"Ka mit hi ka nu ang chiah chiah a ni" tih emaw, "Ka sam hi ka pa ang chiah chiah a ni" tih emaw i ngaihtuah fo thin em? Kan nu leh pa hnen atangin kan hmel leh nungchang zia hrang hrang kan rochun vek a ni. Hei hi a chhan chu genes a ni. Chuvangin vawiin hian heng genes nena inzawm thil pawimawh tak kan sawi dawn a ni. Chu chu `(Homozygous)` an tih dinhmun chu a ni. A hming hi a buaithlak deuhin a lang thei a, mahse a takah chuan a awlsam khawp mai. I en ang u?
A awlsam zawngin, Homozygous chu eng nge ni?
Okay, hetiang hian han ngaihtuah teh. Kan nu leh pa dik tak hnen atangin gene tin copy hnih kan hmu thin. Kan nu hnen atangin pakhat, kan pa hnen atangin pakhat. A chang chuan kan nu atanga gene copy leh kan pa atanga gene copy hi a inang vek thin . Chu chu genetics lamah chuan ``Homozygous'' kan tih chu a ni.
A awlsam zawngin, mizia bik (e.g. mit rawng) atan chuan i nu leh pa pahnih a\angin genetic instruction set khat chu i rochun a ni. Heng gene set inang lo tak takte hi allele an ti a. Chuvangin allele inang pahnih i rochun chuan chu gene tan chuan homozygous i ni. Hei hi mizia thenkhat, mit sen leh sam sen te siamtu a ni. Mahse, a châng chuan, gene pahnih hi an inthlâk danglam a nih chuan, genetic condition ṭhenkhat a awm thei a ni.
Allele tih hi eng nge ni?
Kan taksaah hian gene inang 99% aia tam kan nei vek a. Mahse gene za zela tlemte (1% aia tlem) chuan mi pakhat atanga mi dangah danglamna tlem a nei a. Heng gene pakhat ‘version’ hrang hrangte hi allele an ti a. Heng danglamna tlemte te hi i mizia danglam bik petu che a ni.
Homozygous leh Heterozygous te hi eng nge an danglamna?
Heng thumal pahnih hi a ri a inang deuh a, chuvang chuan a buaithlak thei hle. Mahse a danglamna chu a awlsam hle. Hei hi hriatthiam awlsam zawk nan dawhkan te tak te i en ang u.
| Mihring ziarang | Homozygous a ni | Heterozygous a ni |
|---|---|---|
| Awmzia | "Homo" tih awmzia chu "a inang" tihna a ni. Nu leh pa pahnih atanga allele chi khat an rochun tihna a ni. | "Hetero" tih awmzia chu "danglam" tihna a ni. Mimal hian nu leh pa tin atanga allele chi hrang hrang pahnih a nei tihna a ni. |
| Entirna | Mit rawng gene i lak chuan i nu hnen atangin brown allele i hmu a, i pa hnen atangin brown allele i hmu bawk. | Mit rawng atana gene kan lak chuan kan nu hnen atangin brown allele kan hmu a, blue for allele hi kan pa hnen atangin kan hmu bawk. |
Hriat reng tur chu: Homozygous = gene pakhat copy pahnih. Heterozygous = gene copy hrang hrang pahnih.
‘Dominant’ leh ‘residual’ trait te hi eng nge ni?
Gene chungchang kan sawi hian thumal pahnih hriat tlak tak tak chu `dominant` leh `recessive` te hi an ni.
- Dominant allele: Hei hi class chhunga naupang misual ber ang mai a ni. Amah chauh hi thawm a siam lo. Chu chu, dominant allele a awm chuan a lantir trait chu a lang ngei ang tihna a ni. Chungte chu English capital letter (e.g. B, F, D) hmangin kan ziak thin.
- Recessive allele: Hei hi naupang ngawi reng, inhnukdawk ang deuh a ni. A trait a chhuah theih nan chuan amah ang recessive allele dang nen a inzawm a ngai a ni. Chungte chu English hawrawp awlsam takin kan ziak a (e.g.: b, f, d).
Tunah chuan engtin nge `(Homozygous)` dinhmunah hian hetiang hi a thlen theih?
Allele dominant pahnih i nei thei. Chu chu homozygous dominant (e.g. BB ) kan ti a. A nih loh leh recessive allele pahnih i nei thei bawk. Chu chu homozygous recessive (e.g. bb ) kan ti a.
`(Heterozygous)` mi (e.g. Bb ) chuan dominant (B) leh recessive (b) alleles pahnih a dawng a nih chuan dominant trait chauh a lang ang. Mahse `(Homozygous)` mi tan chuan hetiang hi a thleng dawn lo. Gene pahnih hi a inang vek avangin chu trait chu a inang tlangin a lang ang.
Homozygous avanga thil awm dan tlangpui chu engte nge ni?
Thil tam tak, kan hmel lan dan leh kan taksa peng hrang hrang awm dan te hi heng `(Homozygous)` genes te hian a hril a ni. Entirna tlemte han thlir ila.
| Mihring ziarang | Homozygous Dominant a ni | Homozygous Recessive tih a ni |
|---|---|---|
| Mit rawng rawng | BB - Mit sen (hei hi mizia lian ber a ni) . | bb - mit rawng dang, blue emaw green emaw ang chi |
| Freckles a awm | FF - Hmai freckle awmna hmun (dominant) . | ff - Freckles a awm lo |
| Sam hring hring | HH - Sam hring (dominant) nei . | hh - sam sei (straight) nei |
| Earplugs te pawh a awm | UU - Hring beng (dominant) . | uu - beng zungtang chhuak chhuak awm dan |
Homozygous avanga natna lo awm thei te
Thil thaah a awm fo angin, a chang chuan he `(Homozygous)` dinhmun hian genetic diseases a thlen thei bawk. Engtin nge chu chu?
Nu leh pa pakhatin natna chi khat thlentu gene chhia, recessive an nei niin han ngaihtuah teh. Mahse an pahnih hian chu natna chu an nei lo, a chhan chu an pahnih hian a titawptu gene dominant, hrisel tak an nei a (chu chu an pahnih hian `Heterozygous` an ni tihna a ni). Mahse, naupang chu nu leh pa atanga chu recessive gene dik lo neia piang a nih chuan chu naupang chu chu gene tan chuan `Homozygous Recessive` a ni ang. Tichuan chu genetic disease chu a lo awm theihna chance a sang hle.
Natna lo awm thei thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:
- Cystic Fibrosis: He natna hi CFTR gene copy chhia pahnih a neih vang a ni. Hei hian taksa mucus (fluid like mucus) a ti thim a, thawkna leh chaw ei dan a nghawng a ni.
- Sickle Cell Anemia: He natna hi HBB gene copy chhia pahnih inherit a nih chuan a lo awm thin. Hei hian thisen sen (red blood cells) te chu a tichhe (sickling in shape) a, oxygen a phur tha thei lo.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): He natna hi PAH gene copy chhia pahnih a neih vang a ni. Hei hian taksain amino acid phenylalanine a tihchhiat loh nan a veng a ni.
Pawimawh: I chhungkuaa mi tu emaw hian genetic condition a nei a nih chuan, emaw, rinhlelhna emaw, hlauhna emaw i neih chuan, chu chu i doctor emaw, medical professional emaw nen inbiakna neih a tha ber. I mamawh thurawn leh kaihhruaina an pe ang che.
Take-Home Thuchah a ni
- `Homozygous` tih awmzia chu i nu leh pa hnen atangin trait pakhat atan genes (alleles) inang pahnih i dawng tihna a ni.
- Thil tam tak, i mit rawng leh i sam awm dan te hi heng genes te hian a hril a ni.
- Hei hi dominant allele (e.g. BB) emaw, recessive allele (e.g. bb) emaw pawh a ni thei.
- A châng chuan gene pakhat copy chhia pahnih rochun hian Cystic Fibrosis emaw Sickle Cell Anemia emaw ang chi genetic condition a thlen thei bawk.
- Genetic disease chungchangah harsatna i neih chuan doctor hnen atanga thurawn lak a pawimawh hle.
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