Ushobora gutekereza ku mubiri wacu nk'igitabo kinini cy'amabwiriza. Amabwiriza mato ari muri iki gitabo cy'amabwiriza twita "genes" . Izi genes zigena buri kintu cyose kiri mu mubiri wacu, urugero, ibara ry'amaso yacu, imiterere y'umusatsi wacu. Rero, rimwe na rimwe ikosa rito muri rimwe mu mabwiriza ari muri iki gitabo cy'amabwiriza, ni ukuvuga ko iyo inyuguti ihinduwe, ishobora gutera indwara zikomeye. Uyu munsi turimo kuvuga ku buryo bugezweho cyane bw'ubuvuzi bukosora ayo mabwiriza atari yo, cyangwa bugashyiramo andi mabwiriza mashya akwiye. Ibi byitwa ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo.
Kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo mu buryo bworoshye ni iki?
Muri make, ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo ni uburyo bwihariye bwo kuvura indwara za gene. Uturemangingo tw'umubiri wacu dutanga amabwiriza yo gukora poroteyine. Iyo gene ihindutse cyangwa ikaba ifite inenge, poroteyine ikora ishobora gukorwa nabi cyangwa igahagarikwa burundu. Ibi nibyo bitera indwara za gene.
Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo buhindura gene idakora neza itera indwara , cyangwa bugaha uturemangingo twawe kopi nshya y'uturemangingo . Ubu buvuzi akenshi buba ari ubwa rimwe gusa. Nyuma y'ubu buvuzi, umubiri wawe uba ushobora gukora poroteyine ukeneye neza, ibyo bikagabanya ibimenyetso.
Ubu buryo bwo kuvura bukora bute?
Hari uburyo butatu bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo. Reka turebe imbonerahamwe iri hepfo kugira ngo tubisobanukirwe neza.
| Uburyo bwo kuvura | Mu magambo make ... | Urimo gukora iki? |
|---|---|---|
| Kongeramo Gene | Gushyiramo gene nshya nziza. | Iyo poroteyine ikenewe idakozwe mu mubiri bitewe n'inenge iri muri gene runaka, kopi ya gene nzima ishobora gukora iyo poroteyine ishyirwa mu turemangingo. |
| Guhindura Gene | Gukosora gene idafite ishingiro. | Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresha ibikoresho byihariye nka CRISPR/cas9 kugira ngo "bace kandi bashyiremo" gene ifite ikibazo itera iyo ndwara. Hanyuma, iyo gene itangira gukora poroteyine ikwiye. |
| Gucecekesha Gene | Kuzimya gene itari yo. | Amwe mu magene akora nabi kandi agakora poroteyine zangiza umubiri. Ubu buryo buhagarika imikorere ya gene itanga amabwiriza atari yo. Ni ukuvuga ko iracecekwa. |
Ni gute washyira izi gene zahinduwe mu mubiri?
Noneho ufite ikibazo: Ni gute wakwinjiza izi gene zahinduwe mu mubiri? Abahanga mu bya siyansi bashyira izi gene mu kintu kimeze nk'agapaki. Aka gapaki kitwa "vector". Iyi vector akenshi iba ari virusi yahinduwe byihariye.
Wihangayika! Iyi si virusi idutera kurwara. Yakuyeho burundu ubushobozi bwayo bwo kudutera kurwara, ahubwo yashyizwemo na za gene zacu nzima. Kimwe n'imodoka itwara, akazi konyine k'iyi sosiyete ni ugutwara za gene no kuzigeza ku tunyangingo dukwiriye.
Mu buvuzi bumwe na bumwe, zimwe mu selile z’amaraso yawe zifatwa, zigahindurwa muri laboratwari, hanyuma zigasubizwa mu mubiri wawe. Mu bindi bihe, hari uturemangingo turimo izi selile zitangwa nk'urushinge cyangwa nk'inyongera mu mitsi. Uko igihe kigenda gihita, selile zifite izi selile nshya ziragabanyuka zikagwira, zigasimbura selile zirwaye. Bityo ingaruka z'ubu buvuzi zigomba kumara igihe kirekire.
Ni izihe ndwara zishobora kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo?
Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo bukunze kugira ingaruka nziza ku ndwara ziterwa n'akanenge kamwe k'uturemangingo. Dore zimwe mu ndwara ubu buvuzi bwemerewe gukoreshwa:
- Indwara z’uturemangingo zigira ingaruka ku bwonko, nka Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy .
- Indwara z'amaraso zarazwe: Urugero , indwara ya sickle cell, thalassemia, na hemophilia .
- Indwara z'imitsi yo mu bwonko: Indwara nka Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy na Spinal Muscular Atrophy.
- Indwara z'amaso zikomoka ku ruhu: Indwara zigira ingaruka ku maso, nka Leber's Congenital Amaurosis.
- Izindi ndwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo nka Metachromatic Leukodystrophy.
Uretse ibi, kanseri na virusi itera SIDAAbahanga mu bya siyansi baracyakora ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no kuvura ingirabuzima fatizo (gene therapy) bishobora gukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara nka...
Ni izihe nyungu n'ibibi byo kuvura ingirabuzima fatizo?
Kimwe n'ubundi buryo bwose bwo kuvura, ubuvuzi bushingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo bufite ibyiza byabwo ndetse n'ingaruka zimwe na zimwe n'ibibi. Ni ngombwa kubimenya.
| Ibyiza | Ingorane n'ibibi |
|---|---|
| Ibyiringiro Bishya: Bitanga uburyo bushya bwo kuvura indwara nyinshi zitari zikenewe. | Ingorane zo kubona ubu buvuzi: Bitewe n'ibiciro biri hejuru n'imbogamizi z'ikoranabuhanga, si buri wese ushobora kubona ubu buvuzi. |
| Uburyo bworoshye: Uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura imiterere y'uturemangingo ni uburyo bukoreshwa rimwe mu buzima bwose. Ntabwo ari ngombwa gufata imiti buri munsi. | Ingaruka mbi: Nkuko bigenda ku miti yose, hari ibyago byo kugira ingaruka mbi. Urugero, ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bushobora kugira ingaruka ku ngirabuzimafatizo (virusi). |
| Ubuvuzi bwihuse: Iyo ubu buvuzi bushobora kuboneka mbere yuko indwara itera ingaruka zikomeye ku mubiri, ubwo bwandu bushobora kwirindwa. | Uburyo bwo gutegura: Uburyo bumwe bwo kuvura hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rituma habaho ubundi buryo bwo kuvura, nka chemotherapy, mbere yo kuvurwa, ibyo bikaba bishobora gutera ingaruka mbi. |
| Kuvura impamvu nyamukuru y’iyi ndwara: Aho kuvura ibimenyetso gusa, tuvura impamvu nyamukuru y’iyi ndwara, ari yo myitwarire ubwayo. | Iracyari urushya: Nubwo ibi bimaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo mu bushakashatsi, ikoreshwa ryabyo mu buvuzi riracyari rishya. Haracyari byinshi byo kwiga. |
Ubuvuzi bw'uturemangingo bufite icyizere gikomeye ku bantu bafite indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo. Bushobora kuvura impamvu nyamukuru y'indwara, aho kuvura ibimenyetso gusa. Nubwo iki gikorwa kikiri ikibazo gikomeye, bufite ubushobozi bwo gutanga ibisubizo bihindura ubuzima ku barwayi batagize uburyo bwinshi bwo kuvura mu bihe byashize. Niba wowe cyangwa umuntu wo mu muryango wawe afite indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo, ni byiza kuganira na muganga wawe kuri ibi no kumenya byinshi.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- Uburyo bwo kuvura imiterere y’uturemangingo (gene therapy) ni uburyo bugezweho bwo kuvura bukosora inenge y’uturemangingo itera indwara zimwe na zimwe zikomoka ku turemangingo.
- Ibi bikosora gene ifite ikibazo cyangwa bigashyira kopi ya gene nzima mu mubiri.
- Nubwo ubu buvuzi bukunze gukorwa rimwe gusa, ubu ntabwo bukunze kugaragara hose ku isi kandi burahenze.
- Nk’uko bigenda ku buvuzi ubwo aribwo bwose, hari ibyiza, ingaruka, n’ingaruka mbi.
- Buri gihe ni ngombwa kubiganiraho na muganga wawe mbere yo gufata icyemezo icyo ari cyo cyose ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kuvura.
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