Une mibvunzo here nezve smallpox? Ngatikurukurei zvakadzama!

Pamwe wakambonzwa nezvechirwere chesmallpox. Asi ungavewo nemibvunzo yekuti chii, kuti chaiva nengozi sei kare, uye kuti sei tisingafaniri kunetseka nacho izvozvi. Nhasi, tichataura nezvazvo zvese nenzira iri nyore yaunogona kunzwisisa. Iyi inyaya refu, asi uchadzidza zvakawanda.

Chii chinonzi smallpox?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, smallpox yaive chirwere chakakomba, chinouraya chaivapo kare. Yakauraya mamiriyoni evanhu. Paunobatwa nechirwere ichi, unowana maronda akaomarara, azere nemvura mumuviri wako. Kunyangwe achipora, dzimwe nguva anosiya mavanga akaipa pachiso chako nemuviri wako. Fungidzira, kana ukabatwa nechirwere ichi , paavhareji, munhu mumwe chete pavanhu vatatu akafa. Ndizvo zvakaipa kwazvo.

Asi pane mashoko akanaka. Kubva kuma1960, World Health Organization (WHO) yave ichishanda nesimba kubvisa smallpox pasi rose. Nekushandisa majekiseni uye kudzora kupararira kwechirwere ichi, vakabudirira. Pakazosvika 1980, smallpox yakanga yabviswa pasi rose. Nyaya yekupedzisira yechirwere ichi yakashumwa muna 1977.

Chibhokisi chichiripo here panyika?

Kwete. Hapana munhu akamborwara nesmallpox muvanhu kwemakore anopfuura 45. Haichapararire zvakasikwa. Zvisinei, mienzaniso yehutachiona hunokonzera smallpox inochengetwa murabhoritari imwe chete muUnited States neimwe muRussia chete. Asi izvozvo hazvina chikonzero chekutya.

Takabvisa sei chirwere chesmallpox panyika?

Iri ibudiriro huru. Kubviswa kwechirwere chesmallpox kungangodaro kwakakwanisika nekuda kwezvinhu zvakati wandei:

• Chirwere ichi chinongobata vanhu chete. Hachiparadzirwi nemhuka kana zvipembenene. Saka, pane nzira shoma dzinoita kuti chirwere ichi chipararire.
• Chirwere ichi chaive nyore kuona. Munhu wese aibatwa nechirwere chesmallpox airatidza zviratidzo, kunyanya mavara iwayo. Kureva kuti, hapana aiziva kuti aive nechirwere ichi (pakanga pasina vanhu vasina zviratidzo).
• Chirwere ichi chakapararira zvishoma nezvishoma. Chirwere chesmallpox chaiwanzotanga kupararira murwere paainge arwara zvekusagona kubuda panze. Chaiwanzopararira pakati pevanhu vaigara mumba imwe chete.
• Kupararira kwacho kwakadzorwa ne "Ring Vaccination". Sezvo chirwere ichi chaingopararira pakati pevanhu vaiva pedyo, vakuru vezvehutano vakakwanisa kumisa kupararira kwacho vachishandisa nzira inonzi "ring vaccinations". Kureva kuti, kana munhu akawanikwa achirwara, vanongobaya avo vaiva pedyo nemunhu iyeye (se "ring" yakakomberedza munhu wacho).
• Ichi chaive chirwere chaivepo kwezviuru zvemakore. Saka, vanhu vakanga vapora kubva kuchirwere chesmallpox vatova nedziviriro yemuviri. Izvi zvaireva kuti vanhu vashoma ndivo vaifanirwa kubaiwa majekiseni kuti vamise kupararira kwechirwere ichi.

Chimbofungai, zvaive nekuda kwezvinhu izvi kuti zvikwanisike kubvisa smallpox, imwe yezvirwere zvinoparadza zvikuru zvenguva iyoyo, pasi rose.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvechibhokisi?

Kana chirwere chesmallpox chikabatwa, chirwere chinopfuurira nematanho akati wandei. Zviratidzo zvikuru ndeizvi:

• Fivha yakanyanya.
• Musoro wakanyanya.
• Kurwadziwa kwemusana.
• Kurwadziwa kwemudumbu.
• Kuneta zvakanyanya uye kushaya simba.
• Kurutsa.
• Mavara anotanga kubuda mumuromo, obva apararira kumeso, obva apararira mumuviri wese.
• Mavara aya anozova maronda uye anova mapundu akaomarara (pustules).

Zviratidzo zvakaita sefivha, musoro, uye kuneta zvinotanga. Zvinogona kugara kwemazuva maviri kusvika mana. Dzimwe nguva fivha inogona kuramba iripo kana kudzoka kunyangwe mavara acho aonekwa. Ipapo mavara acho anoonekwa. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, anovandudzika zvishoma nezvishoma.

Mavara echibhokisi anotaridzika sei?

Maronda echibhokisi anotanga kuoneka mumuromo nemuchiso, uye obva apararira nekukurumidza mumuviri wese. Anotanga semavanga matsvuku, obva ava mapundu akaomarara anoputika obva adonha. Muchimiro chinowanzoonekwa chechibhokisi (`chibhokisi chakajairika`), maronda acho anokura muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana:

1. Matanho ekutanga: Mushure mezviratidzo zvekutanga, mavanga anoonekwa parurimi, mukati memuromo, uye pahuro. Mavanga matsvuku mumuromo anova maronda uye anoputika.

2. Mavara anopararira: Mavara aya anopararira kumeso, maoko, makumbo, musana, nechipfuva. Mushure mezuva rimwe chete, anopararira mumuviri wese, kunyangwe pamaoko nepatsoka.

3. Mapundu azere netsvina: Mapundu ari paganda azere netsvina (mvura yakakora). Panogona kutove nekakombama kadiki (`dent`) pakati pemapundu ese. Mapundu aya anotora mazuva maviri kuti azare netsvina.

4. Mapundu nemapundu: Mapundu anoshanduka kuita mapundu akaomarara, akatenderera (mapundu). Mumazuva gumi anotevera, mapundu anoumbwa pamusoro pemapundu aya.

5. Mavanga anodonha: Mavanga aya anodonha mushure mevhiki imwe chete, asi mavanga acho anoramba aripo.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzechirwere chesmallpox here?

Ehe, paiva nemhando dzakasiyana dzechirwere chesmallpox. Zviratidzo zvavaikonzera zvaisiyanawo zvishoma:

• Chirwere chesmallpox: Ichi ndicho chaive chirwere chakajairika. Chaikonzera zviratidzo zvataurwa pamusoro apa. Vanhu vanosvika 85% vane chirwere chesmallpox vaive verudzi urwu. Munhu mumwe chete pavanhu vatatu vakabatwa nechirwere chesmallpox akafa.
• Mhando yesmallpox yakagadziriswa: Rudzi urwu rwesmallpox dzimwe nguva runoonekwa nevanhu vakambobaiwa majekiseni kare. Rwakafanana nesmallpox yenguva dzose, asi mapundu acho haana kunyanya kuipa uye haagari kwenguva yakareba. Vanhu vazhinji vanorarama nawo.
• Nhomba yerudzi rwakati sandara (yakaipa): Iyi yaive nezviratidzo zvepakutanga zvakanyanya kupfuura nhomba yenguva dzose. Mapundu anobva mumapundu acho akabatana uye haana kumbooma kana kuzadzwa nemvura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mapundu akati sandara, akatsetseka akaumbwa, asina ganda. Rudzi urwu rwainyanya kuwanda muvana. Yaiwanzouraya.
• Chipembenene chinobuda ropa: Izvi zvaiwanzoitika kuvakadzi vane pamuviri. Chaiva nezviratidzo zvikuru pakutanga. Mavara acho aisawanzooma kana kuzadzwa nemvura. Asi, ganda riri pasi raibuda ropa, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho iite seyakasviba kana kuti yakatsva. Kubuda ropa mukati uye kutadza kushanda kwenhengo zvinogonawo kuitika. Chipembenene chinobuda ropa chaiwanzouraya.

Chii chinokonzera smallpox?

Chibhokisi chinokonzerwa nehutachiona hunonzi Variola virus . Kune marudzi maviri ehutachiona hwevariola: Variola major neVariola minor (inozivikanwawo seVariola alastrim). Variola major ndiyo yakakonzera nyaya dzakawanda dzechibhokisi nerufu. Variola minor yakakonzera zviratidzo zvakafanana asi zvisina kunyanya kuoma. Variola major yakakonzera rufu runopfuura 30%, nepo Variola minor yakakonzera rufu runenge 1% chete.

Chibhokisi chakapararira sei?

Chirwere chesmallpox chainyanya kupararira kuburikidza nekubatana kwepedyo, kumeso nechiso. Semuenzaniso, munhu ane smallpox anogona kutapurira mumwe munhu ari pedyo paanokosora kana kutaura. Chinogonawo kupararira nekubata zvinhu zvakaita semibhedha nembatya zvakashandiswa nemunhu ane hutachiona.

Ndezvipi zvinetso zvinogona kuitika nekuda kwechirwere chesmallpox?

Dambudziko rinowanzoitika re smallpox mavanga akanyanya. Mamwe matambudziko anosanganisira:

• Upofu.
• Kutapukirwa nehutachiona hweuropi (Encephalitis).
• Kutapukirwa kwezvikwama zvidiki zvemhepo mumapapu (Bronchopneumonia).
• Utachiona hwemabhakitiriya.
• Arthritis.

Sei chirwere chesmallpox chaiuraya zvakadaro?

Kunyange hazvo nyanzvi dzisiri nechokwadi, zvinogoneka kuti chibhokisi chakakonzera rufu nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana:

• Utachiona uhwu hunouraya masero akawanda (cytotoxicity).
• Kukundikana kweitsvo.
• Bayironi kukuvara kwemapapu. Izvi zvinokonzera kutadza kufema zvakanaka uye kushomeka kweokisijeni munyama.
• Kuvhunduka kweropa. Kubuda ropa uye kutadza kushanda kwenhengo dzemuviri nekuda kwechirwere chesmallpox chinobuda ropa.

Tichiri kubaya nhomba yekudzivirira smallpox here?

Vanachiremba havachabayisi veruzhinji majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere chesmallpox. Zvisinei, vamwe vaongorori nemauto vachiri kupa majekiseni esmallpox kumapoka akasarudzwa. Hurumende yeU.S. ine majekiseni akawanda esmallpox, kana chirwere ichi chikapararira zvakare.

America yakarega rini kupa majekiseni ekudzivirira chirwere chesmallpox?

MuUnited States, kubaiwa nhomba yesmallpox kwakamiswa kubva muzvirongwa zvenguva dzose zvekubaiwa nhomba muna 1972. Kupararira kwesmallpox kwekupedzisira muUnited States kwaive muna 1949.

Mushonga we smallpox unogara kweupenyu hwese here?

Dzimwe ongororo dzinoratidza kuti mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere chesmallpox unogona kudzivirira kwemakumi emakore. Kune avo vanoda mushonga wesmallpox nekuda kwebasa, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) inokurudzira kuti vawane mushonga wekuwedzera chirwere ichi makore matatu ega ega.

Chibhokisi ndicho chaiva chirwere chekutanga chakawanikwa mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere here?

Ehe. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18, chiremba anonzi Edward Jenner akasimbisa nyaya yekuti vashandi vemukaka vaibatwa necowpox, chirwere chakafanana nechickenpox, vaidzivirirwa kubva kusmallpox. Iye zvino tava kuziva kuti cowpox nesmallpox mavhairasi akafanana zvikuru. Saka, vanhu pavakabatwa necowpox, chirwere chidiki, uye vakava vasina dziviriro kubva kwachiri, vakavawo vasina dziviriro kubva kusmallpox.

Jenner akatanga kutapurira mombe nechirwere chesmallpox kudzivirira vanhu kuti vasabatwe nechirwere chesmallpox. Ndiyo yaive nhomba yekutanga pasi rose. Izwi rekuti "mushonga wekudzivirira" rinobva pashoko rechiLatin rinoreva mombe, "vacca."

Nhasi uno, mushonga wekudzivirira smallpox unogadzirwa kubva kuhutachiona hunonzi `vaccinia.` Nekuti wakafanana nesmallpox, unopa dziviriro yezvirwere pasina kukonzera smallpox.

Chii chinonzi 'Kuchinja-chinja' uku?

Kuchinja-chinja ndiyo nzira yekutanga yekubaiwa nhomba. Vanhu vaikurudzirwa nemaune kuti vabatwe nesmallpox (smallpox) nekubaiwa nhomba yeVariola mumiviri yavo. Izvi zvaiitwa nekukwenya ganda neuturu hunobva pamaronda esmallpox kana nekufema upfu hwakagadzirwa neganda. Chirwere ichi chakakonzerwa nekusiyana-siyana chakanga chisina kunyanya kuipa sesmallpox yaingoitika yoga, uye vanhu vakazopedzisira vava nedziviriro yesmallpox. Nzira iyi inofungidzirwa kuti yagara kwemakore mazana.

Sei mushonga wekudzivirira smallpox uchisiya vanga?

Kusiyana nedzimwe nhomba dzemazuva ano, nhomba dzechibhokisi dzinoshandisa hutachiona husina kuchinjwa, hwakaita sehwechibhokisi (hunonzi `vaccinia`). Panzvimbo pekubaiwa netsono, mushandi wehutano anonyika `tsono yakapatsanurwa` mufudzi rako oibaya muruoko rwako. Nzvimbo yakapihwa jekiseni inobva yabatwa ne`vaccinia`. Utachiona uhwu hunokonzera kuputika, izvo zvinozosiya vanga.

Vanhu vanowana rudzi urwu rwejekiseni resmallpox vanofanira kunyatsotarisira nzvimbo yavanobayiwa jekiseni. Zvikasadaro, vanogona kutapurira mumwe munhu `vaccinia`. Mhando idzi dzejekiseni ndi`ACAM2000®` ne`APSV`.

Mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere we`JYNNEOS™` (unoshandiswawo pa`mpox`) unogadzirwa kubva kuhutachiona husina simba (`hunoderedzwa`). Unopihwa semushonga wenguva dzose. Hauna migumisiro yakawanda pane mimwe mishonga yekudzivirira chirwere chesmallpox. Unopihwa semushonga miviri pasi peganda, mavhiki mana ari kure.

Pane mushonga wechirwere chesmallpox here?

Kune mishonga yakawanda inorwisa mavhairasi inotenderwa kurapa smallpox. Iyo ndeiyi:

• `Tecovirimat (TPOXX®)`
• `Brincidofovir (TEMBEXA®)`
• `Cidofovir (Vistide®)`

Izvi zvakagadzirwa mushure mekunge smallpox yabviswa, saka hazvina kuongororwa pavanhu vakambobatwa nesmallpox. Asi, zvichibva pane zvimwe zvidzidzo, nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti zvinogona kushandiswa semushonga kana smallpox ikapararira zvakare. Zvakaongororwawo kuti zvionekwe kana zvakachengeteka kuvanhu.

Chirwere chesmallpox chakaongororwa sei?

Kare, vanachiremba vaiongorora chirwere chesmallpox zvichienderana nekuonekwa kwemavara ako uye maitiro ezviratidzo zvako. Vanogonawo kuyedza sampuli dzeropa rako kana nyama yeganda. Mienzaniso yacho inotumirwa kurabhoritari kunotsvaga `DNA` yehutachiona kana ma antibodies (antibodies) anogadzirwa kurwisa smallpox. Smallpox yakazoonekwa muna 1978.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati peSmallpox, Mpox, uye Chickenpox?

Nhomba yesmallpox (`Smallpox`) neMpox zvese zviri mumhuri imwe chete yemavhairasi anonzi `Orthopoxvirus`. Ane zviratidzo zvakafanana, asi `Mpox` inokonzera chirwere chisina kunyanya kuoma kupfuura nhomba yesmallpox. Mushonga we`Vaccinia` unogona kudzivirira kubva kuzvirwere zvese.

Kunyangwe izwi rekuti "pox" riri muzita rayo, chickenpox inokonzerwa nehutachiona hunonzi Varicella-zoster, husina hukama ne smallpox kana mamwe ma Orthopoxviruses. Saka, chickenpox chirwere chakasiyana zvachose.

Pakupedzisira, zvinhu zvishoma zvekurangarira

Kwemazana emakore, chirwere chesmallpox chaive chimwe chezvirwere zvinouraya zvakanyanya pasi rose. Asi nhasi uno, vazhinji vedu hatitombofungi nezvazvo. Hapana munhu akamborwara nesmallpox mumakore anoda kusvika makumi mashanu. Nekuda kwemabasa ehutano hwevanhu, nyika dzakadai seUnited States dzakagadzirira mishonga nemajekiseni ekugadzirisa chero mukana wekuti chirwere ichi chipararire zvakare.

Saka, smallpox chirwere chakawedzerwa munhoroondo, asi chakatidzidzisa zvidzidzo zvakawanda. Muenzaniso wakanaka wekuti kunyange chirwere chakakomba chinogona kudzorwa nesimba resainzi nehutano hweveruzhinji.

` Chibhokisi, Chibhokisi, Jekiseni, Zviratidzo, Chibhokisi, Virusi, Kubviswa