Ese nawe ubona amabara mu buryo butandukanye? Reka twige ku bijyanye no kutabona amabara mu buryo bworoshye!

Ese wigeze wibaza niba uburyo ubona amabara butandukanye gato n'uko abandi bayabona? Cyangwa umwana wawe afite ikibazo cyo kumenya amabara? Ahari impamvu ibi biterwa n'ubuhumyi bw'amabara, indwara umwana adashobora gutandukanya amabara neza. Iki ni ikintu kigaragara mu bantu benshi.

Ubuhumyi bw'amabara ni iki?

Mu magambo make, uburibwe bw'amabara, cyangwa 'Ibura ry'Amabara', ni igihe udashobora kubona amabara nk'uko abandi basanzwe bayabona. Ibi bibaho kubera ko uturemangingo twihariye tw'imitsi twitwa 'cones' mu maso yacu tudakora neza. Urabizi, utwo turemangingo tw'amabara tumeze nk'uduti duto dufata urumuri rwinjira mu jisho rukarwohereza mu bwonko, ari na byo bidufasha kubona amabara.

Abantu benshi badafite ubushobozi bwo kubona amabara atari ngombwa ko babona amabara yose. Hari abayabona, ariko ni gake cyane. Abantu benshi bashobora kubona amabara atandukanye, ariko amwe agaragara mu buryo butandukanye n'andi. Bashobora kugorwa no gutandukanya amabara amwe cyangwa amabara amwe.

Ku bantu benshi, iyi ndwara ni ikintu gituruka ku babyeyi babo. By’umwihariko, indwara yo kutabona ibara ry’umutuku n’icyatsi kibisi ikunze kugaragara cyane iva kuri nyina ikagera ku mwana. Ariko, rimwe na rimwe, iyi ndwara ishobora kugaragara nyuma y’ubuzima bitewe n’izindi ndwara cyangwa izindi mpamvu.

Niba utekereza ko wowe cyangwa umwana wawe mushobora kuba mufite iyi ndwara, ni ngombwa kumenya neza ubwoko bwayo n'uburemere bwayo. Bityo, reba muganga w'amaso cyangwa inzobere mu by'amaso kugira ngo muganire kuri yo.

Kuki ibi bibaho? Ni iki kiba imbere mu jisho? (Incamake y'uturemangingo tw'ijisho)

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe ubwoko butandukanye bw'ubuhumyi bw'amabara, reka tubanze twige bike ku turemangingo tw'amabara. Tubitekerezeho nk'ibikoresho bipima amabara biri mu maso yacu. Biherereye mu gice cy'amaso yacu cyitwa retina.

Ubusanzwe, twese dufite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'ijisho mu maso yacu:

• Uturemangingo tw’urumuri dufata urumuri rutukura (L cones): Utu ni two tubona uburebure bw’urumuri (uruhande rutukura rw’urumuri).
• Uturemangingo tw’urumuri twita ku cyatsi kibisi (M cones): Utwo turemangingo tw’urumuri dupima uburebure bw’urumuri buri hagati (uruhande rw’icyatsi kibisi).
• Uturemangingo tw’urumuri twiyumvamo ubururu (S cones): Utwo turemangingo tw’urumuri tureba uburebure bw’urumuri bugufi (uruhande rw’ubururu rw’urumuri).

Abantu benshi bafite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amabara, kandi dukora neza. Ariko ku muntu ufite ikibazo cyo kutabona amabara, kamwe cyangwa menshi muri utwo turemangingo tw'amabara ntabwo dukora neza. Iki ni cyo gihe uburyo tubona amabara buhinduka.

Noneho reka turebe ibyiciro by'ingenzi by'amabara dukurikije umubare w'uturemangingo tw'amabara duhari n'uko dukora:

Niba ubonye amabara yose neza (`Trichromacy`)

Ibi bivuze ko ufite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'imboni mu maso yawe, kandi dukora neza. Ushobora kubona amabara yose mu buryo busanzwe bw'urumuri rugaragara.Ibi ni ukubona amabara yose.

Itandukaniro rito mu mabara amwe n'amwe (`Anomalous trichromacy`)

Aha, ufite ubwoko butatu bwose bw'uturemangingo tw'inyuma (cone cells), ariko ubwoko bumwe ntibushobora kwiyumva nk'ubundi. Ibyo bivuze ko budashobora kumenya amabara bufitanye isano nabwo. Bityo ntushobora kubona amabara mu buryo busanzwe. Umuntu ufite ikibazo gito ashobora kubona amabara yoroheje. Iyo bikomeye gato, ndetse n'amabara y'umwijima ashobora kugaragara mu buryo butandukanye. Ubwo bwoko bw'indwara bwitwa anomalies, bivuze ko bugaragara igice.

Kudashobora kubona ibara rimwe na rimwe (`Dichromacy`)

Icyo bibaho ni uko uvuka udafite ubwoko bumwe muri butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amakone. Bityo rero ufite ubwoko bubiri bw'uturemangingo tw'amakone (ubusanzwe tumeze nk'umutuku (L) cyangwa icyatsi (M), hamwe n'uturemangingo tw'ubururu twa S). Ubona isi gusa mu mabara ayo ubwoko bubiri bw'uturemangingo tw'amakone bushobora kubona. Biragoye cyane gutandukanya amabara yijimye. Ubwo bwoko bw'indwara bwitwa anopia, bivuze ko udashobora kubona ibara runaka na gato.

Monochromacy (kutabona amabara na gato)

Aha ufite ubwoko bumwe gusa bw'uturemangingo tw'ibumba, cyangwa nta turemangingo tw'ibumba dukora neza. Bityo ubushobozi bwawe bwo kubona amabara ni buke cyane, kandi ushobora kutabona amabara na rimwe, kandi isi ni imvi gusa.

Ubwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane bw'ubuhumyi bw'amabara atukura n'icyatsi kibisi

Ubu ni bwo bwoko bukunze kugaragara cyane bw'ubuhumyi bw'amabara. Bugira ingaruka ku buryo ubona ibara iryo ari ryo ryose rivanze n'umutuku cyangwa icyatsi. Hari ubwoko bune bw'ingenzi bw'ubu bwoko:

• Protanopia: Muri iki kibazo, utubuto twa L tworoshye kumva umutuku turabura. Bityo ntushobora kubona urumuri rutukura. Akenshi ubona amabara nk'amabara y'ubururu cyangwa zahabu. Amabara atandukanye y'umutuku ashobora kwitiranywa n'umukara. Umukara wijimye ushobora kandi kwitiranywa n'amabara nk'icyatsi kibisi cyijimye, umutuku, n'umuhondo.
• Deuteranopia: Aha niho udusimba twa M tworoshye ku ruhu rw'icyatsi kibisi tutaboneka. Bityo ntushobora kubona urumuri rw'icyatsi kibisi. Akenshi ubona ubururu n'izahabu. Amabara amwe y'umutuku ashobora kwitiranywa n'amabara y'icyatsi kibisi. Umuhondo ushobora kandi kwitiranywa n'icyatsi kibisi cyoroshye.
• Protanomaly: Ufite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'amabara y'umutuku, ariko uturemangingo twa L ntabwo twiyumvamo umutuku cyane. Umutuku ushobora kugaragara nk'umukara wijimye , kandi amabara yose arimo umutuku ashobora kugaragara nk'aho adashyushye cyane.
• Deuteranomaly: Ufite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'ingirabuzimafatizo, ariko uturemangingo twa M ntabwo twihanganira icyatsi. Akenshi ubona amabara y'ubururu, umuhondo, n'amabara adasobanutse muri rusange.

`Protanopia` na `Deuteranopia` ni ingero za `Dichromacy` yavuzwe haruguru (kutabona ibara rimwe na rimwe). `Protanomaly` na `Deuteranomaly` ni ingero za `Anomalous trichromacy` (itandukaniro rito mu mabara amwe).

Ushobora kandi kumva amagambo "protan" na "deutan". Aya ni amagambo ahinnye akoreshwa mu gusobanura kudashobora gutandukanya amabara y'umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi. "Deutan" yerekeza ku cyatsi kibisi (uturemangingo twa M two mu bwoko bwa koni y'icyatsi kibisi tuba dufite intege nke cyangwa tutanafite intege nke). "Protan" yerekeza ku mutuku (uturemangingo twa L two mu bwoko bwa koni y'umutuku tuba dufite intege nke cyangwa tutanafite intege nke).

Kuki ibi bibaho cyane ku bagabo?

Ubu bumuga bw'ibara ry'umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi bukunze kugaragara ku bagabo. Impamvu y'ibi ni uko gene itera ibi iri kuri chromosome X. Nkuko mubizi, abagabo bafite chromosome X imwe, mu gihe abagore bafite chromosome X ebyiri. Rero niba umugabo afite gene ifite inenge kuri iyo chromosome X imwe, azagira iyi ndwara. Ariko nubwo umugore yaba afite inenge kuri chromosome X imwe, ishobora gutsindwa na gene nzima iri kuri chromosome X yindi.

Ubuhumyi bw'amabara y'ubururu n'umuhondo

Ubuhumyi bw'amabara y'ubururu n'umuhondo (bwitwa kandi 'tritan defects') ntibukunze kugaragara cyane nk'ubuhumyi bw'icyatsi gitukura n'umutuku. Hariho kandi ubwoko bubiri bw'ubu:

• Tritanopia: Ntabwo ufite utubuto twa S tworoshye kumva ubururu. Bityo ntushobora kubona urumuri rw'ubururu. Ahanini ubona umutuku, ubururu bworoshye, umutuku, na lavender.
• Tritanomaly: Ufite ubwoko butatu bw'uturemangingo tw'udukoko, ariko utubuto twa S ntabwo twiyumva cyane ku bururu. Ubururu busa n'icyatsi kibisi, kandi umuhondo ushobora kuba utari mwiza cyane cyangwa utagaragara na gato.

Uku kudashobora kumenya amabara y'ubururu n'umuhondo bigira ingaruka ku bagabo n'abagore kimwe.

Ibintu bidasanzwe cyane

Ibi bivuga ku bwoko bubiri budasanzwe, ni ukuvuga, budasanzwe kugaragara, bw'ubudahangarwa bw'amabara.

Uturemangingo tw’ubururu gusa ni two dukora (`Ubururu bw’ubururu bwonyine`)

Ubu ni ubwoko budasanzwe. Aha, nta mikorobe ya L ifite umutuku cyangwa M ifite icyatsi kibisi ikora neza. Ufite gusa imikorobe ya S ifite ubururu. Bityo biragoye cyane gutandukanya amabara, kandi akenshi ubona amabara y'imvi gusa. Hamwe n'ibi, hari n'ibindi bibazo by'amaso nka photophobia, nystagmus, no kutareba hafi bishobora kubaho.

Indwara yo kutabona amabara (`Achromatopsia` cyangwa `Rod monochromacy`)

Achromatopsia ni igihe uturemangingo twawe twose cyangwa twinshi tuba tubuze, cyangwa tudakora neza. Ubona ibintu byose nk'ibara ry'umukara. Ibi bishobora no guteza ibindi bibazo byo kutabona bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibereho yawe.

Ni nde wibasirwa cyane n'iki kibazo? Ni iki gikunze kugaragara?

Ubumuga bw'amabara bw'ababyeyi bukunze kwibasira abagabo. Ibi biterwa nuko buvukanwa mu buryo bwa 'genetique' (bwitwa 'X-linked recessive'). Ubu bumuga bw'amabara bw'abagabo bukunze kugaragara cyane.

Nanone, iyi ndwara ishobora kuza nyuma bitewe n'indwara zimwe na zimwe, imiti, cyangwa ibintu bifitanye isano n'ibidukikije. Ishobora kugera kuri buri wese.

Noneho reka turebe uburyo ibi bikunze kugaragara.

Mu bantu bakomoka mu Burayi bw'Amajyaruguru, ubuhumyi bw'ibara ritukura n'icyatsi kibisi bwibasira umugabo 1 kuri 12 n'umugore 1 kuri 200. Iyi mibare iratandukanye bitewe n'ubwoko. Ubushakashatsi bumwe bwerekana ko iyi ndwara ikunze kugaragara cyane mu Banyaburayi.

Ku bindi binyabuzima bitakunze kugaragara cyane:

• Kubura ibara ry'ubururu n'umuhondo bibaho ku muntu umwe ku bantu 10.000.
• Indwara yo kutabona amabara (`Achromatopsia`) igira ingaruka ku muntu umwe kuri 30.000.
• Indwara ya "blue cone monochromacy" yibasira umuntu umwe gusa mu bantu 100.000.

Muri rusange, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 300 ku isi bafite ubwoko bumwe bw'indwara yo kutabona amabara (akenshi cyane cyane ibara ry'umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi).

Ni izihe mpamvu zituma umuntu atabasha kumenya amabara?

Ubumuga bwo kutabona amabara bushobora kuragwa cyangwa kuboneka mu myaka yashize. Impamvu zabyo byombi ziratandukanye.

Impamvu zivukanwa (ingaruka z'uturemangingo)

Impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe niyo mpamvu uvukana ubuhumyi bw'amabara.

Uburyo bukunze kugaragara bwo kutabona ibara ry'umutuku n'icyatsi kibisi ni umurage unyuze muri chromosome ya X (`X-linked recessive inheritance`). Ubu bwoko bw'indwara yo mu bwoko bwa radicated bukunze kwibasira abahungu kandi ni gake cyane ku bakobwa. Dore uburyo bworoshye bwo gusobanura uburyo ubutabona bw'icyatsi kibisi butangwa:

Ku mwana w'umuhungu:

• Iyo umubyeyi afite iyi ndwara, umwana nawe azayiragwa.
• Niba umubyeyi ari we ugitwara (bivuze ko imwe muri chromosome X za nyina ari yo yonyine ifite ubu busembwa bw’uturemangingo, indi ikaba ari nzima, bityo nyina nta bimenyetso afite), umwana afite amahirwe ya 50% yo kurwara iyi ndwara.
• Niba se afite iyi ndwara gusa, umwana w'umuhungu ntabwo azayiragwa. Kuko se aha abana b'abahungu chromosome ya Y, naho abana b'abakobwa chromosome ya X.

Ku mukobwa:

• Iyo umubyeyi na se bombi bafite iyi ndwara, umwana na we azayiragwa.
• Niba se afite iyo ndwara, ariko nyina ntayifite (nyina ntabwo ari umutwazi), umwana azaba ari umutwazi.
• Niba se afite iyi ndwara kandi nyina akaba ari we uyifite, umwana afite amahirwe angana na 50% yo kuzungura iyi ndwara cyangwa amahirwe angana na 50% yo kuba uyifite.

Impamvu zabonetse

Hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutera ubuhumyi bw'amabara (akenshi ubuhumyi bw'amabara y'ubururu n'umuhondo) butera mu myaka y'ubukure. Izi zirimo:

• Guhura n'ibintu byangiza uturemangingo tw'imitsi. Urugero, imiti ikomoka ku bimera, imvange y'imiti ikomoka ku bimera, n'ibyuma biremereye.
• Kubona urumuri igihe kirekire mu gihe cyo gusudira.
• Imiti imwe n'imwe. Urugero, umuti witwa `hydroxychloroquine` (iyi itangwa ku ndwara nka rubagimpande).
• Indwara z'amaso. Urugero: kwangirika kw'amagufwa y'amaso bifitanye isano n'imyaka (AMD), glaucoma, na katarakte.
• Indwara zigira ingaruka ku bwonko bwawe cyangwa ku mitsi. Urugero: Diyabete Mellitus, indwara ya Alzheimer, na Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Ubumuga bw'amabara butera mu myaka yashize ntibukunze kugaragara cyane ugereranyije n'ubusanzwe bugaragara mu gihe cyo kuvuka.

Ni ibihe bimenyetso by'ibi? Ubimenya ute?

Niba ufite kimwe muri ibi, ushobora no kugira ikibazo cyo kutabona amabara:

• Kugorwa no gutandukanya no kumenya amabara amwe cyangwa amabara amwe.
• Impinduka mu buryo urumuri rw'amabara amwe rugaragara.

Ariko kugira ngo umenye ibi bimenyetso, ugomba kumenya ko ugomba kubishakisha. Akenshi, abantu bafite ikibazo cyo kutabona amabara ntibabimenya kuko bahoraga babona amabara mu buryo bumwe. Bityo ntibamenya ko hari itandukaniro mu buryo babona amabara.

Niyo mpamvu ari ingenzi cyane ko umwana wawe asuzumwa neza amaso ye kandi agapimwa uruhu rwe mbere yuko atangira ishuri. Kubera ko amabara akoreshwa mu bizamini byinshi n'amasomo menshi ku ishuri. Abana babona amabara mu buryo butandukanye bashobora kugorwa n'ibi bintu. Mu by'ukuri, iyo ushyize akamenyetso ku kintu kitagenda neza mu ibara ry'umutuku n'ikintu mu ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi, bishobora kugora umwana utazi gutandukanya ibyo byombi gusobanukirwa icyo akora nabi n'icyo akora neza, si byo se?

Ni gute umuganga abibona? (Ku bijyanye n'ikizamini cya `Ishihara`)

Abaganga b'amaso bakoresha ibizamini byinshi kugira ngo bamenye ubuhumyi bw'amabara.

Ikizamini cya `Ishihara` ni cyo gipimo gikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gupima ubuhumyi bw'amabara atukura n'icyatsi kibisi. Muri iki kizamini, muganga akwereka urukurikirane rw'`amabara y'ibice by'amabara`. Buri shashi ifite imiterere y'utudomo duto. Hagati y'utudomo hari umubare (ishusho y'abana bato). Ugomba kuvuga icyo ubona kuri buri shashi. Imibare iri ku mashashi amwe ibonwa gusa n'abantu bafite amabara yose. Andi mashashi abonwa gusa n'abantu bafite ubuhumyi bw'amabara. Ntabwo ari igitangaza?

Hashingiwe ku bisubizo by'ikizamini cya `Ishihara`, muganga wawe azakubwira niba hakenewe ikizamini cy'inyongera n'ikindi ugomba gukora kugira ngo umenye neza ubwoko bwacyo.

Niba ufite amakenga make ko wowe cyangwa umwana wawe mushobora kuba mufite ikibazo cyo kutabona ibara ry'uruhu,Jyana na muganga w'amaso ako kanya ugenzure amaso yawe. Ntiwibagirwe kubwira muganga icyo utekereza.

Umwana wanjye agomba gukora iki kizamini afite imyaka ingahe?

Ibizamini byo kureba amabara akenshi bigirwa inama ku bana bafite imyaka 4 kuzamura. Ku myaka 4, abana benshi bashobora gusubiza ibibazo bijyanye n'ibyo bashobora kubona. Ariko, ni byiza ko umwana wawe abanza gupimwa amaso hakiri kare cyane, wenda mbere y'isabukuru ye y'amavuko.

Ni ubuhe buryo bwo kuvura ibi?

Mu by’ukuri, nta buryo bwo kuvura cyangwa kuvura indwara y’ubuhumyi bw’amabara ihari ubu. Ariko, niba waranduye iyi ndwara, muganga wawe azavura impamvu nyamukuru cyangwa ahindure imiti yawe uko bikenewe. Ibi bishobora kugufasha kunoza uburyo ubona amabara yawe.

Ushobora kuba warumvise indorerwamo zihariye ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona amabara. Izi ndorerwamo zishobora gufasha abantu bafite ubwoko bworoheje bwa trichromacy (indwara aho hari itandukaniro rito mu mabara amwe) kubona amabara neza kandi mu buryo busobanutse. Izi ndorerwamo zongerera itandukaniro hagati y’amabara, bigatuma zigaragara neza ku bantu bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona amabara. Ariko, izi ndorerwamo ntizituma ubona amabara mashya, kandi si umuti w’iyi ndwara, cyangwa ngo zikosore ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose ku turemangingo twawe tw’ingirabuzimafatizo. Ibisubizo biratandukanye bitewe n’umuntu ku giti cye.

Niba urimo gutekereza gukoresha indorerwamo nk'izo, banza uganire na muganga w'amaso kugira ngo arebe niba koko bizagufasha.

Ese birashoboka kwirinda iki kibazo no kugabanya ibyago?

Ntushobora gukumira indwara y'ubuhumyi bw'amabara kuva mu gihe cyo kuvuka. Ariko, ushobora kugabanya ibyago byo kurwara ubuhumyi bw'amabara nyuma y'ubuzima bwawe. Kugira ngo ubigereho, ugomba kujya kwa muganga nibura rimwe mu mwaka kugira ngo arebe ubuzima bwawe kandi amenye ibintu bishobora gutuma urwara ubu buhumyi bw'amabara. Dore bimwe mu bibazo ushobora kwibaza:

• Ese hari ibyago byo kutamenya amabara bitewe n'uburwayi mfite ubu?
• Ese iyi ndwara ishobora guterwa n'imiti imwe n'imwe nfata?
• Ese hari ibyago byo kubikora bitewe n'imiti cyangwa ibindi bintu biri aho nkorera?
• Nakora iki kugira ngo ngire icyo nkora kugira ngo ngire icyo nkora?

Niba udashobora kumenya amabara, ni iki wakwitega?

Uburwayi bwo kutabona amabara bushobora kutagira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bwawe, cyane cyane iyo indwara yawe ari nto. Ariko iyo ikomeye bihagije, ishobora kubangamira akazi kawe, ishuri, cyangwa ubuzima bwawe bwa buri munsi. Niyo mpamvu ari ngombwa kuvugana na muganga w'amaso ku kibazo cyawe n'icyo wakwitega mu gihe kiri imbere.Niba umwana wawe afite iyi ndwara, mubaze uko wamufasha mu kazi k'ishuri.

Ese ibi bizagira ingaruka ku hazaza h'umwana?

Hari imirimo imwe n'imwe ishobora kugorana cyangwa ikaba yateza akaga umuntu ufite ikibazo cy'amabara adasobanutse. Urugero, imirimo nk'iy'amashanyarazi , iy'indege, iy'imideli, cyangwa iy'ubuhanzi . Ariko, ushobora kuyobora umwana wawe mu yindi mirimo idasaba kureba amabara. Ushobora kubaza umujyanama w'umwana wawe cyangwa abarimu bo ku ishuri ibi.

Niba wowe cyangwa umwana wawe mufite iyi ndwara, ni gute mwakoroshya ubuzima bwa buri munsi?

Kuganira n'abandi bantu bafite iyi ndwara, cyangwa ababyeyi bafite abana bafite iyi ndwara, bishobora kugufasha cyane. Bashobora gusangira nawe inama n'amakuru bizagufasha mu buzima bwawe bwa buri munsi. Dore inama zimwe na zimwe:

• Mu gihe uguze ibintu nk'imyenda cyangwa irangi ryo mu nzu , jyana n'inshuti izi amabara neza ("inshuti y'amabara") kugira ngo igufashe.
• Wibuke uko amabara akurikirana mu bintu nk'amatara yo ku muhanda (nk'umutuku hejuru, umuhondo/icunga hagati, icyatsi hasi).
• Shyiramo porogaramu kuri telefoni yawe zigufasha kumenya amabara y'ibintu bikukikije.

Ni ryari ngomba kubonana na muganga?

Ibi bintu ni ingenzi cyane ku buzima bw'amaso yawe, ndetse no ku buzima bwawe muri rusange:

• Jyana na muganga w'umuryango wawe nibura rimwe mu mwaka.
• Reba umuganga w'amaso cyangwa umuganga w'amaso nibura rimwe mu mwaka.

Abaganga bawe bazakubwira niba ukeneye kuza kenshi cyangwa niba ukeneye gukora ibindi bipimo.

Amaherezo, ngomba kuvuga...

Ubumuga bwo kutabona amabara bushobora kuva ku bworoheje kugeza ku bukomeye, kandi bukunze kugaragara kurusha uko wabitekereza. Ubumuga bworoshye bushobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima bw'umuntu. Ariko niba bukubuza kugera ku ntego zawe, birumvikana kumva ubabaye kandi ubabaye.

Ariko ibuka ko utari wenyine. Abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni ku isi babona amabara mu buryo butandukanye n'uko basanzwe babona. Guhuza n'abandi bafite iyi ndwara no kwigira ku byo banyuzemo bishobora kugufasha. Ushobora kubona amakuru n'ubufasha binyuze mu miryango yo kuri interineti ku bantu bafite ikibazo cy'amabara.

Niba umwana wawe afite iyi ndwara, vugana na muganga w'amaso ku mpinduka zishobora kumufasha ku ishuri. Ni ngombwa kandi kuganira n'abarimu b'umwana wawe kuri ibi n'uburyo ushobora kumushyigikira mu myigire ye.

Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi kuri ibi, ntutinye kubaza muganga. Komeza ugire ubuzima bwiza!

Ubutabona bw'amabara , ubutabona bw'amabara, kureba kw'abana, indwara z'amaso, indwara z'uturemangingo, uturemangingo tw'ingirabuzimafatizo