Kodi nthawi zina mumaganiza kuti mwana wanu amachedwa kuphunzira ndi kumvetsetsa zinthu zina kuposa ana ena? Kapena kodi amafunikira thandizo lalikulu pa ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku kuposa ena? Chifukwa chake, lero tikambirana za vuto la maganizo, vuto lotchedwa `(Kulephera kwa Maganizo)`. Musachite mantha nthawi yomweyo kapena kuda nkhawa mukamva dzinali. Chofunika kwambiri ndikudziwa bwino za izi.
Kodi vuto la nzeru limeneli ndi chiyani?
Mwachidule, kulemala kwa nzeru ndi cholepheretsa pa luso la munthu la maganizo, kuphatikizapo nzeru, luso lophunzira, ndi luso la moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . Sizimakhudza aliyense mofanana. Anthu ena sangakhale ndi mphamvu zambiri , ndipo amakhala okha. Ena angakhale ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo angafunike thandizo ndi chithandizo m'miyoyo yawo yonse.
Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kulemala kwa nzeru ndi kusowa nzeru komwe kumayesedwa ndi mayeso a nzeru, `(IQ test)` omwe tamvapo. Koma zimenezo sizowona konse. Inde, `(IQ test)` ndi chida chimodzi chokha chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa izi. Taganizirani izi, pali anthu ena, mulingo wawo wa IQ ukhoza kukhala wapakati kapena woposa avareji, koma akhoza kukhala ndi zofooka mu maluso ena ofunikira pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Komanso, anthu ena akhoza kukhala ndi IQ yotsika, koma maluso awo ena ndi amphamvu mokwanira, kotero sangakwaniritse zofunikira za kulemala kwa nzeru. Kapena, akhoza kukhala ndi kulemala kochepa kuposa momwe `(IQ test)` imasonyezera.
Dzina lovomerezeka lomwe madokotala amagwiritsa ntchito pofotokoza vutoli ndi "Intellectual Developmental Disorder." Ili ndi dzina lomwe laperekedwa mu American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). Ngakhale kuti chifukwa chenicheni cha vutoli sichikudziwika, nthawi zambiri chimayambitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa kukula kwa ubongo . Kawirikawiri, limatha kuchitikanso pambuyo pa kuvulala kwa ubongo, monga matenda kapena ngozi, komwe kunachitika munthu asanakwanitse zaka 18.
Kodi vutoli ndi lofala bwanji?
Kulemala kwa nzeru ndi vuto lofala koma losazolowereka lomwe limakhudza ana pakati pa 1% ndi 3% padziko lonse lapansi. Limafala pang'ono mwa amuna kuposa akazi.
Kodi zizindikiro za chilema cha nzeru ndi ziti?
Zizindikiro za chilema cha nzeru zimadalira kwambiri mavuto omwe ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana a luso. Izi zikuphatikizapo luso la maphunziro, luso locheza ndi anthu, komanso luso lapakhomo. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe izi ndi:
Makhalidwe okhudzana ndi nzeru
"Nzeru" imatanthauza luso lathu lonse lomvetsetsa ndi kuyanjana ndi dziko lotizungulira. Imapitirira luso la chilankhulo ndi masamu lomwe limayesedwa ndi "IQ test." Izi ndi zina mwa makhalidwe a luntha:
- Kuphunzira zinthu mochedwa kapena pang'onopang'ono (kaya kuchokera kusukulu kapena zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku).
- Liwiro lowerenga pang'onopang'ono.
- Kuvuta kuganiza mozama za chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake.
- Kuvuta kuganiza mozama komanso kupanga zisankho .
- Kuvuta kugwiritsa ntchito luso lothana ndi mavuto komanso kukonzekera.
- Kusokonezeka mosavuta komanso kumavuta kuyang'ana pa chinthu chimodzi.
Makhalidwe a makhalidwe osinthasintha
Makhalidwe osinthasintha ndi luso lomwe anthu amaphunzira kukhala paokha ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zawo . Ngati izi zili zochepa, amatha kuwonetsa zizindikiro monga:
- Kuphunzira chimbudzi ndi kuphunzira pang'onopang'ono momwe mungadziyeretsere (kusamba, kuvala, ndi zina zotero).
- Zimatenga nthawi kuti munthu akhale ndi chizolowezi chocheza ndi anthu ena.
- Kuchita zinthu mopanda mantha kapena kukayikira anthu atsopano, osawadziwa (timati "ngozi yochepa ya alendo").
- Kufunika thandizo kuchokera kwa makolo kapena osamalira ena kuti achite ntchito zoyambira za tsiku ndi tsiku (monga kusamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chimbudzi), ngakhale atakwanitsa zaka zomwe amayembekezera.
- Kuvutika kuphunzira zinthu monga ntchito zapakhomo ndi ntchito zazing'ono.
- Kuvuta kumvetsetsa mfundo monga kusamalira nthawi ndi kusamalira ndalama.
- Kufunika thandizo pa nthawi yokumana ndi dokotala komanso kumwa mankhwala.
- Kuvuta kumvetsetsa malire a chikhalidwe.
- Kuvuta kumvetsetsa kapena kusamvetsetsa bwino za momwe anthu amakhalira, kuphatikizapo ubwenzi ndi maubwenzi achikondi.
Kodi zifukwa za kulemala kwa maganizo ndi ziti?
Kulephera kwa nzeru kungakhale ndi zifukwa zambiri. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti nthawi zambiri, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zimakhudza mwana asanabadwe, atabadwa, kapena m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake.
Zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mwana asanabadwe:
- Majini ndi cholowa: Matenda ambiri omwe amayambitsa vuto la nzeru amatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini. Zina mwa kusintha kumeneku zimatha kufalikira kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwomibadwo. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo matenda monga Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, ndi Prader-Willi syndrome.
- Matenda: Matenda ena monga toxoplasmosis ndi rubella, amatha kusokoneza kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo ndikuyambitsa matenda monga cerebral palsy, zomwe zingayambitse chilema cha nzeru.
- Teratogens: Izi ndi zinthu zomwe zingakhudze kwambiri kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga mowa, fodya, mankhwala ena, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.
- Matenda: Matenda ena omwe mayi amakhala nawo panthawi ya mimba angayambitse kusintha kwa kukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo. Izi pambuyo pake zingayambitse vuto la maganizo. Mwachitsanzo, matenda a mahomoni monga mavuto a chithokomiro (`hypothyroidism`).
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kubereka:
- Kusowa kwa mpweya (hypoxia).
- Kubadwa msanga.
- Mitundu ina ya kuwonongeka kwa ubongo pobadwa.
Zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a mwana wosabadwa:
- Kuvulala kapena ngozi: Izi zitha kuwononga ubongo, zomwe zingayambitse chilema cha nzeru.
- Kukumana ndi zinthu zoopsa: Zitsulo zolemera monga lead ndi mercury zimatha kuwononga ubongo ndikupangitsa kuti munthu asamaganize bwino.
- Matenda: Ngakhale matenda ofala omwe amafalikira ku mitsempha, monga chikuku kapena meningitis, angayambitse chilema cha maganizo.
- Zotupa za muubongo kapena zotupa: Izi zikuphatikizapo zotupa za khansa ndi zosakhala khansa (`zoyipa`).
- Matenda: Matenda osiyanasiyana a khunyu, monga khunyu ndi ``Lennox-Gastaut syndrome'', amatha kuwononga ubongo. Izi zingayambitse chilema cha nzeru.
Ndi matenda ena ati omwe angachitike ndi vuto la maganizo?
Matenda ena kapena mavuto amisala angachitikenso chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ubongo komwe kumayambitsa kapena kupangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi vuto la maganizo. Zina mwa mavuto omwe angachitike ndi vuto la maganizo (komanso angachitike mwa munthu wopanda vuto la maganizo) ndi awa:
- Matenda a ADHD (ADHD).
- Matenda a Autism spectrum.
- Matenda oletsa kugwedezeka kwa mpweya.
- Matenda a maganizo, makamaka matenda a nkhawa ndi kuvutika maganizo.
- Matenda a kayendedwe.
Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo chifukwa cha matenda enaake a majini angakhale ndi mwayi waukulu wopeza mavuto ena azaumoyo okhudzana ndi vutoli. Dokotala wanu angakuuzeni zambiri za matenda omwe mwana wanu ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, komanso zomwe mungachite kuti mupewe mavuto aakulu.
Kodi mungazindikire bwanji vutoli?
Kuzindikira chilema cha nzeru nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yopitilira masitepe ambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kumafuna kuwunika luntha lanu komanso luso lanu lotha kusintha zinthu . Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa osati mavuto anu okha komanso mphamvu zanu . Mukadziwa mphamvu zanu, mutha kusintha njira zochiritsira ndi njira zothandizira kuti zikuthandizeni kumanga mphamvuzo ndikugonjetsa zovutazo.
Pali mayeso ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zingathandize pa mayesowa, kutengera zaka. Mayeso ena amatha kuzindikira vuto la nzeru ngakhale mwa ana aang'ono kwambiri. Komabe, mayesowa nthawi zambiri sangadziwe momwe alili mpaka atakula mokwanira kuti achite mayeso a `IQ' ndikuwunika mokwanira momwe amagwirira ntchito.
Ngati n'kotheka, akatswiri amagawa kuopsa kwa chilema cha nzeru m'magulu anayi:
- Wofatsa:Avereji ya zaka zamaganizo za anthu omwe ali ndi mulingo uwu ndi pakati pa zaka 9 ndi 12. Kulemala kwawo kumatha kusokoneza kuphunzira kapena ntchito zovuta. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amatha kuthana ndi mavutowa ndi ntchito zawo, makamaka ngati alandira chithandizo chapadera ndi chithandizo ali aang'ono. Nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ndikukhala pawokha. Pafupifupi 85% ya anthu omwe ali ndi zilema zamaganizo ali pa mulingo uwu.
- Pakati: Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo pang'ono amakhala ndi zaka zapakati pa 6 mpaka 9. Amatha kulankhulana mosavuta. Ali ndi maphunziro a sukulu ya pulayimale. Anthu ambiri amatha kuphunzira kukhala paokha pamlingo winawake, koma amafunika thandizo losiyanasiyana panjira. Mwachitsanzo, thandizo m'nyumba ya gulu.
- Anthu olumala kwambiri: Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la maganizo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zaka zapakati pa 3 ndi 6. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawu amodzi, mawu amodzi, ndi/kapena manja kuti alankhule. Amapindula ndi chisamaliro cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi chithandizo pa zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku komanso ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku.
- Kuzama: Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo ali ndi zaka zosakwana zitatu. Nthawi zambiri amalankhulana popanda mawu, kumvetsetsa manja ndi zizindikiro zina zamaganizo. Amapindula ndi chithandizo chamankhwala ndi chithandizo cha maola 24 pa sabata m'mbali zonse za moyo wawo.
Ndi mayeso otani omwe amachitidwa kuti adziwe vutoli?
Kuwonjezera pa mayeso ndi mayeso a luntha ndi khalidwe losinthasintha, mayeso angapo a labotale, matenda, ndi kujambula zithunzi angathandize kuzindikira matenda. Mayeso omwe angachitike amadalira zizindikiro zanu. Mayesowa angathandize dokotala wanu kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa matendawa, zomwe zingathandize kukonzekera chithandizo.
Mayeso ena omwe angachitike:
- Mayeso a mu labotale, monga mayeso a magazi ndi mkodzo, angathandize kuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa chilema cha nzeru kapena matenda ena ofanana nawo.
- Uphungu wa majini. Kuzindikira matenda a majini omwe amayambitsa kapena kupangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi vuto la maganizo kungathandize kupewa kapena kuchepetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi matenda amenewa.
- Mayeso ojambula zithunzi. Izi ndi zothandiza makamaka pozindikira matenda omwe amakhudza kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo, monga matenda a cephalic.
Mayeso ena angachitike kutengera matenda omwe muli nawo kapena zomwe dokotala wanu akukayikira. Dokotala wanu angakuuzeni zambiri za mayeso omwe mungayesedwe komanso zomwe amalimbikitsa.
Kodi vuto la maganizo limachiritsidwa bwanji?
Palibe mankhwala kapena chithandizo chachindunji cha vuto la maganizo. Komabe,Ndi chithandizo chabwino komanso chithandizo chabwino, anthu olumala amisala amatha kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Cholinga chachikulu cha chithandizo ndikuwathandiza kukhala ndi makhalidwe osinthika komanso luso lotha kusintha moyo wawo.
Pali njira zingapo zochizira:
- Thandizo ndi njira zothandizira pa maphunziro: Izi zimathandiza kusintha mapulogalamu ndi kapangidwe ka maphunziro. Chitsanzo ndi Ndondomeko ya Maphunziro Yokhayokha (IEP). Izi zimafotokoza dongosolo la maphunziro ndi zomwe akuyembekezera.
- Thandizo ndi njira zothandizira pa khalidwe: Njira zimenezi zingathandize ana kuphunzira makhalidwe osinthasintha komanso maluso ena ofanana nawo.
- Maphunziro a ntchito: Izi zingathandize anthu olumala m'maganizo kuphunzira maluso okhudzana ndi ntchito.
- Maphunziro a m'banja: Izi zimathandiza mabanja ndi okondedwa a anthu olumala m'maganizo kuphunzira zambiri za vutoli, komanso momwe angathandizire okondedwa awo.
- Mankhwala osiyanasiyana angagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza matenda omwe amabwera chifukwa cha vuto la maganizo kapena omwe amabwera chifukwa cha vuto la maganizo. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala amenewa sachiza vuto la maganizo lokha, angathandize ndi zina mwa zizindikiro zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli.
- Thandizo la anthu ammudzi: Munthu payekha ndi/kapena banja lake akhoza kulankhulana ndi mabungwe aboma am'deralo kapena mabungwe othandizira. Kuchita izi kungawathandize kupeza mautumiki othandiza. Izi zikuphatikizapo chithandizo kunyumba kapena kuntchito, komanso njira zina zochitira zinthu masana.
Kodi ndiyenera kuyembekezera chiyani ngati mwana wanga ali ndi vuto la maganizo?
Anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo lochepa, kapena omwe ali ndi matenda omwe amawayambitsa, amatha kuzindikira kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi ena. Komabe, khalidwe lalikulu la vuto la maganizo ndilakuti sangathe kumvetsetsa bwino ndikusintha zomwe zikuchitika kwa iwo kapena kudziko lozungulira.
Choncho, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo samvetsa bwino momwe vutoli limakhudzira iwo. M'malo mwake, makolo kapena osamalira ena nthawi zambiri amakhala oyamba kuzindikira zizindikiro za vuto la maganizo mwa mwana wawo kapena mwana wa wokondedwa wawo.
Kumbukirani kuti mwana wanu ali ndi zolinga, zokonda, komanso mphamvu. Ndikofunikira kuti mumuthandize kuzindikira zinthuzi ndi thandizo lomwe akufunikira kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino kwambiri.
Anthu olumala amisala sangazindikire pamene ena akuyesera kuwanyenga kapena kuwapezerapo mwayi. Mapulogalamu othandizira amatha kuphunzitsa anthu olumala amisala kudziteteza, koma chithandizo ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi osamalira n'kofunika kwambiri kuti akhale ndi moyo wabwino.
Kodi chiyembekezo cha vutoli n'chiyani?
Kuchuluka kwa chilema cha nzeru kumadalira zinthu zambiri, makamaka kuopsa kwake, chifukwa chake, ndi zina zomwe zimachitika nthawi imodzi .Dokotala wa mwana wanu ndiye gwero labwino kwambiri la chidziwitso chokhudza momwe mwana wanu akuonera zinthu komanso zomwe mungachite kuti muthandize kuthana ndi vuto lake.
Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo adzafunika thandizo la mtundu wina m'miyoyo yawo yonse. Komabe, pali mapulogalamu ndi mabungwe omwe angathandize paulendo umenewu. Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi vuto la maganizo amatha kukhala paokha pamlingo wosiyanasiyana. Kutengera zosowa zawo, zofuna zawo, ndi zokhumba zawo, anthu ambiri ali ndi ntchito, mabanja awo, ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ponseponse, ndi chithandizo choyenera, munthu amene ali ndi vuto la maganizo amatha kukhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Kodi kulemala kwa nzeru kungapewedwe?
Kawirikawiri, akatswiri sadziwa chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chimayambitsa vuto la maganizo. Si bwino kuti makolo azidziimba mlandu okha zinthu ngati zimenezi zikachitika. Komabe, mungathe kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha mwana wanu pamene muli ndi pakati, kapena mwana wanu ali wamng'ono:
- Tsatirani malangizo a dokotala wanu okhudza kumwa mankhwala panthawi ya mimba, ndipo pezani katemera onse ofunikira (pa nthawi ya mimba komanso pa moyo wa mwana).
- Kuchepetsa kumwa mowa, mankhwala osaperekedwa ndi dokotala, ndi fodya, komanso poizoni wowononga chilengedwe monga lead.
- Ngati muli ndi mbiri ya m'banja mwanu ya matenda omwe angayambitse vuto la nzeru, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za upangiri wa majini musanatenge mimba.
Ndingasamalire bwanji mwana wanga ngati ali ndi vuto la maganizo?
Anthu olumala m'maganizo sangapange zisankho zolondola zokhudza thanzi lawo kapena zisankho zina zofunika pa moyo wawo. Angafunike thandizo kuchokera kwa makolo, okondedwa awo, kapena osamalira ena pa moyo wawo wonse.
Kodi mwana wanga ayenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?
Zizindikiro zoyamba za chilema cha nzeru nthawi zina zimatha kuzindikirika pa nthawi ya mwana yoyendera dokotala wa ana nthawi zonse. Gawo lodziwika bwino la maulendo amenewa ndi kuwunika "zaka ndi magawo". Izi zimayerekeza kukula ndi chitukuko cha mwana wanu ndi zomwe akuyembekezeka pa msinkhu wake. Kumbukirani, pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zina zomwe mwana angachedwere kukwaniritsa zofunikira pakukula ali mwana. Mwachitsanzo, matenda akuthupi, matenda amisala, kapena vuto linalake la kuphunzira.
Ngati muli ndi nkhawa iliyonse yokhudza kukula kwa mwana wanu kapena ngati ali pachiwopsezo cha vuto la maganizo, lankhulani ndi dokotala wa ana a mwana wanu. Iye angakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa bwino vutoli ndikukupatsani malangizo pazomwe mungachite kapena zomwe muyenera kuchita kuti muthandize mwana wanu.
Ndi mafunso ati omwe ndiyenera kufunsa dokotala wanga?
Pali mafunso ambiri omwe mungafunse dokotala wa mwana wanu omwe angakuthandizeni kumvetsetsa bwino ndikuthandizira zosowa za mwana wanu. Mafunso ena omwe mungafunse ndi awa:
- Kodi vuto la kuphunzira la mwana wanga ndi lalikulu bwanji?
- Kodi mphamvu zake ndi ziti ndipo mavuto ake ndi otani?
- Ndi mapulogalamu kapena mabungwe ati othandizira omwe alipo mdera langa kapena pa intaneti omwe angathandize ine kapena mwana wanga?
- Ndi mapulogalamu ati a kusukulu omwe alipo kuti athandize mwana wanga pa zosowa zake zamaphunziro?
- Kodi mwana wanga adzatha kukhala payekha, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ndi mautumiki ati omwe angafunike kuti achite zimenezo?
- Kodi mwana wanga ali ndi matenda ena, ndipo ngati alipo, kodi angachiritsidwe?
"Kusokonezeka Maganizo" ndi "Kulephera Kuganiza" - Kusiyana kwake ndi kotani?
Mawu akuti "kulephera kwa maganizo" ndi "kulemala kwamaganizo" onse amafotokoza lingaliro lomwelo. Komabe, mawu akuti "kulemala kwamaganizo" tsopano ndi oyenera kwambiri pazifukwa zingapo:
- Kulondola: Mawu oti "kubwerera m'mbuyo" ndi mawu ofanana nawo amachokera ku liwu la Chifalansa lotanthauza "kuchita pang'onopang'ono." M'mbuyomu, akatswiri akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kubwerera m'mbuyo m'maganizo" pofotokoza kuphunzira pang'onopang'ono kapena kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo. Komabe, kulemala kwa nzeru ndi mawu ovuta kwambiri, okhudza kulephera kuchita bwino ndi khalidwe. Chifukwa chake, mawu oti "kulemala kwa nzeru" ndi olondola kwambiri.
- Kuphatikizidwa: Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu oti "wosachedwa" tsopano akuonedwa kuti ndi osalemekeza. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa molakwika kwachititsa kuti pakhale tsankho komanso nkhanza zambiri. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabungwe ndi akatswiri aukadaulo tsopano akugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kulemala kwa nzeru" okha.
- Kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo: Mu 2010, boma la US linakhazikitsa lamulo la 'Rosa'. Lamuloli linachotsa mawu oti "wosauka maganizo" ndi "wosauka maganizo" m'machitidwe a boma, malamulo, ndi mfundo zake. Mawu oti "wosauka maganizo" ndi "munthu wolephera maganizo" anakhala mawu ovomerezeka komanso oyenera mwalamulo.
Kodi ADHD ndi vuto la maganizo?
Ayi, vuto la kusakhazikika maganizo (ADHD) ndi vuto la kulephera kugwira ntchito bwino kwa ubongo ndi matenda awiri osiyana. Ngakhale kuti onse ali m'gulu lomwelo la mavuto okhudzana ndi kukula kwa ubongo, si chinthu chimodzi. Komabe, anthu ambiri akhoza kukhala ndi matenda onsewa nthawi imodzi.
Kulemala kwa nzeru ndi vuto lomwe limakhudza mbali zambiri za moyo wa munthu, koma sikuti kungokhalapo kotheratu. Mapulogalamu othandizira maphunziro ndi khalidwe amaika patsogolo kuzindikira mphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvuzo.
Ngati muli ndi mwana wolumala wamaganizo, mungadzifunse ngati ndinu amene mwamuchititsa. Komabe, vuto la maganizo ndi vuto lovuta. Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingayambitse kapena kuyambitsa vutoli, kotero nthawi zambiri sizingatheke kunena chifukwa chake chachitika (zomwe zikutanthauza kuti simuyenera kudziimba mlandu ngati mwana wanu ali nalo). Chofunika ndichakuti pali mapulogalamu ndi mabungwe ambiri othandizira omwe angathandize. Mwanjira imeneyi, munthu wolumala wamaganizo ali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi wina aliyense wokhala ndi moyo wodzaza, wachimwemwe, komanso wokhutiritsa.
Chidule (Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba)
Chabwino, nazi zinthu zina zomwe muyenera kukumbukira kuchokera pa zomwe takambirana:
- Kulemala kwa nzeru ndi vuto lomwe limakhudza nzeru, kuphunzira, ndi luso la tsiku ndi tsiku . Izi sizili zofanana kwa aliyense.
- Ichi si chinthu chomwe chingayesedwe ndi "IQ test" yokha . Makhalidwe osinthika nawonso ndi ofunikira kwambiri.
- Pakhoza kukhala zifukwa zambiri - majini, mavuto panthawi ya mimba, mavuto pobadwa, kapena ngozi kapena matenda paubwana. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kudziwa chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli, choncho makolo sayenera kudziimba mlandu.
- Ngakhale kuti palibe mankhwala a izi, chithandizo choyenera, maphunziro, ndi chithandizo zingathandize kuti moyo ukhale wabwino. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za mwana.
- Ngati muli ndi kukayikira kapena mafunso okhudza kukula kapena luso la mwana wanu, funsani dokotala wa ana nthawi yomweyo. Mukazindikira vuto msanga, mudzapeza thandizo lochulukirapo.
- Simuli nokha. Pali zinthu, mapulogalamu, ndi mabungwe othandiza ana ndi mabanja ngati awa.
Kumbukirani, mwana aliyense ndi wapadera, ndipo mwana aliyense amafunika chikondi, chisamaliro, ndi kumvetsetsa. Kulemala kwa nzeru kungakhale kovuta, koma ndi chithandizo choyenera, ngakhale ana amenewo akhoza kukhala ndi moyo wokongola komanso wopindulitsa.
` Kulemala kwa nzeru, kulemala kwa chitukuko, mavuto ophunzirira, kukula kwa mwana, thanzi la maganizo, khalidwe losinthasintha, maphunziro apadera











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