He aha te DNA, ngā Ira me ngā Chromosome? Me kōrero māmā noa iho!

Kua whakaaro koe he aha te mea i hanga ai koe pēnei? He aha te take i whakatauhia ai te tae o tō makawe, te tae o ō kanohi, te teitei, te āhua o tō tinana, me ēnei mea katoa? Kei roto i ēnei mea ka kōrerohia e tātou i tēnei rā te whakautu, arā, te DNA , ngā ira, me ngā chromosomes . Ahakoa he rite ki te kupu pūtaiao, he tino māmā noa iho ēnei mea ki te mārama. Me titiro tātou.

He aha te DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)? He māmā noa iho…

Whakaarohia tō tinana katoa he pukapuka tohutohu nui. Mā taua pukapuka koe e whakamārama me pēhea te mahi a ia wāhanga o tō tinana, me pēhea tō āhua, me pēhea hoki tō āhua. Ko te ingoa o taua huinga tohutohu ko te 'DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).' Kei roto i ia pūtau o tō tinana. Ki te kī ngāwari, ko te DNA te tauira o tō tuakiri.

He aha te mea i hangaia ai te DNA?

He reo anō tō te DNA hei tuhituhi i tēnei pukapuka tohutohu. E whā ngā reta o taua reo. Koia ēnei:

• Āteneni (A)
• Cytosine (Cytosine – C)
• Tiamina (Taimina – T)
• Kuanīni (Kuanīni – G)

Ko ēnei pūtake matū e whā e hanga ana i ngā "kupu" i roto i tō pukapuka tohutohu, e whakaritea ana i roto i tētahi raupapa. Pērā i te whakakotahitanga o ā tātou reta Sinhala hei hanga kupu. Whakaarohia, e 3 piriona pea ēnei pūtake i roto i te tinana tangata! 99% o ēnei he rite tonu mō ia tangata. Ko taua 1% e toe ana te mea e wehewehe ana i a koe i ētahi atu, ko tō ake tangata ahurei. He mea whakamiharo?

Kei te hanga tārua tonu te DNA i a ia anō. Arā, ka hanga tāruatia e ia ngā pukapuka tohutohu a tō tinana, pērā i ngā tārua ā-ringa. Ka whakamahia e ia ngā kupu i hangaia mā te whakakotahi i aua pūtake.

Nā, he aha ngā ira?

Ko ngā ira, he rite tonu ki ngā poraka hanga o tō tinana . Ko ētahi ira ka hoatu tohutohu mō te hanga pūmua. Ko te mahi a ngā pūmua he kī atu ki tō tinana he aha ngā āhuatanga tinana e hiahia ana koe kia whiwhi. Hei tauira, ko ngā mea pēnei i te tae o ō makawe me te tae o ō kanohi. Ko ētahi ira ka whakakōrero i tētahi mea e kiia nei ko te 'RNA (Ribonucleic acid),' e mahi ana i ētahi atu mahi.

Me pēhea tātou e whiwhi ai i ngā ira?

Kāore e taea e koe te hoko i ēnei ira mai i te toa ira. Ka riro mai i a koe i tō whaea me tō pāpā. Hei whakamārama, ka whiwhi koe i tētahi tārua o ō ira mai i te hua manu o tō whaea, me tētahi tārua mai i te parāoa o tō pāpā. Kia whiwhi koe i tētahi takirua ira, ka wehea aua ira, ka hanga tārua o rātou anō, ā, ka mahi kia kī tonu i tō pukapuka tohutohu. Whakaarohia, kei waenganui i te 20,000 me te 25,000 ngā ira kei roto i tō tinana!

Nā, kia titiro tātou he aha ngā chromosomes.

He hanganga rite ki te miro ngā irahiko. Kei waenganui o ngā pūtau, i roto i te karihi. Kei roto i ngā irahiko te DNA me ngā pūmua. He rerekē te rahi o ēnei. He mea hanga mai i ngā pūmua motuhake e kiia nei ko ngā 'Histones' e whakawhāiti ana, e wehewehe ana i roto i te karihi. Whakaarohia, me te kore aua histones, kua rite te teitei o ā tātou irahiko ki a tātou! Ko ngā irahiko ngā tohutohu tika e whiwhihia ana e ō pūtau e motuhake ai koe, e ahurei ai hoki.

E hia ngā ira-chromosome o te tangata?

I te nuinga o te wā, me 23 ngā takirua ira-kōromōne o te tangata hauora (46 katoa). Ka wehea ēnei ira-kōromōne ki ngā takirua tau-22 (e kiia nei ko ngā 'autosome') me te takirua ira-kōromōne ira-ira (ngā ira-kōromōne 'X' me 'Y'). Ka whiwhi koe i tētahi takirua mai i tō whaea, me tētahi mai i tō pāpā.

Heoi, he tino onge te puta o ngā hapa ina wehea ngā pūtau, ka hanga tārua. Ina tupu tēnei, tera pea he irahiko tāpiri kei roto i te takirua o ētahi tāngata (he āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te 'Trisomy') tera pea kua ngaro tetahi irahiko i roto i te takirua (he āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te 'Monosomy').

He aha te whanaungatanga i waenga i te DNA, ngā ira, me ngā chromosome? Me pēhea tā rātou mahi?

Ka huihuia ēnei huānga e toru - te DNA, ngā ira, me ngā chromosomes - ka hanga i te tangata ko koe.

• Ko ngā ira-ira te hunga e kawe ana i te DNA i roto i ngā pūtau.
• Ko te DNA te kawenga mō te hanga me te pupuri i te hanganga o tō tangata.
• Ko ngā ira he wāhanga o tō DNA e homai ana ki a koe ō āhuatanga ā-tinana ahurei, ā, e wehewehe ana i a koe i ētahi atu.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ina huihuia ēnei mea katoa, ka whiwhi tō tinana i tētahi huinga tohutohu katoa hei whakatau i te whanonga o ō pūtau.

Kei hea te DNA? He aha tōna āhua?

Kei roto i ngā pūtau katoa o tō tinana te DNA. Ko te nuinga kei roto i te karihi (pokapū) o ia pūtau. Kei roto hoki i ngā mitochondria (ngā whekau iti i roto i ngā pūtau e whakaputa pūngao ana) ētahi DNA.

Mō te āhua o te DNA, he mea hanga mai i ngā turanga matū e whā kua whakahuatia ake nei: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), me te guanine (G). Ka honoa ngātahi ēnei takirua turanga; ka honoa tonu a A ki a T, ā, ka honoa tonu a C ki a G. Ko ēnei takirua turanga, me te ngota huka me te ngota phosphate (e kiia nei ko te 'nucleotide'), ka hanga he āhua arawhata porowhita (e kiia ana hoki ko te 'helix takirua'). He rite ngā takirua turanga ki ngā taumata o te arawhata, ā, he rite te huka me te phosphate ki ngā ringaringa.

He pēhea te āhua o ngā chromosomes?

He rite te hanganga o ngā ira-kōmona ki te miro. Ka takai ngā pūmua ira-kōmona (ngā 'histones' kua whakahuatia ake nei) i te DNA, pērā i te miro e takai ana i te miro, e pēhi ana i te DNA kia iti hei uru ki roto i ngā pūtau. Whakaarohia, mehemea kāore ngā ira-kōmona e takai ana i te DNA pērā, e ono putu te roa o tō DNA mai i te pito ki te pito!

He aha ngā Āhuatanga Ira?

Ko te mate ira he mate e puta mai ana i tētahi ira rerekē. Ko te whakarerekētanga ira he ira kāore i tāruatia tika i te wā o te wehenga pūtau. Arā, he rerekē tōna raupapatanga, tōna āhua rānei i ētahi atu ira o te tinana. Mena he whakarerekētanga ira tōu, tērā pea kāore e taea e tō tinana te tipu me te mahi noa.

I ētahi wā ka riro mai i a koe tēnei whakarerekētanga ira mai i ō mātua. I ētahi wā ka taea hoki e koe te whakawhanake i te whakarerekētanga ira i roto i tō tinana mā te tūpono noa, me te kore tetahi o tō whānau i pāngia e te whakarerekētanga ira, e te āhua ira rānei i mua. He mano tini ngā āhua ira pēnei.

Me pēhea te puta o ngā whakarerekētanga ira?

Ka puta ngā whakarerekētanga ira i te wā e wehea ana ō pūtau, ka hanga pūtau hou. Ina wehea ngā pūtau, he rite ki te tuhi ā-ringa i te putanga taketake o te pukapuka tohutohu a tō tinana. He nui te wāhi mō ngā hapa i roto i tēnei tukanga. He rite ki te peke i tētahi whārangi, i tētahi upoko rānei i a koe e pānui ana i tētahi pukapuka. Ki te hē koe (he whakarerekētanga ira), ka taea e tō pukapuka tohutohu te hoatu i ngā tohutohu hē ki tō tinana. I ētahi wā, kāore te whakarerekētanga ira e whakarerekē i te mahi a tō tinana. Engari i ētahi wā, ka taea e te whakarerekētanga ira te aukati i a koe ki te mahi noa. Kei te momo mea e waeherehia ana e taua ira.

He whakamātautau kei reira hei tirotiro i te hauora o aku ira?

Ae, he maha ngā whakamātautau ira. Ka whakamahia e ēnei he tauira o tō toto, kiri, makawe, mēnā kei te hapu koe, wai amniotic rānei. Ka taea e ēnei whakamātautau te tautuhi i ngā huringa o ō ira, chromosomes, pūmua rānei. Ka taea e ēnei whakamātautau te tohu i ngā āhuatanga ira motuhake me ngā ira kua whakarerekētia. Waihoki, mēnā kei te tumanako koe ki te whānau tamariki, ka taea e ēnei whakamātautau te āwhina i a koe ki te kimi i te mōrearea o te whānautanga o tētahi tamaiti me tētahi āhuatanga ira.

Me pēhea taku whakapai ake i te hauora o taku DNA?

Hei whakapai ake i te hauora o tō DNA, me tiaki pai koe i tō tinana. Nā te mea ko tō DNA te kawenga mō te tipu me te mahi. Ka taea e koe te whakapai ake i tō hauora whānui mā te:

• Kai i tētahi kai taurite .
• Whakakorikori tinana.
• Kia mau tonu te taumaha hauora.
• Āta karohia te momi hikareti me te whakamahi i ngā hua tupeka .

He aha te ira tangata ōrite?

Ko te ira ira ōrite he takirua ira, tētahi nō te whaea, tētahi nō te pāpā. Me rite tonu ngā mōhiotanga ira o ngā ira e rua, kei ngā wāhi kotahi. Ka taea hoki e ngā ira te noho kore ira ōrite. Ko te tikanga he rerekē ngā mōhiotanga ira kei roto i a rātou, kei ngā wāhi rerekē rānei.

Hei whakamutunga, ngā mea hei maumahara (Karere hei tango ki te kāinga)

Ko tō DNA, ngā ira, me ngā chromosome ētahi o ngā wāhanga tino nui e hanga ana i a koe ko wai koe. Ahakoa he iti rawa rātou kia kitea e te kanohi tahanga, he mīharo, he nui hoki tā rātou mahi. Nō reira, kei a koe te kawenga ki te whai i tētahi momo noho hauora, me te pupuri i te mahi pai o tō DNA, ngā ira, me ngā chromosome. Ki te aroha koe ki a koe anō, whakaarohia ēnei hoa ririki i roto i tō tinana. Ki te ora rātou, ka taea e koe te ora.