Tiyeni tiphunzire zambiri zokhudza matenda a dementia. Kodi okondedwa anu angakhale ndi vutoli?

Kodi nthawi zina mumaiwala zinthu zazing'ono? Monga komwe kuli makiyi anu, kapena dzina la munthu wina. Zingakhale zachilendo. Koma kwa anthu ena, kuiwala kumeneku kumakhala koopsa kwambiri moti sangathe kuchita ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku. Pamenepo ndi pamene tiyenera kulankhula za matenda otchedwa dementia.

Mwachidule, matenda a dementia si matenda enieni. Ndi mawu ofunikira omwe angaphatikizepo mavuto osiyanasiyana a maganizo. Timatcha matenda a dementia pamene ntchito yabwino ya maganizo ya munthu ikachepa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kufika poipa kwambiri moti imasokoneza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kuti munthu apezeke ndi matenda a dementia, ayenera kukhala ndi zinthu ziwiri mwa izi:

• Kukumbukira
• Kuganizira
• Chilankhulo
• Kugwirizana
• Maganizo
• Khalidwe

Kodi matenda a dementia ndi matenda a Alzheimer ndi chinthu chimodzi? Kapena ndi awiri?

Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti matenda a dementia ndi matenda a Alzheimer ndi zinthu ziwiri zosiyana. Kwenikweni, matenda a dementia ndi chinthu chachikulu, monga ndanenera kale. Matenda a Alzheimer ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha matenda a dementia pansi pa ambulera imeneyo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, si aliyense amene ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer ali ndi matenda a dementia, koma si aliyense amene ali ndi matenda a dementia ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer. Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zina.

Ndani amadwala matenda a dementia? Kodi ndi ofala bwanji?

Matenda amisala nthawi zambiri amayamba pamene tikukalamba. Kodi munaonapo agogo athu akutaya kukumbukira kwawo? Pakati pa 5% ndi 8% ya anthu opitirira zaka 65 ali ndi matenda amisala. Chiwerengerochi chimawonjezeka kawiri zaka zisanu zilizonse. Tangoganizani, pofika zaka 85, mwina munthu m'modzi mwa awiri adzakhala ndi matenda amisala.

Kodi kuiwala nthawi zonse kumatanthauza matenda a dementia?

Tsopano mwina mukuganiza kuti, 'Inenso ndimaiwala zinthu, ndiye kuti inenso ndili ndi matenda a dementia?' Musachite mantha. Kungoti mwataya kukumbukira sikutanthauza kuti muli ndi matenda a dementia. Ndizachibadwa kukhala ndi kuiwala pang'ono chifukwa ma neuron ena muubongo wathu amafa tikamakalamba. Koma sizimasokoneza zochita zathu za tsiku ndi tsiku.

Matenda a dementia si kuiwala komwe mumayika makiyi anu. Munthu amene ali ndi matenda a dementia amathanso kuiwala chochita ndi kiyi. Ndi kusiyana kwake. Matenda a dementia si chinthu chachibadwa chomwe chimachitika munthu akamakalamba.

Kodi pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda a dementia?

Matenda a dementia angagawidwe m'magulu atatu akuluakulu:

1. Matenda a Dementia Oyambirira: Pankhaniyi, matenda a dementia ndiye matenda akuluakulu.

2. Matenda amisala achiwiri: Matenda amisala oyambitsidwa ndi matenda ena.

3. Zizindikiro zosinthika monga matenda a dementia: Matenda ena kapena matenda ena angayambitse zizindikiro zonga matenda a dementia, koma zizindikirozi zimatha zikachiritsidwa.

Mitundu ya Dementia Yoyamba

• Matenda a Alzheimer:Mtundu uwu ndi wofala kwambiri. Mitundu iwiri ya mapuloteni osazolowereka, mapuloteni a Tau ndi mapuloteni a Amyloid, amasonkhana mu ubongo. Izi zimasokoneza kulumikizana pakati pa maselo amitsempha mu ubongo, ndipo maselo amayamba kufa. Choyamba, pali kutayika kwa kukumbukira kwakanthawi, chisokonezo, ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe. Kenako pali kuvutika kulankhula, kuiwala zinthu zakale, komanso kuvutika kuyenda. Kawirikawiri zimachitika mwa okalamba. Ngati wina m'banjamo ali ndi vutoli, mumakhala ndi mwayi waukulu woti mudwale nalo. Pakati pa 60% ndi 80% ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a dementia ali ndi vutoli.
• Matenda a mitsempha yamagazi: Iyi ndi matenda achiwiri omwe amapezeka kwambiri. Amayamba chifukwa cha kutsekeka kapena kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yamagazi yomwe imanyamula magazi kupita ku ubongo (monga sitiroko, atherosclerosis). Zizindikiro zake ndi monga mavuto okumbukira, kusokonezeka maganizo, kuvutika kuganizira, komanso kulephera kumaliza ntchito. Amatha kuchitika mwadzidzidzi (pambuyo pa sitiroko yayikulu) kapena pang'onopang'ono (pambuyo pa sitiroko yaying'ono ingapo). Anthu omwe ali ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi, matenda a shuga, komanso cholesterol yambiri ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
• Lewy body dementia: Mu izi, ma protein clumps otchedwa Lewy bodies amasonkhana m'maselo a mitsempha ya ubongo. Izi zimawononga maselo a mitsempha. Zizindikiro zake ndi monga mavuto a kuyenda kwa thupi ndi kukhazikika bwino, kusintha kwa tulo, kuiwala kukumbukira, kuvutika kukonzekera ndi kuthetsa mavuto, komanso kuona zinthu molakwika .
• Matenda a Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD): Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mbali za ubongo kutsogolo ndi za temporal. Zingayambitse khalidwe la anthu, kusintha kwa umunthu, kutayika kwa luso la chilankhulo (kulankhula, kumvetsetsa, kuiwala tanthauzo la mawu wamba), kapena mavuto okhudzana ndi kugwirizana kwa kayendedwe ka thupi. Uwu ndi mtundu wa matenda a dementia omwe nthawi zambiri amakhudza anthu azaka zapakati pa 45 ndi 64, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amayamba ali aang'ono.
• Matenda amisala osakanikirana: Uwu ndi kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri kapena kuposerapo ya matenda amisala. Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi matenda a Alzheimer's ndi matenda a mitsempha yamagazi. Umapezeka kwambiri mwa anthu azaka zopitilira 80. Zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira chifukwa mtundu umodzi wokha wa matenda amisala ndi womwe umaonekera bwino. Zizindikiro nthawi zambiri zimakula mofulumira mwa anthu awa kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu umodzi wokha.

Matenda a Dementia achiwiri (Dementia yoyambitsidwa ndi matenda ndi zinthu zina)

• Matenda a Huntington: Uwu ndi matenda a ubongo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha vuto la majini. Amayambitsa mavuto pa kayendetsedwe ka thupi, kuganiza, kupanga zisankho, kukumbukira, komanso kusintha kwa umunthu.
• Matenda a Parkinson: Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson amadwala matenda a dementia akamakula. Pali mavuto okhudzana ndi kuganiza, kukumbukira zinthu, kuona zinthu zisilu, kuvutika maganizo, komanso kuvutika kulankhula.
• Matenda a Wernicke-Korsakoff:Uwu ndi matenda a muubongo omwe amapezeka pamene thiamine (vitamini B1) ilibe mphamvu yokwanira. Kutuluka magazi kungachitike m'malo omwe ubongo umakhudzidwa ndi kukumbukira zinthu. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa chomwa mowa kwambiri.
• Kuvulala kwa ubongo: Vutoli lingayambitsidwe ndi kumenyedwa mutu mobwerezabwereza. Zizindikiro monga kuiwala zinthu ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe zingawonekere patapita zaka zambiri.

Zizindikiro zofanana ndi matenda a dementia

Nthawi zina zimaoneka ngati matenda amisala, koma kwenikweni zimatha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda ena. Chabwino kwambiri n'chakuti, akachiritsidwa, zizindikiro zofanana ndi za matenda amisala zimatha!

• Zotsatirapo za mankhwala ena: Mankhwala ena, monga mapiritsi ogonetsa ndi otonthoza, angayambitse mavuto okumbukira.
• Kusowa kwa mavitamini: Makamaka ngati vitamini B12 ndi yochepa.
• Mavuto a chithokomiro (Hypothyroidism).
• Matenda: Zinthu monga matenda a mkodzo (UTIs), makamaka kwa okalamba.
• Kupanikizika kwabwinobwino kwa hydrocephalus (NPH): Kuchulukana kwa madzi a m'mitsempha ya ubongo (CSF). Izi zitha kuchiritsidwa ndi opaleshoni ya shunt.

Kodi zizindikiro za matenda a dementia ndi ziti?

Pa gawo loyamba la matendawa, zizindikiro zotsatirazi zingawonekere:

• Kuiwala zochitika ndi zambiri zaposachedwa.
• Kubwereza/kufunsa zinthu zomwe zanenedwa ndi mafunso omwe afunsidwa.
• Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri sizikupezeka kapena zili m'malo achilendo.
• Kusadziwa bwino mwezi, chaka, ndi nthawi.
• N'zovuta kupeza mawu oyenera.
• Kusintha kwa maganizo, khalidwe, kapena zomwe mumakonda.

Pamene vutoli likuipiraipira, zizindikiro monga:

• Kukumbukira ndi kupanga zisankho kumachepa kwambiri.
• Zikuvuta kulankhula, kupeza mawu oyenera.
• Ngakhale ntchito zosavuta za tsiku ndi tsiku monga kutsuka mano, kuphika khofi, kugwiritsa ntchito remote ya TV, ndi kulipira mabilu zimakhala zovuta.
• Kuganiza mwanzeru, khalidwe, ndi luso lothetsera mavuto kumachepa.
• Magonedwe a munthu amasintha.
• Nkhawa, kukhumudwa, chisokonezo, kusakhazikika, kukayikira, chisoni, ndi kuvutika maganizo zimawonjezeka.
• Kufunika thandizo pa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku (kuvala, kusamba, kudya)
• Mukuganiza zinthu zomwe sizilipo kwenikweni.

Kodi zimayambitsa matenda a dementia ndi ziti?

Mwachidule, matenda amisala amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ubongo wanu. Kuwonongeka kumeneku kumalepheretsa maselo amitsempha muubongo wanu kulankhulana. Nthawi zina, magazi amachepa kupita ku ubongo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti usakhale ndi mpweya ndi michere, ndipo minofu ya ubongo imatha kufa.

Kodi matenda a dementia amapezedwa bwanji?

Kuzindikira matenda a dementia kungakhale kovuta chifukwa zizindikiro zake zimafanana ndi matenda ena ambiri. Dokotala wanu adzachita izi:

• Ndikufunsa za zizindikiro zanu.
• Ndikufunsa za matenda anu akale.
• Ndidzayang'ana mankhwala omwe mukumwa panopa.
• Ndikudabwa ngati pali aliyense m'banjamo amene wakhala ndi vuto la matenda amisala.

Kuphatikiza apo, mayeso a magazi, ma scan a ubongo (mayeso ojambulira zithunzi) monga `(Computed tomography - CT)`, `(Magnetic resonance imaging - MRI)`, ndipo mwina `(FDG-PET scan)`, ndi mayeso a neurocognitive omwe amayesa luso lanu loganiza angachitike. Mungafunikenso thandizo la dokotala wa matenda amisala.

Kodi pali chithandizo cha matenda amisala?

Apa, tifunika kumvetsetsa mawu akuti 'wochiritsika', 'wosinthika', ndi 'wochiritsidwa kwathunthu'.

Mitundu yambiri ya matenda amisala ili ndi mankhwala othandiza kuchepetsa zizindikiro. Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya matenda amisala singathe kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu kapena kusinthidwa. Mankhwala amangopereka mpumulo pang'ono.

Komabe, monga tanenera kale, matenda ena omwe amafanana ndi matenda a dementia (monga kusowa kwa mavitamini, zotsatirapo za mankhwala ena, mavuto a chithokomiro) amatha kuchiritsidwa ndikuchiritsidwa kwathunthu.

Pa mitundu yosachiritsika ya matenda a dementia (monga matenda a Alzheimer's, matenda a mitsempha yamagazi), pali mankhwala oletsa kuiwala kukumbukira ndi mavuto a khalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala oletsa cholinesterase (monga donepezil (Aricept®) ndi rivastigmine (Exelon®)) ndi NMDA receptor antagonist memantine (Namenda®) amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala atsopano monga anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab (Aduhelm®) aliponso. Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa sangaletse matendawa kwathunthu, amatha kuchepetsa liwiro lomwe limakulirakulira.

Mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda a dementia

Zina mwa mavuto omwe angabwere chifukwa cha matenda a dementia ndi awa:

• Kusowa madzi ndi kusowa zakudya m'thupi.
• Zilonda za pabedi (zilonda zapakhosi).
• Kuvulala ndi kusweka kwa mafupa chifukwa cha kugwa.
• Kukwapulidwa.
• Chibayo ndi chibayo cha aspiration.
• Sepsis (kufalikira kwa matenda m'thupi lonse).

Kodi moyo uli bwanji ndi matenda a dementia?

Kupezeka ndi matenda a dementia ndi chinthu chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi yomwe mungakhale ndi vutoli imasiyana malinga ndi munthu aliyense. Anthu ena amakhala ndi matenda a dementia kwa zaka pafupifupi 8, monga matenda a Alzheimer's, pomwe ena amakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka 20. Chofunika kwambiri ndikukhala ndi moyo wabwino kwa wodwalayo. Ofufuza akufufuzabe matendawa ndi njira zowongolera.

Kodi matenda a dementia angapewedwe?

Ngakhale kuti matenda a dementia sangapewedwe kotheratu, moyo wathanzi ungachepetse chiopsezo chotenga mitundu ina ya matenda a dementia.

• Siyani kusuta.
• Tsatirani zakudya zabwino (monga zakudya za ku Mediterranean - ndiwo zamasamba zambiri, zipatso, nsomba, tirigu, mafuta a azitona, nyama yofiira yochepa).
• Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Osachepera mphindi 30 masiku ambiri a sabata.
• Sungani ubongo wanu ukugwira ntchito. Konzani ma puzzle, sewerani masewera a mawu. Izi zitha kuchedwetsa kuyamba kwa matenda a dementia.
• Khalani ndi anthu ena. Lankhulani ndi ena komanso chezani nawo.

Zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chotenga matenda a dementia

• Zaka: Chinthu chachikulu. Chiwopsezochi chimawonjezeka ndi ukalamba. Chimakhudza kwambiri anthu azaka zopitirira 65.
• Mbiri ya m'banja: Ngati makolo anu kapena abale anu ali nayo, inunso muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga nayo.
• Down syndrome: Anthu omwe ali ndi Down syndrome ali pachiwopsezo chotenga matenda a Alzheimer's ali aang'ono.
• Thanzi la mtima: Kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, kuthamanga kwa magazi, atherosclerosis, kapena kusuta kumawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a dementia. Mavuto awa azaumoyo, monga matenda a shuga, amakhudza mitsempha yanu yamagazi. Mitsempha yamagazi yowonongeka imatha kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa magazi ndikuyambitsa sitiroko.
• Kuvulala mutu kwambiri (Kuvulala muubongo): Ngati mwavulala mutu kwambiri, muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda a dementia.

Kodi muyenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?

Pitani kwa dokotala ngati inu kapena munthu wina m'banja mwanu awona kusintha kulikonse mwa izi:

• Kusintha kwa kukumbukira kwanu.
• Kusintha kwa momwe maganizo anu amagwirira ntchito.
• Kusintha kwa luso lanu lochita ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku.
• Kusintha kwa khalidwe lanu.
• Kusintha kwa umunthu wanu.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani matenda a dementia akakula kwambiri?

Mwatsoka, mitundu yambiri ya matenda a dementia imakula pakapita nthawi. Ubongo ukapanda kupeza zakudya ndi mpweya womwe umafunikira, kapena pamene mapuloteni "osafunikira" ngati osazolowereka amaletsa kulumikizana pakati pa maselo amitsempha muubongo, minofu ya ubongo imayamba kufa.

Matenda a Alzheimer ndi mitundu ina ya dementia nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi kulephera kukumbukira ndi kulephera pang'ono kupanga zisankho - chinthu chomwe mungakhale nacho kwa kanthawi. Pamene ntchito ya ubongo ikuipiraipira, ntchito zofunika kwambiri zimayamba kukhudzidwa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kupuma, kugaya chakudya, kugunda kwa mtima, ndi kugona.

Pamapeto pake, thupi silingathe kuchita ntchito zofunika kuti likhale ndi moyo. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ubongo ndi kufooka kwa minofu, ngakhale kuyenda kosavuta komanso kofunikira sikungatheke. Popanda thandizo, anthu sangathe kulankhula, kuyenda, kulamulira chikhodzodzo ndi matumbo awo, kudya, kutafuna, kapena kumeza chakudya.

Ngati simungathe kudzisamalira nokha, kuyendayenda, kupeza madzi okwanira ndi chakudya, komanso ngakhale kuvutika maganizo, mumakhala ndi mwayi wopeza matenda ena. Chibayo ndi matenda ofala pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la dementia. Thupi lofooka silingathe kulimbana ndi matenda kapena kupindula ndi mankhwala. Kupweteka ndi kusasangalala kwa wodwalayo kungakhale kwakukulu kuposa njira zothandizira zomwe zingapereke mpumulo wa kanthawi kochepa.

Pakadali pano, mabanja ambiri akusankha chisamaliro cha odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kuvutika maganizo (hospice care) mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo. Chisamaliro cha odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la kuvutika maganizo (hospice care) chimapereka chitonthozo ndipo chimayang'ana kwambiri pa moyo wabwino m'malo motalikitsa moyo wawo. Anthu ambiri omwe amafa chifukwa cha matenda a kuvutika maganizo (dementia) alibe chidziwitsochi pa zikalata zawo za imfa. Izi zili choncho chifukwa vuto lomwe adafa nalo - mwachitsanzo, chibayo - lalembedwa m'malo mwake. Chifukwa china chingakhale chakuti anthu ambiri sapezeka ndi matenda a kuvutika maganizo asanamwalire.

Kodi pali magawo a matenda a dementia?

Ngakhale kuti palibe gulu la matenda a dementia, pali magawo atatu a matenda a Alzheimer's omwe ndi ofala kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa ndi ofanana ndi mitundu yambiri ya matenda a dementia.

Gawo Loyambirira (Gawo Lochepa)

Panthawiyi, amathabe kuchita zinthu okha. Angayendetse galimoto, kupita kuntchito, komanso kucheza ndi anthu ena. Kusintha kwina kumachitika komwe sikungawonekere kwa munthu amene ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer, koma mabwenzi apamtima ndi abale angazindikire.

Mavuto angakhale monga awa:

• Akadziwitsa munthu, amaiwala dzina lake.
• Zinthu zingapo zikusowa kapena zasochera.
• Nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kupeza mawu oyenera.
• Kuvuta kukonzekera, kukonza, kuyang'anira, kapena kumaliza ntchito.
• Nthawi zonse ndimaiwala zomwe ndimawerenga.

Gawo Lapakati

Anthu omwe ali pakati pa matenda a Alzheimer's akhoza kukhalabe mu gawoli kwa zaka zambiri. Akhoza kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku mothandizidwa. Zizindikiro tsopano zaonekeratu.

Mavuto angakhale monga awa:

• Ndasokonezeka kuti ndi chaka/nthawi yanji komanso kuti ili kuti.
• Kuiwala zochitika, kusakumbukira zambiri zaumwini (nambala ya foni, adilesi, sukulu yomwe mudapitako).
• Kusintha kwa umunthu, momwe munthu akumvera, ndi khalidwe lake, mwachitsanzo, kukhala wokayikira, kuona zinthu zisanachitike, ndi kubwerezabwereza zinthu zomwezo mobwerezabwereza.
• Magonedwe a usana/usiku amasintha.
• Kuvuta kulamulira mkodzo ndi/kapena ndowe.
• Kuvala zovala zosayenera nthawi kapena chochitikacho.
• Kuyenda mozungulira ndi kusochera.

Gawo Lovuta Kwambiri

Anthu omwe ali kumapeto kwa matenda a Alzheimer sangathe kulankhula, sadziwa zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iwo, ndipo sangathe kulamulira mayendedwe a matupi awo.

Mavuto angakhale monga awa:

• N'zovuta kulankhula, mwina mawu ochepa chabe kapena ziganizo zochepa chabe.
• N'zovuta kuyenda.
• N'zovuta kumeza.
• Amatha kugwidwa mosavuta ndi matenda, makamaka chibayo.
• Amafunika chisamaliro maola 24 patsiku.

Kuzindikira msanga matenda a dementia kungakuthandizeni inu ndi banja lanu kuti mugwirizane kuti mupange mapulani a moyo watanthauzo. Kungakuthandizeninso kukonza mapulani ndi zokhumba zanu zalamulo, zachuma, ndi zaumoyo. Gulu lanu la zamankhwala, madokotala, ogwira ntchito zachitukuko, ogwira ntchito ku malo osungira odwala, ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo ali okonzeka kupereka maphunziro, chithandizo, ndi chisamaliro kwa inu kapena wokondedwa wanu. Komanso, funsani gulu lanu za magulu othandizira a dementia m'dera lanu. Magulu othandizira akhoza kukhala malo abwino ogawana malangizo a chisamaliro, kupeza chitonthozo, ndikudziwa kuti simuli nokha.

Pomaliza, zinthu zomwe muyenera kukumbukira

Matenda amisala ndi vuto lalikulu. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa msanga za vutoli. Izi zikuthandizani inu ndi banja lanu kupanga mapulani ofunikira, ndikusamalira nkhani zamalamulo, zachuma ndi zaumoyo. Gulu lanu lachipatala, ogwira ntchito zachitukuko ndi ena onse ali okonzeka kukuthandizani. Kusamalira munthu amene ali ndi matenda amisala sikophweka, choncho musazengereze kupempha thandizo ndi chithandizo. Kumbukirani, simuli nokha.

Matenda a Alzheimer, kulephera kukumbukira, thanzi la ubongo, ukalamba, kuchepa kwa nzeru, kuiwala