Kodi muli ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya? Tiyeni tiphunzire za mayeso a Gram Stain.

Mwina mukudabwa kuti "Gram Stain" iyi ndi chiyani. Mungakhale ndi mantha pang'ono dokotala akakupemphani kuti muchite mayesowa. Koma musadandaule. Iyi ndi mayeso osavuta komanso ofunikira kwambiri omwe amachitidwa kawirikawiri. Lero, tikambirana za izi mwatsatanetsatane, mosavuta.

Kodi mayeso a Gram Stain ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, Gram stain ndi mayeso a labu omwe amachitidwa kuti aone ngati pali matenda enaake m'thupi mwanu, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ngati ayambitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya. Tangoganizirani kuti muli ndi pakhosi lopweteka kapena bala lomwe likuwoneka kuti likutupa. Kenako dokotala angaganize kuti likugwirizana ndi mabakiteriya. Panthawiyo, mayesowa angapereke lingaliro mwachangu za izi.

Izi zimaphatikizapo kutenga chitsanzo cha mkodzo wanu, mafinya kuchokera pabala, kapena china chofanana ndi ichi ndikuyang'ana pansi pa maikulosikopu. Izi zimapereka lingaliro lomveka bwino la ngati pali mabakiteriya ndipo, ngati alipo, momwe amaonekera. Izi zimathandiza dokotala kusankha mankhwala oti akupatseni ndi mayeso ena oti muchite.

Chidule chachidule cha mabakiteriya

Mabakiteriya ndi chamoyo chaching'ono kwambiri, chokhala ndi selo limodzi. Amapezeka m'matupi athu, pakhungu lathu, komanso pafupifupi kulikonse m'chilengedwe. Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya sativulaza, ndipo ena amatithandiza. Koma pali mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Kuyesa kwa Gram stain kumathandiza kwambiri kuzindikira mabakiteriya owopsa otere.

Mu mayeso awa, mabakiteriya amasinthasintha mitundu kutengera mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe a makoma a maselo awo. Chifukwa chake, amagawidwa ngati "gramu-positive" kapena "gramu-negative". Koma chinthu chimodzi choyenera kukumbukira ndichakuti si mabakiteriya onse omwe amakhudzidwa ndi njira iyi ya Gram stain. Komanso, pali nthawi zina pomwe mayesowa okha sangadziwe bwino lomwe kuti matendawa ndi otani. Komabe, amapereka chidziwitso chachikulu cha mtundu wa mabakiteriya, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri poyambitsa chithandizo.

Njira yopaka utoto ya Gram ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopaka utoto yomwe yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu sayansi ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Inayambitsidwa koyamba mu 1882 ndi katswiri wa mabakiteriya waku Denmark Hans Christian Gram. Anagwiritsa ntchito koyamba kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimayambitsa chibayo.

Kodi mabakiteriya a Gram-positive ndi Gram-negative ndi ati?

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone chomwe chinthu chonsechi cha Gram-positive ndi Gram-negative chili. Kugawika kumeneku kumachokera pa momwe mabakiteriya amachitira ndi utoto womwe wawonjezeredwa ku chitsanzocho panthawi yoyesa Gram stain. Mabakiteriya ena amasanduka mtundu wofiirira-buluu, pomwe ena amasanduka mtundu wofiira-pinki.

Apa , "chabwino" sichikutanthauza "chabwino", komanso sichikutanthauza "choipa".Kuipa sikutanthauza "koipa" kapena "kusakhala ndi mabakiteriya." Ndi gulu lokhalo lotengera momwe mabakiteriya amachitira ndi utoto. Nthawi zina, mabakiteriya amatchedwanso "gram-variable." Izi zikutanthauza kuti sachita utoto mofanana, ndipo amatha kuwoneka osakanikirana a pinki ndi ofiirira.

Mabakiteriya okhala ndi gramu

Makoma a maselo a mabakiteriya a Gram-positive amapangidwa ndi zigawo zokhuthala za chinthu chotchedwa peptidoglycan . Peptidoglycan ndiye gawo lalikulu la makoma a maselo a mabakiteriya ambiri. Imapanga pafupifupi 90% ya makoma a maselo a mabakiteriya a Gram-positive. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amawoneka abuluu mpaka ofiirira mu utoto wa Gram.

Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya a Gram-positive ndi awa:

• Mitundu ya Staphylococcus
• `Mtundu wa Streptococcus`
• `Mtundu wa Corynebacterium`
• `Mtundu wa Clostridium`
• `Mtundu wa Listeria`

Mabakiteriya opanda gramu

Mabakiteriya a Gram-negative ali ndi peptidoglycan woonda (pafupifupi 10% ya khoma la selo) m'makoma a maselo awo. Alinso ndi mafuta ambiri (monga mafuta acid) m'makoma a maselo awo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amawoneka ofiira mpaka pinki mu utoto wa Gram.

Mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya a Gram-negative ndi awa:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae ndi Neisseria meningitides`
• `Mtundu wa Moraxella`
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Mtundu wa Pseudomonas`
• `Mtundu wa Proteus`
• `Mtundu wa Klebsiella`

Kodi kusiyana pakati pa Gram stain ndi bacterial culture ndi kotani?

Ngati dokotala wanu akukayikira kuti muli ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya, nthawi zambiri amalamula mayeso a Gram stain ndi mayeso a bacterial culture. Komabe, chidziwitso chomwe chapezeka kuchokera ku mayeso awiriwa ndi chosiyana.

Taganizirani izi motere, chizindikiro cha grammadontho chili ngati apolisi akupita kumalo ochitira upandu ndikulemba mwachangu kufotokozera kwa omwe akuganiziridwa (monga kutalika, mtundu, ndi zovala). Izi zimakupatsani lingaliro lachangu la omwe ali pamenepo.

Kubzala mabakiteriya ndi njira yomwe mabakiteriya omwe ali mu chitsanzo amalimidwa mu malo apadera odyetsera zakudya mu labotale kenako n’kuwatchula ndi mayina awo. Izi zingatenge masiku angapo, chifukwa mabakiteriya ena amakula pang’onopang’ono. Koma zimathandizanso kuzindikira mabakiteriya enieni ndi chithandizo choyenera.

Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zachangu kuchokera ku Gram stainNgakhale itapezeka, nthawi zambiri imatha kukuuzani mtundu wa mabakiteriya okha. Koma chidziwitso chimenecho n'chofunika kwambiri kuti dokotala ayambe kulandira chithandizo mwachangu. Kubzala mabakiteriya ndiyo njira yokhayo yodziwira mabakiteriya molondola.

Ndi matenda ati omwe mayeso a Gram stain angathandize kuzindikira?

Madokotala amalamula mayeso a Gram stain kuti athandize kuzindikira ndi kuchiza matenda ena a bakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira matenda monga matenda a mkodzo (UTIs) ndi chibayo cha bakiteriya. Komabe, si oda ya matenda onse a bakiteriya. Mwachitsanzo, Gram stain nthawi zambiri siimachitika pa chinthu monga poizoni wa chakudya, koma ikhoza kuchitika pa ndowe ngati pakufunika kutero.

Mabakiteriya a Gram-negative ndi matenda omwe amayambitsa

Nazi mabakiteriya ena a Gram-negative ndi matenda omwe angayambitse:

• Escherichia coli : Matenda a mkodzo (UTIs), poizoni wa chakudya.
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Matenda a Legionnaires.`
• Salmonella : Kuopsa kwa chakudya, malungo a typhoid.
• Klebsiella : Chibayo, matenda a m'magazi, matenda a pabala kapena opaleshoni, matenda a bacterial meningitis.
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Chinzonono.`
• ` Mapuloteni : Matenda a mkodzo (UTIs).`
• Morganella morganii : Matenda a mkodzo (UTIs), sepsis, chibayo, matenda a mabala, matenda a minofu ndi mafupa, matenda a mitsempha yapakati, ndi pericarditis (kutupa kwa nembanemba yozungulira mtima).
• Aeromonas : matenda a maso, osteomyelitis (matenda a mafupa), meningitis ya bakiteriya, matenda opuma "omwe akuyandikira kumira", matenda olumikizana mafupa.

Mabakiteriya a Gram-positive ndi matenda omwe amayambitsa

Nazi mabakiteriya ena a Gram-positive ndi matenda omwe angayambitse:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Chibayo cha bakiteriya.`
• ` Staphylococcus aureus : Chibayo cha bakiteriya, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) yokana methicillin, ndi toxic shock syndrome.`
• Gulu A: Matenda a Streptococcus pakhosi.
• ` Listeria : Kuopsa kwa chakudya.`
• ` Clostridium : Kupha poizoni m'chakudya.`
• 'Clostridium botulinum ndi Clostridium butyricum: Botulism.`

Kodi mayeso a Gram amachitidwa liti?

Ngati dokotala wanu akukayikira kuti muli ndi matenda a bakiteriya, nthawi zina matenda a bowa, nthawi zambiri amakulemberani kuti mupeze Gram stain ndi bacterial culture. Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino yodziwira mwachangu matenda a bakiteriya m'thupi lanu.

Ndani amachita mayeso a Gram Stain?

Kutengera mtundu wa matenda omwe mungakhale nawo, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ogwira ntchito zachipatala angatenge chitsanzo cha mayeso a Gram stain. Mwachitsanzo, dokotala wa matenda a akazi angatenge swab kuti ayesere Gram stain ya chinzonono. Katswiri wa matenda a m'mapapo angatenge chitsanzo cha phlegm kuchokera ku chifuwa chanu kapena sputum ndikutumiza kuti akayesedwe Gram stain ya chibayo cha bakiteriya.

Dokotala wanu adzaika chitsanzocho m'chidebe chopanda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuchitumiza ku labotale kuti akachiyese. Katswiri wa zasayansi ya zachipatala adzapaka chitsanzocho pa ma slide a microscope, adzapaka utoto wosiyanasiyana, ndikuchiyang'ana pansi pa microscope. Adzalemba lipoti ndikulipereka kwa dokotala wanu.

Kodi mumakonzekera bwanji mayeso a Gram Stain?

Nkhani yabwino! Simukuyenera kuchita chilichonse chapadera kuti mukonzekere mayeso a Gram stain.

Kodi mayeso a Gram Stain amachitidwa bwanji?

Kawirikawiri pali njira zitatu zazikulu zoyesera Gram stain:

• Kusonkhanitsa chitsanzo.
• Kukonzekera chitsanzo.
• Kuyesa chitsanzo.

Kusonkhanitsa chitsanzo cha Gram stain

Izi zikuphatikizapo kutenga chitsanzo kuchokera kudera lomwe dokotala wanu akukayikira kuti muli ndi kachilombo. Nazi njira zina zotengera chitsanzo chotere:

• Kukwapula kapena kutsuka minofu kuchokera pamwamba pa gawo lina la thupi lanu.
• Kusonkhanitsa madzi kapena zotuluka m'thupi lanu.
• Kuchotsa madzi m'thupi pogwiritsa ntchito singano yaying'ono ndi njira yochotsera madzi m'thupi pogwiritsa ntchito singano yaying'ono.

Malo otsatirawa ndi omwe mungathe kutenga swab kapena kutsuka chitsanzo:

• Pakhosi
• Mphuno
• Ziwalo zoberekera
• Zilonda za pakhungu

Zitsanzo zomwe mungathe kuzisonkhanitsa mwachindunji mu chidebe chopanda tizilombo ndi izi:

• Malovu (sputum)
• Mkodzo
• Chopondapo

Madera a thupi kumene kungafunikire kutsukidwa ndi singano yaying'ono ndi awa:

• Madzi a synovial m'mafupa anu.
• Madzi ozungulira mtima wanu (pericardial fluid).
• Madzi a m'mapapo ndi madzi ozungulira mapapo anu.
• Madzi a m'mitsempha ya ubongo (CSF) ndi madzi omwe amazungulira msana wanu.

Dokotalayo amaika chitsanzocho m'chidebe chopanda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuchitumiza ku labu.

Momwe mungapangire utoto wa Gram

Mu labu, wasayansi wa labotale ya zamankhwala amafalitsa chitsanzocho pa ma slide agalasi a maikulosikopu. Ma slide amenewa amatchedwa "smears." Kenako amapaka utoto wosiyanasiyana pa smear ndikuchita Gram stain.

Njira yopaka utoto wa Gram imaphatikizapo magawo anayi ofunikira:

• Kugwiritsa ntchito utoto woyambirira (kristalo violet).
• Kuwonjezera chokonzera utoto (ayodini ya Gram).
• Kusintha mtundu mwachangu ndi ethanol, acetone, kapena kusakaniza zonse ziwiri.
• Kusakaniza ndi safranin.

Kuyang'ana banga la Gram

Kenako, wasayansi wa labu ya zamankhwala akayang'ana pa maikulosikopu, amasankha mabakiteriya aliwonse omwe angakhalepo potengera mtundu ndi mawonekedwe awo:

• Mtundu : Mabakiteriya okhala ndi gramu nthawi zambiri amawoneka ofiirira mpaka abuluu, pomwe mabakiteriya okhala ndi gramu amawoneka ofiira mpaka pinki.
• Mawonekedwe : Mawonekedwe ofala kwambiri ndi ozungulira (cocci) kapena ooneka ngati ndodo (bacilli).

Komanso, wasayansi wa labotale ya zamankhwala amayang'ana magulu a mabakiteriya omwe ali pa slide ndikuyang'ananso makhalidwe ena a chitsanzocho. Mwachitsanzo:

• Kodi cocci imapezeka payokha, m'magulu awiriawiri, m'magulu anayi, m'magulu, kapena m'maunyolo?
• Kodi mabakiteriya ndi onenepa, opyapyala, afupi, aatali, kapena ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono kumapeto kwake?
• Kodi pali mabakiteriya mkati mwa maselo oyera a magazi?

Katswiri wa zasayansi ya zachipatala adzakonza lipoti ndikulitumiza kwa dokotala wanu.

Kodi zoopsa za mayeso a Gram stain ndi ziti?

Palibe chiopsezo chotenga swab, kapena kupereka chitsanzo cha malovu, mkodzo, kapena ndowe.

Ponena za kuyezetsa magazi, zoopsa zake n'zochepa kwambiri. Pakhoza kukhala kupweteka ndi mabala pamalo pomwe magazi adatengedwa, koma amachira mwachangu.

Zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha kupopera singano ndi izi:

• Kumva kupweteka kapena kusasangalala.
• Kutuluka magazi.
• Matenda.
• Kuwonongeka kwa minofu yozungulira.

Kodi zotsatira za Gram stain zikutanthauza chiyani?

Zotsatira za mayeso a Gram stain zikuwonetsa zinthu ziwiri zazikulu: "Gram stain yoipa" kapena "Gram stain yabwino". Izi siziyenera kusokonezedwa ndi mawu akuti "gram-negative" kapena "gram-positive".

Banga loipa la Gram

Ngati zotsatira za mayeso anu zikunena kuti "negative Gram stain" kapena "palibe chamoyo chomwe chawonedwa," nthawi zambiri zimatanthauza kuti panalibe mabakiteriya okwanira kuti awoneke ndi Gram stain. Komabe, ngati mutapanga culture ya chitsanzo chomwecho, mutha kupezabe mabakiteriya.

Dothi labwino la Gram

Ngati zotsatira za mayeso anu zikunena kuti "Gram stain positive", zikutanthauza kuti panali mabakiteriya mu chitsanzo chanu. Ngati zotsatira zanu zili ndi kachilombo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mfundo monga izi:

• Mtundu wa mabakiteriya : Gram-positive kapena Gram-negative.
• Kapangidwe ka mabakiteriya : kaya ndi ozungulira (cocci) kapena ooneka ngati ndodo (bacilli).
• Makhalidwe ena a bakiteriya : kukula kwa bakiteriya, kuchuluka kwawo (chiwerengero), ndi/kapena momwe mabakiteriya amagawidwira pamodzi, ngati n'koyenera.
• Maselo ena : Kaya pali mabakiteriya mkati mwa maselo ena (mkati mwa maselo), maselo ofiira a magazi, kapena maselo oyera a magazi.
• Bowa : Kuyesa kwa Gram stain kungathenso kufufuza bowa mu mawonekedwe a yisiti kapena nkhungu. Komabe, kuyezetsa kwina kumafunika kuti mudziwe mtundu weniweni wa bowa.

Chidziwitsochi, pamodzi ndi zizindikiro zanu ndi zina zomwe zapezeka kuchipatala, zingathandize dokotala wanu kusankha chithandizo chomwe chili chothandiza kwambiri. Nthawi zina, izi zingakhale zothandiza musanapeze zotsatira za kukula kwa mabakiteriya.

Kodi zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti mudziwe zotsatira za mayeso?

Mayeso a Gram stain nthawi zambiri amapereka zotsatira mwachangu. Komabe, zotsatira za Gram stain nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati zoyambirira . Izi zikutanthauza kuti okhawo sangazindikire matenda nthawi zonse. Kuyezetsa kwa bakiteriya ndi/kapena mayeso ena (monga mayeso a antigen ndi antibody a mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya) kungafunike kuti atsimikizire matendawa.

Kodi ndiyenera kuyimbira dokotala wanga liti?

Ngati mwapezeka ndi matenda ndipo muli ndi vuto lililonse ndi chithandizo chomwe mukulandira, kapena ngati matenda anu sakuchira, onetsetsani kuti mwalankhula ndi dokotala wanu.

Kuyeza kwa Gram ndi njira yodziwika bwino, nthawi zambiri yopanda ululu, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa matenda a bakiteriya kapena bowa. Kudikira zotsatira za mayeso ozindikira matenda kungakhale kovuta pang'ono. Koma kumbukirani, mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake, gulu lanu lachipatala lilipo kuti likuthandizeni. Musaope kufunsa mafunso okhudza mayeso anu kapena zotsatira zake.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

Chabwino, kuchokera pa zomwe takambirana, ndikukhulupirira kuti mwapeza lingaliro labwino la mayeso a Gram Stain. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe muyenera kukumbukira ndi izi:

• Madontho a Gram ndi mayeso omwe amatsimikiza mwachangu ngati mabakiteriya alipo komanso mtundu wawo .
• Izi zimagawa mabakiteriya m'magulu a gram-positive kapena gram-negative . Zimathandiza dokotala kusankha mankhwala.
• Ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zimakhala zachangu, nthawi zina zimakhala zoyambirira . Kubzala mabakiteriya kungafunike kuti mudziwe mabakiteriya enieni.
• Palibe chiopsezo chachikulu pa mayesowa.
• Ngati muli ndi mafunso aliwonse, musaope kufunsa dokotala wanu .

Choncho, ngati dokotala akukupemphani kuti muyesedwe ngati ichi, chofunika kwambiri si kuchita mantha, koma kumvetsetsa kuti ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira pa thanzi lanu.

` Banga la gramu, banga la gramu, mabakiteriya, matenda, Gram positive, Gram negative, mayeso a labotale