Cancer thlentu gene ‘tha lo’? Oncogenes chungchang hi han sawi ila!

Cancer tih thumal i hriat pawhin i thinlungah a rit deuh niin i hria a ni lawm ni? Mi zawng zawng deuhthaw tan chuan a awm fo. Heng cancer te hi a lo awm chhan hrang hrang a awm a. Vawiin hian kan taksaah hian gene chi khat bik kan sawi dawn a, mahse a chang chuan ‘a chhe zawngin’ nungchang a nei thei a, cancer a thlen thei bawk. Chungte chu oncogenes an ti a . He hming hi doctor emaw hmun dangah emaw i hre tawh mai thei. Chuvangin, heng oncogenes te hi eng nge an nih, kan taksaah engtin nge an hnathawh tih leh engvangin nge an chanchin hriat a pawimawh tih hi han en ila.

Oncogenes hi eng nge ni?

Okay, tunah chuan heng oncogenes te hi eng nge an nih kan en ang. A awlsam zawngin sawi ila, oncogene hi cancer thlen thei gene a ni. Mahse hei hi van atanga tla mai mai a ni lo. Kan taksa hian gene chi khat proto-oncogene tih a nei tlangpui. Heng proto-oncogenes te hian kan cell te lo thanglian leh inthen darh ang chi thil te chu mumal taka thununtu an ni. Kan taksa chhunga cell awmte tana ‘ Manager tha’ angin ngaihtuah rawh.

He ‘good manager’ (proto-oncogene) hian hna a thawk tha chhung chuan harsatna a awm lo. Cell te hi an tih tur angin, a lian tham takah an thang lian a, an hna an thawk a, a hun a lo thlen chuan an thi thin. Chu chu a hrisel, normal process chu a ni.

Mahse, he proto-oncogene-ah hian inthlak danglamna, chu chu mutation , a awm chuan oncogene, chu chu ‘bad manager’ a lo ni ta a ni. He 'bad manager' (oncogene) hian a tih chu cell-te chu "thang tam zawk! inthen tam zawk! rang zawka!" mi â ang maiin. Chuvângin, heng cell-te hi thunun theih lohvin rang takin an inṭhen a, an pung khâwm a, a tâwpah chuan tumor , chu chu cancer natna a lo awm ṭan a ni. ‘Oncogenic’ tih thumal hi ‘tumor tipungtu’ tihna a ni. Chuvangin chu chu oncogenes te hian an ti thin.

Oncogenes chi hrang hrang a awm em?

Ni e, scientist-te chuan cancer chi hrang hrang nena inzawm oncogenes 100 chuang an hmuchhuak tak tak a ni. Entirnan, cancer panga zinga pakhat vel chu `Ras` gene chi hrang hrang nen a inzawm a ni . Heng `Ras` genes te hian cell te signal an dawn dan te, cell te than dan te, cell te thih dan te (hei hi apoptosis an ti) control tu protein an siam thin.

Cancer chi hrang hrang nena inzawm tlat oncogenes thenkhat pawh an awm bawk. Entirna thenkhat han en ila:

• `BCR/ABL1` gene: Hei hi chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) leh B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia) chi thenkhat nen a inzawm a ni.
• `CMYC` gene: Cancer pakhat Burkitt lymphoma tih nen a inzawm a ni.
• `EGFR` leh `EML4AK` genes: lung chhunga lo awmChu chu lung cancer adenocarcinoma an tih nen a inzawm a ni.
• `HER2` gene: He gene hi hnute cancer -ah hian i hre tawh mai thei .
• `KRAS` gene: Cancer na tak tak, pancreatic cancer , colon cancer , leh lung cancer te nen a inzawm a ni.
• `NMYC` gene: Small cell lung cancer leh neuroblastoma (hei hi naupang tê têa awm fo ṭhin cancer a ni) an tih cancer nena inzawm a ni.

Tunah chuan heng genes te hi eng ang taka chi hrang hrang leh specific nge an nih tih i ngaihtuah thei tawh ang. Heng oncogenes tinte hi hriatthiamna hian doctor-te chu cancer enkawl dan dik zawkah a pui dawn a ni.

Engtin nge heng oncogenes te hian hna an thawh tak tak?

Heng oncogenes te hnathawh dan dik tak hriatthiam nan hian a hmaa kan sawi tawh ‘manage tha tak’, proto-oncogenes te kha kan ngaihtuah nawn leh a ngai a ni. Proto-oncogenes hi gene pangngai, hrisel tak a ni tih hre reng ang che. Mahse an inthlak danglam thei a, oncogenes an ni thei.

Kan taksaah hian cell tluklehdingawn tam tak a awm tih han ngaihtuah teh. Cell tin hian gene hrang hrang an nei a, chungte chuan hna hrang hrang an thunun a ni. Heng proto-oncogenes te hian process pawimawh tak pakhat cell cycle tih chu an control a ni. Cell cycle chu cell pakhatin a inthen hmaa a kal tlang vek a, cell thar a siam chhuak vek a ni. Tin, cell te hi engtiang chiahin nge an lo thang chak tur tih te, engtikah nge an inthen tur tih te, engtikah nge an thih tur tih te (hei hi apoptosis an ti a, chu chu planned cell death tihna a ni) te pawh heng proto-oncogenes te hian an thunun bawk. A dik tak chuan cell pakhat dam chhung chu an enkawl a ni.

Chuvangin, proto-oncogene pakhat chu a inthlak danglam a, oncogene a lo nih chuan hetiang hi a thleng thin: chu gene chuan cell-te hnenah ‘a thang lian leh inthen’ turin signal a thawn chhunzawm zel a ni. Tap chhe tawh, tlan chhunzawm zel ang mai a ni a, a nih loh leh car accelerator a tlakbuak ang mai a ni. Cell te hian heng signal awm reng te hi an chhang let a, a tlangpui aia chak zawkin an inthen tan thin. A tawpah chuan hei hi kan sawi tawh cancer natna thlentu chu a ni. Eng thil nge thleng tih i hrethiam em?

Engvangin nge heng proto-oncogenes te hi hetiang hian an inthlak? Eng nge a chhan?

Doctor-te chuan heng oncogenes te hi engvangin nge an lo awm tih hi chiang takin an la sawi thei lo. Mahse thil tam tak kan hriat chuan cancer a thlen thei. Entir nan:

• Ni eng (a bik takin vun cancer) laka inhnim tam lutuk .
• Carcinogens a awm theiExposure to (meizial zuk ang chi, chemical thenkhat).
• Viral infection thenkhat pawhin heng genes te hi a tidanglam thei a ni.

A pawimawh ber chu heng oncogenes te hi kan pianpui genetic mutations an ni lo . Chu chu rochun an ni lo tihna a ni. Mi dam chhungin an lo thang lian fo thin. Chungte chu ‘acquired mutations’ an ti a.

Heng proto-oncogenes te hi an inthlak danglam theih dan hrang hrang a awm a:

• Point mutation: Cell te inthen darh a, cell thar siam tura an inbuatsaih chuan chu cell chhunga DNA (genes te chu heng DNA molecule ah te hian a awm) chu a copy a ni. Mahse, a châng chuan, he DNA-a hmun khatah hian inthlâk danglamna, thil thar dah belh emaw, a ṭhen hloh emaw a awm thei a ni. Hetiang inthlak danglamna tenau tak nen pawh hian proto-oncogene chu oncogene a lo ni thei a ni.
• Gene amplification: A chang chuan, gene copy tam lutuk chu chromosome - DNA awmna structure-ah siam a ni. Hei pawh hi harsatna a ni. Instruction inang chu kawng hrang hranga lo kal a, thil tibuaitu ang mai a ni.
• Chromosome rearrangement: A châng chuan chromosome pakhat a\anga a \hen chu a in\hen a, chromosome dang \henkhat nen a inthlak a, a nih loh leh hmun dik lovah a tlakbuak \hin. Hetiang kalphung hi translocation an ti a . Hei hian oncogene a siam thei bawk.

A chang chuan heng oncogenes leh mutated tumor suppressor genes te hian an thawk dun a, cancer an siam thin. Tumor suppressor genes hi genes group pawimawh dang a ni a, cancer natnaah pawh a inrawlh ve bawk. Chu chu kan en leh ang.

Engvangin nge heng oncogenes te hi cancer enkawlnaah an pawimawh?

Cancer hi gene pakhat a inthlak danglam hian a lo awm tlangpui lo va, gene engemaw zat a inthlak danglam hian a lo awm thin. Entirnan, cancer natna hrik tam takah hian genetic mutation hrang hrang 30 atanga 60 inkar a awm a. Chu chu a buaithlâk êm êm tih han ngaihtuah teh!

Mahse heng oncogenes te hi an chak hle a ni . A châng chuan oncogene pakhat chauh hian cell-te chu thunun theih lohvin a tipung thei a, cancer a thlen thei bawk .

Mahse hei hi a ṭhatna tlemte a awm a, enkawlna lam aṭanga thlir chuan. Ngaihtuah teh, doctor-te tan chuan genetic mutations tam tak vawi khata enkawl ai chuan genetic mutation lian tak pakhat target leh enkawl chu a awlsam zawk. Chuvang chuan cancer enkawlna hi a hlawk zawk thei a ni. Hei hi targeted therapies an ti a .

Entîr nân, doctor-te chuan chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) .Thisen cancer hi proto-oncogene chi khat chu `BCR-ABL` an tih oncogene-ah a inthlak a, a lo awm a ni. He oncogene hian enzyme pangngai lo a siam a, chu chuan thisen var pangngai lo chu thunun theih lohvin a tipung a ni.

Tunah chuan damdawi chi khat Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) tih a awm ta. Heng damdawi te hian `BCR-ABL` enzyme pangngai lo hnathawh chu a tikhawlo a ni. Tichuan thisen var pangngai lo tak takte chu an thi ta a ni. Hei hian CML chu remission ah a dah thei a ni . Remission tih awmzia chu cancer chhinchhiahna leh chhinchhiahna i nei lo tihna a ni. He TKI enkawlna a lo chhuah hma hian CML vei mi panga zinga pakhat chauh chu kum nga hnuah an dam a ni. Mahse tunah chuan he oncogene hi target-tu damdawi avang hian mite chu nasa takin an dam rei tawh a, a chang chuan dam chhung pangngai pawh an dam rei tawh hle. Chu chu hmasawnna engzat nge a nih tih hi han en teh!

`p53` pawh hi oncogene a ni em?

Ni lo, `p53` hi tumor titawptu gene a ni . ``A tumor suppressor gene'' tihna a ni.Mahse oncogene ang bawkin he ``p53`` gene hi a inthlak a nih chuan cancer a thlen thei bawk. Tumor suppressor genes te hian kan cell te tan ``brake'' angin hna an thawk a. Chu chu, cell-te chu inthen tam lutuk tawh lo turin signal an pe a, ''cell tam zawk siam tawh lo turin'' signal an pe bawk a, chubakah, heng gene-te hian DNA chhiatna siam\hatna kawngah emaw, a tul chuan cell (apoptosis) tichhe turin an pui bawk.

Mahse heng tumor suppressor gene zinga pakhat, entirnan `p53` hi a inthlak a nih chuan chu `stop' signal, `brake' chu dik takin a pe thei lo. Tichuan cell te chu thunun theih lohvin an pung thei a , tumor an siam thei ta a ni . Chuvangin i hmu thei ang, oncogenes te hian `the accelerator gets stuck' angin hna an thawk thei a, tumor suppressor genes te hian `the brake fails' angin hna an thawk thei a, cancer chu a sir lehlamah a lo awm thei bawk.

Mithiamte chuan cancer enkawl dan thar zawngin an zirchiang reng a ni. Heng oncogenes chungchanga zirchianna hian cancer thenkhat enkawl dan a tidanglam vek a ni. Thil engemaw takah chuan oncogenes hnathawh dan hriatthiamna hian nunna chhanhim thei damdawi lam damdawi pawh a hmuchhuak ta a ni.

Cancer i vei chuan eng thil nge thleng tih leh a chhan hriatthiam i tum hian i rilru a buai a, i buai thei bawk. Chu chu thil pangngai a ni. Cancer vei thenkhat chuan an dinhmun leh a thlentu genetic factors te an hriat chuan hahdamna leh thunun theihna a pe tih an hmuchhuak. Hei hian i cancer enkawlna hnuaia scientific basis leh research chungchang zir a huam a ni. Chutiang bawka i ngaih chuan i doctor hnenah i natna thlentu genetic changes te sawifiah turin hrilh rawh. Zawh hlau suh, i dikna a nih vang a ni.

A tawp berah chuan hriat reng tur tlemte

Okay, oncogenes chungchang hi kan sawi nasa hle tawh a ni lawm ni? A buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse heng thilte hi awlsam leh hriatthiam awlsam taka tih hi i tan a pawimawh hle.

• Oncogenes hi mutated genes an ni: Hengte hi a tir chuan proto-oncogenes an ni a, kan taksa tana tangkai tak an ni. Cell than dan mumal taka control tu an ni. Chûngte chu eng emaw chhan vanga an inthlâk danglam chuan oncogenes an lo ni a, chu chuan cell-te chu thunun theih loha ṭhang tûrin thupêk a pe a ni.
• Tumor siam chhan ber: He cell than dan thunun loh vang hian cancer natna a lo awm thin.
• A chi hrang hrang a awm a, cancer hrang hrang nena inzawm a ni: Oncogene tin hi cancer tin nen hian a bik takin an inzawm thei.
• Enkawlna atana pawimawh tak: Oncogenes hriatthiamna hian cancer thenkhat tan targeted therapies tha tak tak siam chhuahna kawng a hawng ta a ni. Hei hian enkawlna hlawhtlinna a tipung a, nunna a chhanhim bawk.
• Tumor suppressor genes `p53` ang chi te pawh hi a pawimawh hle: `p53` hi oncogene a ni lo va, tumor suppressor gene a ni . Hengte hi mutations ni mahse cancer a thlen thei a ni.

Hemi chungchanga zawhna, ngaihtuahna leh rinhlelhna dang i neih chuan i doctor nen zalen takin inbiakna nei ngei ang che. Hrilhfiahna dang an pe thei che a, zawhna i neih apiang an chhang thei bawk. Chutiang hriselna dinhmun khirh tak i hmachhawn hunah hriattirna pek hi i hmanraw tha ber pakhat a ni tih hre reng ang che.

` Cancer, oncogene, gene, cell thanna, cancer enkawlna, proto-oncogene, mutations te hi a awm a