

Ddala obuzaale kye ki?

Mu ngeri ennyangu, obuzaale buba nsawo ntono ey’amawulire g’ofuna okuva mu bazadde bo. Ensawo eno ey’amawulire erimu amawulire gonna agasalawo ‘engeri’ zo , oba enviiri zo zigolokofu oba zikutte, oba oli muwanvu oba mumpi, langi ki amaaso go, n’engeri gy’omwenya. Engeri zino zisiigibwa okuva ku mulembe okudda ku mulala okuyita mu buzaale buno.

Teebereza, singa maama wo ne kitaawo bombi baba n’amaaso ga bbululu, otera okuba n’amaaso ga bbululu. Ate era, maama wo bw’aba alina ebizimba, naawe oyinza okusikira engeri eyo. Si bantu bokka abalina obuzaale buno, ebisolo, emiti, ebiramu bino byonna birina obuzaale. Kigambibwa nti akatoffaali kamu kokka mu mubiri gwaffe kasobola okubeeramu obuzaale obuli wakati wa 25,000 ne 35,000. Ekyo si kyewuunyisa?

Omanyi obuzaale buno obutono gye buli?

Ensengekera zino ntono nnyo nga tetusobola na kuziraba. Ziri munda mu butundutundu obutonotono obuyitibwa obutoffaali obukola emibiri gyaffe. Omubiri gwo gukolebwa obuwumbi n’obuwumbi bw’obutoffaali buno. Obutoffaali buno butono nnyo ne kiba nti ddala weetaaga microscope okubulaba.

Munda mu butoffaali buno, mulimu ensengekera eziyitibwa chromosomes eziringa emipiira egy’obuwuzi oba ng’abamu bwe bagamba, macaroni. Obuzaale buno buterekebwa munda mu chromosomes ezo. Mu chromosome emu muyinza okubaawo ebikumi n’ebikumi, wadde enkumi n’enkumi z’obuzaale. Chromosomes n'obuzaale buno bikolebwa eddagala eriyitibwa DNA . Amakulu mu bujjuvu aga DNA ye Deoxyribonucleic acid . Erinnya ddene katono, si bwe kiri? Naye kyangu ng’omaze okukimanyiira.

Akatono akalina amaanyi munda mu katoffaali: ekitundu ekiyitibwa nucleus

Wakati mu butoffaali obusinga obungi, waliwo akatundu akatono akalinga eggi akayitibwa nucleus . Buno bwe bwongo bw’obutoffaali. Ye nucleus etegeeza ebitundu ebirala byonna eby’obutoffaali eky’okukola. Kale, nucleus emanyi etya bingi bwe bityo? Ensonga eri nti chromosomes zaffe zonna n’obuzaale bwaffe biri munda mu nucleus eno. Waliwo amawulire mangi okusinga bw’oyinza okulowooza mu nucleus eno entono – mpozzi okusinga mu nkuluze esinga obunene gy’obadde olabye!

Emboozi ya chromosomes zaffe

Buli katoffaali k’omuntu kalina ensengekera z’obutonde (chromosomes) 46. Naye bino bijja bibiri bibiri. Kwe kugamba, ensengekera z’obutonde (chromosomes) 23 . Jjukira nti ekitundu ekimu ku bibiri bino, kwe kugamba, chromosome 23, tukifuna okuva ku maama waffe, ate ekitundu ekirala, chromosome 23, okuva ku kitaffe.

Bwe zitunuulirwa mu microscope, chromosomes zino zirabika nga za buwanvu bwa njawulo era nga zirina emisono egy’enjawulo. Bwe zisengekebwa mu nsengeka y’obunene n’engeri gye zikoleddwamu, ebibiri 22 ebisooka biyitibwa autosomes . Ebibiri ebisembayo ye chromosomes z’ekikula , nga zino ze chromosomes za X ne Y. Ensengekera zino ez’ekikaba ze zisalawo oba oli muwala oba mulenzi. Abawala balina X chromosomes bbiri (XX), ate abalenzi balina X chromosome emu ne Y chromosome emu (XY).

Naye ebiramu byonna tebirina chromosomes 46 mu butoffaali bwabyo. Ng’ekyokulabirako, akatoffaali akayitibwa fruit fly kalina chromosomes nnya zokka!

Ensengekera z’obuzaale zikola zitya?

Buli ggiini erina omulimu ogw’enjawulo gw’erina okukola. DNA eri mu ggiini, okufaananako n’enkola y’emmere, erimu ebiragiro ebitongole. Ebiragiro bino bikozesebwa okukola puloteyina munda mu butoffaali. Ebirungo ebizimba omubiri bye bizimba buli kintu mu mibiri gyaffe. Amagumba gaffe, amannyo, enviiri, amatu, ebinywa n’omusaayi byonna bikoleddwa mu puloteyina. Ebirungo bino ebiyamba emibiri gyaffe okukula n’okusigala nga mulamu bulungi. Kati bannassaayansi bakkiriza nti obuzaale bumu busobola okukola ebika bya puloteyina nga 10 eby’enjawulo! Ekyo kitegeeza nti puloteyina ezisoba mu 300,000!

Engeri obuzaale gye busalawo engeri zaffe

Okufaananako n’ensengekera z’obutonde (chromosomes), obuzaale bujja mu bibiri bibiri. Bazadde bo bombi balina kkopi bbiri eza buli emu ku buzaale bwabwe. Naye buli emu ofuna kkopi emu yokka. Ensengekera zo zikolebwa emu okuva mu maama wo n’endala okuva ku kitaawo. Obuzaale bw’ofuna mu ngeri eno bwe busalawo engeri zo nnyingi, gamba nga langi y’enviiri zo ne langi y’olususu lwo.

Teebereza nti maama wa Sandani alina obuzaale bw’enviiri eza kitaka n’obuzaale bw’enviiri emmyuufu. Yawa Sandani obuzaale bw’enviiri emmyuufu. Taata wa Sandani bw’aba alina obuzaale bubiri obw’enviiri emmyuufu, Sandani naye asobola okufuna obuzaale bw’enviiri emmyuufu okuva gy’ali. Olwo Sandani n’afuna obuzaale bw’enviiri emmyuufu okuva mu bazadde bombi, era enviiri ze zijja kuba mmyuufu. Otegedde?

Ng’ekyokulabirako ekirala, waliwo ebika by’embwa eby’enjawulo. Bonna balina obuzaale obuzifuula embwa, so si kkabwa, ebyennyanja oba abantu. Naye obuzaale obuzifuula embwa ze zisalawo engeri zazo ssekinnoomu. Eno y’ensonga lwaki embwa ezimu ntono, endala nnene. Abamu balina enviiri empanvu, abamu balina enviiri ennyimpi. Ensigo za Dalmatian zirina obuzaale bw’enviiri enjeru n’amabala amaddugavu. Toy poodles zirina obuzaale bw’enviiri ezikutte. Ndowooza kino okitegedde kati.

Watya singa wabaawo obuzibu ku buzaale?

Bannasayansi bakyagenda mu maaso n’okunoonyereza ku buzaale buno. Baagala okumanya puloteyina buli ggiini gy’ekola, n’ekituuka ku puloteyina ezo. Era baagala okumanya endwadde ki ezireetebwa obuzaale obutakola bulungi. Ensengekera z'obuzaale ezikyuse mu ngeri emu tuziyita enkyukakyuka . Abanoonyereza balowooza nti enkyukakyuka zino ez’obuzaale ze ziviirako ekitundu ku ndwadde z’amawuggwe, kookolo, n’endwadde endala nnyingi. Endwadde ezimu n’ebizibu by’obulamu bibaawo ng’obuzaale bubula oba nga waliwo ebitundu eby’enjawulo eby’obuzaale oba chromosomes.

Ebimu ku bizibu bino eby’obuzaale bisobola okusikira abazadde okutuuka ku baana. Ng’ekyokulabirako, ka tutwale obuzaale obuyamba omubiri gwaffe okukola hemoglobin . Hemoglobin puloteyina nkulu nnyo eyamba obutoffaali obumyufu okutambuza omukka gwa oxygen mu mubiri gwonna. Singa omwana asikira obuzaale bwa hemoglobin obw’enjawulo okuva ku muzadde we, omwana oyo ayinza okusobola okukola ekika kya hemoglobin kyokka ekitakola bulungi. Kino kiyinza okuleeta embeera eyitibwa anemia . Okukendeera kw’omusaayi kwe kukendeera kw’obutoffaali obumyufu obulungi. Sickle cell anemia kika kya bulwadde bwa anemia obusikira abazadde okutuuka ku baana nga bayita mu buzaale mu ngeri eno.

Obulwadde bwa Cystic fibrosis oba CF, bulwadde bulala obusikira abaana abamu bwe basikira. Abazadde abalina obuzaale bwa CF obukyusiddwa basobola okubuyisa mu baana baabwe. Abantu abalina CF bafuna obuzibu mu kussa kubanga emibiri gyabwe gifulumya omusulo omungi – amazzi amanene agava mu nnyindo zaffe nga tulwadde – ne gasibira mu mawuggwe gaabwe. Abantu abalina CF balina okufuna obujjanjabi obulamu bwabwe bwonna okukuuma amawuggwe gaabwe nga malamu nga bwe kisoboka.

Amawulire agasembyeyo: Ka tuyige katono ku bujjanjabi bw’obuzaale.

Obujjanjabi bw’obuzaale ngeri mpya nnyo ey’eddagala – mpya nnyo ne kiba nti bannassaayansi bakyali mu mutendera gw’okunoonyereza okulaba oba kikola. Kizingiramu okukozesa enkola y’obuzaale okujjanjaba obulwadde obuva ku buzaale obukyusiddwa mu ngeri emu oba endala.Okukozesa tekinologiya. Enkola emu ekeberebwa mu kiseera kino kwe kukyusa obuzaale obulwadde ne bussaamu obuzaale obulamu. Kisuubirwa nti okunoonyereza kuno ku bujjanjabi bw’obuzaale (nga mw’otwalidde n’okunoonyereza nga bakozesa abantu) kujja kuvaamu engeri empya ez’okujjanjaba mpozzi n’okuziyiza endwadde nnyingi mu biseera eby’omu maaso.

Kale, bintu ki bye tusaanidde okujjukira okuva mu mboozi eno? (Obubaka Obutwala Awaka)

Kale, osanga okitegedde kati nti obuzaale bye bintu ebyewuunyisa era ebikulu ennyo ebitufuula kye tuli, ebikosa endabika yaffe, omuntu waffe, era n’obulamu bwaffe . Balinga ekirabo eky’omuwendo ennyo kye tufuna okuva mu bazadde baffe.

• Ensengekera y’obuzaale (genes) bye bimu ku biragiro ebisangibwa mu butoffaali bw’omubiri gwaffe ebisalawo engeri zaffe.
• Bino biterekebwa mu nsengekera eziyitibwa chromosomes era nga bikolebwa DNA.
• Obuzaale bwaffe tubufuna okuva mu bazadde baffe, y’ensonga lwaki tubafaanana.
• Oluusi enkyukakyuka (enkyukakyuka) mu buzaale zisobola okuleeta obuzibu mu bulamu.
• Tekinologiya omupya nga gene therapy ayinza okuwa eby’okugonjoola ebizibu ng’ebyo mu biseera eby’omu maaso.

Nsuubira nti okuyiga ku buzaale buno kijja kukuyamba okutegeera obulungi emibiri gyaffe n’obuzaale bwaffe. Bw’oba ​​olina ekibuuzo ekirala kyonna, tolwawo kubuuza musawo oba omuntu amanyi ku nsonga eno.

` Gene, Chromosomes, DNA, Obuzaale, Obulamu