ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ (ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯥ ꯈꯉꯁꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄꯤꯖꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯣꯝꯂꯥꯡ ꯄꯤꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ? ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯍꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕꯔꯥ? ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)` ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯉꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯂꯥꯡꯇꯛꯅꯒꯅꯨ . ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯁꯤ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)` ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ? ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ...

ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯕꯗꯥ, ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯂꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛꯇꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯔꯃꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ, ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯉ꯭ꯛ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯟ ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ꯫

``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ (ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯇꯤꯎꯕ) , ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ( ꯐꯨꯗ ꯇꯤꯎꯕ) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯨꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ꯫

ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯑꯗꯣꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯡꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ?

• ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ .
• ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯇꯞꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯗꯥ, ꯈꯣꯝꯂꯥꯡ ꯄꯤꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ , ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯈꯣꯝꯂꯥꯡ ꯄꯤꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯄꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯦ? ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ?

ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤ꯫

ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯊꯪꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯇꯥ (left ventricle) ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯥꯔꯆ (aortic arch) ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ (descending aorta)꯫ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ, ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯏ ꯁꯞꯂꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ, ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ``(Aorta)'' ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯁꯤꯡ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ, ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ, ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫

ꯈꯅꯕꯤꯌꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯕꯥꯒꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯏꯞ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯎꯄꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯃꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯅꯕꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

`(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)`ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(Vascular Ring)` ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯗꯤ:

1. `ꯗꯕꯜ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ`: 1 .ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯅꯤꯗꯥ ꯈꯥꯌꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯠꯅꯥ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ꯫

2. ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ: ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯌꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯏ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯐꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯥꯈꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯡ-ꯑꯣꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯏ ꯄꯨꯕꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ (left subclavian artery ) ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯇꯁ ꯂꯥꯏꯐꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯖꯤꯅꯕꯥ (Ligamentum Arteriosum) ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯦꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯗ ꯚꯦꯁꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯀꯃꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ, ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

3. ꯑꯦꯕꯦꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯔꯥꯏꯠ ꯁꯕꯛꯂꯦꯚꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ (RSA): ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯂꯨꯁꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯀꯧꯏ꯫ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣꯁꯦꯐꯦꯂꯤꯛ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯉ꯭ꯀꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ, ꯑꯦꯕꯦꯔꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯥꯔ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯕꯥ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ , ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(Vascular Ring)` ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ . ꯑꯉꯥꯡ 100ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯪꯗꯦ꯫ ꯀꯣꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ 1% ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 3%ꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯖꯥꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯖꯥꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯔꯛ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯃꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯥ ꯈꯉꯂꯦ .

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(Vascular Ring)` ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ?

ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯗꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯤꯇꯁ ꯗꯤꯚꯦꯂꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯂꯀꯄꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯨꯞꯅꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯏ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯟꯅꯩ .

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯗꯥꯏꯗꯥ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯞꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ . ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯉꯀꯄꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ .

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯒꯦꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯣꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯥ ꯎꯅꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ (trachea) ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯂꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯨꯄꯁꯤꯜꯂꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ:

• ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯣꯛ ꯈꯨꯕꯥ .
• ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯏꯅꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯅ꯭ꯌꯨꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯥ)꯫
• ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ (nasal flaring) ( ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ)꯫
• ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯝꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ (ꯈꯨꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, `(Wheezing)` - ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯥ, `(Stridor)` - ꯀꯣꯀꯊꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ)꯫
• ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯏꯅꯣꯁꯤꯁ (respiratory Cyanosis) ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯈꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯆꯨ ꯁꯪꯂꯀꯄꯥ (blue discoloration) ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯨꯗ ꯄꯥꯏꯄꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯔꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯑꯦꯁꯤꯗ ꯔꯤꯐ꯭ꯂꯛꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ .
• ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯐꯪꯗꯕꯥ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ``ꯐꯦꯜ ꯇꯨ ꯊ꯭ꯔꯤꯚ''ꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯀꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯔꯀꯄꯒꯨꯝ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯥ .
• ꯆꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ , ꯆꯥꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ꯫
• ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯗ ꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ (Dysphagia)꯫
• ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ .

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ:

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯀꯣꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯅꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯎꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ:

• ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ``ꯍꯥꯔꯠ ꯃꯨꯔꯃꯨꯔ'' ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯄꯥꯂꯄꯤꯇꯦꯁꯟ (ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ)꯫
• ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ (Dyspnea)꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)` ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯀꯄꯒꯦ? (ꯗꯥꯏꯒ꯭ꯅꯣꯁꯤꯁ) ꯴.

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯅꯐꯥꯔꯝ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯆꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ (Chest X-ray) : ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯥꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯁꯤ.ꯇꯤ.ꯁ꯭ꯀꯦꯟ: ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯀꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯀꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯠ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯂꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
• ꯏꯀꯣꯀꯥꯔꯗꯤꯑꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯐ: ꯏꯀꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥꯁꯨ ꯀꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯝꯃꯣꯌ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯠꯁꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯚꯤꯗꯤꯑꯣꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯀꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫

ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ ꯁꯣꯂꯣ `(ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ ꯁꯣꯂꯣ)` / `(ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ)`:ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ `(ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥꯝ)` ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯤꯛꯌꯨꯏꯗ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯊꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(ꯕꯦꯔꯤꯌꯝ)` ꯂꯤꯛꯌꯨꯏꯗ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ `(ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯦꯛꯁ-ꯔꯦ ꯂꯧꯏ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ `(ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ)` ꯑꯁꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ) ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫
• ꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯉ꯭ꯀꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯄꯤ (bronchoscopy): ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯀꯦꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯉꯥꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯇꯤꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯤꯟꯖꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯡꯗꯒꯤ, ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯦꯜ (trachea) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯪꯁꯇꯥ ꯆꯦꯟꯊꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ꯫
• ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯟꯗꯣꯁ꯭ꯀꯣꯄꯤ: ꯃꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯇꯨꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯦꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯁ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)` ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ?

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯑꯣ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ (trachea) ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ (trachea or esophagus) ꯁꯣꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯆꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ .

ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯄꯦꯌꯥꯔ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯃꯈꯜ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ, ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯤ ꯗꯕꯜ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯥꯔꯆ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫

ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ, ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯝ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ:

• ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯈꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯕꯥ꯫
• ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯑꯥꯔꯇꯦꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ꯫

ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯀꯄꯥ ꯏꯅꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ (ꯑꯍꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ - `(ꯊꯣꯔꯥꯀꯣꯇꯣꯃꯤ)`) ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯈꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ, ꯈꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯃꯝ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁꯤꯚ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯁꯤꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯑꯣꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ .

ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)` ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯇꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯗ꯭ꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯝꯕ꯭ꯔꯣꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯂꯤꯕꯅꯣ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ .

ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯈꯂꯒꯤ ꯇꯨꯡꯂꯃꯆꯠ ꯂꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯦ?

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯐꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯥꯌ ꯄꯥꯀꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ . ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ ꯊꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯀꯏ .

ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀꯩꯗꯧꯉꯩꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯣꯏ꯫ ꯑꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯁꯨ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯂꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ (ꯐꯣꯂꯣ-ꯑꯞ) ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ:

• ꯀꯥꯔꯗꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫
• ꯗꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯚ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ (ꯒꯦꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯣꯑꯦꯟꯇꯦꯔꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ)꯫
• ꯔꯦꯁ꯭ꯄꯤꯔꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯃꯗꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ (ꯄꯂꯃꯣꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ)꯫

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯒꯦ?

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨꯅꯥ ``ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ'' ꯀꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯪꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ:

• ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯃꯈꯂꯒꯤ `(ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ)`ꯅꯣ?
• ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ, ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯔꯥ?
• ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯃꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯏꯅꯚꯦꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯔꯥ?
• ꯐꯒꯠꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯆꯪꯒꯅꯤ?
• ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨꯡꯐꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ?
• ꯑꯩꯅꯥ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯎꯅꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ?
• ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯍꯥꯔꯇꯀꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ꯭ꯔꯥ? ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯒꯗ꯭ꯔꯥ?

ꯈꯪꯖꯤꯅꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ, ꯃꯐꯃꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯗꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ (ꯇꯦꯛ-ꯍꯣꯝ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ) ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ:

ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯌꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯉꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ (aorta) ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯊꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯗꯤ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯖꯔꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯥꯌꯄꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯀꯣꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯛꯇꯔꯒꯥ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯅꯉꯣꯟꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕꯥ ꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ꯫

` ꯚꯦꯁꯀꯨꯂꯥꯔ ꯔꯤꯡ, ꯑꯦꯑꯣꯔꯇꯥ, ꯇ꯭ꯔꯦꯀꯤꯌꯥ, ꯏꯁꯣꯐꯦꯒꯁ, ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯣꯛ-ꯑꯄꯟ, ꯁ꯭ꯕꯔ ꯍꯣꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ, ꯆꯥꯕꯗꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯕꯥ꯫