Ungade kuziva nezveutano hwemwana wako pachine nguva here? Ngatikurukurei nezveKuongororwa Kwemajini Pamberi Pekuzvarwa!

Kana uchitarisira kuva amai, chishuwo chako chikuru ndechekuva nemwana ane hutano, handiti? Saka, nhasi tichataura nezvedzimwe nzira dzekuongorora dzakakosha dzinokubatsira kuziva pachine nguva kana mwana aine zvirwere zvemajini kana kuti zvirwere zvekuzvarwa nazvo achiri mudumbu. Tinodaidza kuti `(Prenatal Genetic Testing)`. Kuongororwa uku hakusi chinhu chinofanira kuitwa nemunhu wese, asi zvakakosha kuti uzive izvi.

Chii ichi (Kuongororwa Kwemajini Pamberi Pekuzvarwa)?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, idzi bvunzo dzinogona kuona kana mwana wako asati aberekwa aine chirwere chemajini kana kuti akaremara pakuzvarwa. Kusiyana nerudzi rweropa, hemoglobin, uye bvunzo dzeshuga dzaunowanzo wanikwa panguva yekuzvitakura, bvunzo idzi dzemajini hadzidiwi uye dzinogona kuitwa chete kana uchida . Unogona kutaura nachiremba wako nezveizvi wosarudza kuti ndedzipi bvunzo dzakakunakira.

Zvese zviri mumuviri wedu zvinodzorwa nemajini edu. Majini aya anochengetwa muzvinhu zvinonzi machromosome. Saka, dzimwe nguva, kana paine shanduko kana kushomeka kwemajini aya kana machromosome, zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kuitika. Tinodaidza mamiriro akadaro aripo pakuzvarwa kuti ``(Congenital Disorders)''. Kuongororwa kwemajini uku kunogona kuona mamwe mamiriro akadaro kunyangwe mwana asati aberekwa.

Ndeapi marudzi maviri aya ebvunzo? (Kuongororwa uye Kuongororwa Kwechirwere)

Zvakanaka, ngationei. Kune mhando mbiri huru dze "Prenatal Genetic Testing".

1. Kuongororwa: Izvi zvinoshandiswa kuona kana mwana wako ari panjodzi yekuve nechimwe chirwere chemajini. Izvi hazvirevi hazvo kuti mwana wacho ane chirwere ichi. Zvisinei, kana njodzi yacho yakakura, chiremba wako achakuudza zvekuita zvinotevera.

2. Kuongororwa kwechirwere: Kuongororwa uku kunogona kusimbisa kana mwana ane chirwere chemajini kana kuti kwete. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa chete kana bvunzo yekuongororwa ichiratidza njodzi, kana kana paine njodzi yakakura nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero.

Zvino ngatitaurei nezverudzi rumwe nerumwe rwemhando idzi zvakadzama.

Ngatitangei nekutarisa 'Kuongororwa Kwemuviri' (miedzo inotsvaga njodzi yemwana asati aberekwa)

Chinhu chakakosha kurangarira ndechekuti bvunzo idzi dzekuongorora hadzimborevi kuti pane chirwere chemajini. Kunyangwe mhedzisiro yacho isina kujairika, hazvirevi kuti mwana achava nechirwere ichi zvechokwadi. Zvinongoreva kuti pane njodzi yakati kana tichienzanisa nedzimwe. Chiremba wako anogona kukutsanangurira mhinduro idzi uye kukutsanangurira matanho aunofanira kutora anotevera. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, vanogonawo kukurudzira bvunzo yekuongorora.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzebvunzo dzekuongorora:

1. Kuongororwa Kwevana Vane Chirwere Chepamuviri - Une chirwere chinogona kutapurirwa kumwana wako here?

Iyi iongororo yeropa yamunogona kuita iwe nemumwe wako. Inotsvaga zvirwere zvemajini rimwe chete zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko ehutano akakomba ayo mwana wenyu anogona kugara nhaka. Semuenzaniso, inogona kuona zvirwere zvakaita seCystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease, uye Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Semuenzaniso, kana kuongororwa kweropa rako kuchiratidza kuti une njodzi yemajini, zvakakosha kuti mumwe wako aongororwewo. Nekuti, kana vabereki vese vari vaviri vane njodzi yemajini yakafanana, mwana anogona kunge aine chirwere ichocho chakakomba. Kuongororwa uku kwe "Carrier Screening" kunoitwa kamwe chete muhupenyu hwese.

2. Kuongororwa kwenhamba isina kujairika yemakromosomu

Sezvatatotaura, tinogara nhaka ma chromosomes maviri - rimwe kubva kuna amai vedu nerimwe kubva kuna baba vedu. Dzimwe nguva, panguva iyi yekusangana kwemwana, zvikanganiso zvechisikigo zvinogona kuitika. Zvadaro zvikamu zve chromosome pair zvinogona kusavapo kana kuwedzerwa. Semuenzaniso, ``Down Syndrome`` (kuvapo kwe chromosome 21 yekuwedzera) uye ``Turner's Syndrome`` (kuvapo kwe X chromosome isipo). Mhedzisiro yemiedzo iyi inogona kusiyana kubva pakubata pamuviri kusvika pakubata pamuviri.

Kune mhando dzakasiyana dzebvunzo:

• Kuongororwa kweDNA yemwana asati aberekwa pasina masero: Izvi zvinonziwo `(Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing)` kana `(NIPT)`. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutora zvidimbu zvidiki zveDNA yemwana wako (`fetal DNA`) kubva muropa rako uye kutsvaga zvimwe zvinhu zvinowanzoitika mumachromosome. Zvisinei, nekuti huwandu hweDNA yemwana uyu hudiki, bvunzo iyi inogona kuitwa chete mushure memavhiki gumi epamuviri.
• Kuongorora ropa: Iyi bvunzo inotorawo sampuro yeropa rako. Zvisinei, haitarise zvakananga DNA yemwana. Asi, inoongorora huwandu hwemapuroteni akasiyana muropa rako kuti ione njodzi yako yekuva nezvirwere zvechromosome. Mienzaniso yeizvi inosanganisira `(Sequential screening)`, `(Quad screening)` uye `(First Trimester Serum screening)`. Imwe neimwe yeiyi bvunzo inofanira kuitwa panguva chaiyo panguva yekuzvitakura, saka zvakanaka kubvunza chiremba wako kuti ndeipi yakakunakira. Iyi bvunzo inogona kuitwa mushure memavhiki gumi nerimwe ekuzvitakura.

3. Kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvemuviri

Dzimwe nguva, kusarongeka kwemachromosome kunogona kukonzera shanduko muchimiro chemuviri wemwana. Kana, kunyangwe machromosome ari akajairwa, mwana anogona kunge aine dambudziko remuviri. Ultrasound nekuongororwa kweropa kunoitwa panguva yekuzvitakura zvinogona kupa pfungwa yengozi yemwana yekuve nezvirwere zvakadaro zvemuviri uye kana zvichikonzerwa nezvikonzero zvemajini.

• Kupenya kweNuchal (NT scan):Kuongororwa uku kwe ultrasound kunoyera ukobvu hweganda riri kumashure kwemutsipa wemwana ari mudumbu. Kana ukobvu uhwu hwakanyanya, zvinogona kuratidza njodzi yekusarongeka kwema chromosome, pamwe nematambudziko emuviri akadai sekukura kwemoyo wemwana zvisina kujairika. Kuongororwa uku kwe ultrasound kunoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nerimwe negumi nemana epamuviri.
• Kuongororwa kweAFP (kuongorora ropa remadzimai): Muenzaniso weropa rako unotorwa uye huwandu hwepuroteni inonzi AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) hunoyerwa. Kana huwandu uhwu hwakanyanya kukwira, zvinogona kuratidza kuti panogona kunge paine matambudziko emuviri mudumbu remwana, kumeso, kana kumusana. Izvi zvinoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri.
• Kuongororwa kwemuviri kweQuad: Izvi zvinoyera huwandu hwezvinhu zvina muropa rako kuti zvionekwe njodzi yekuti mwana wako ave nezvirwere zvechromosome uye neural tube defects. Izvi zvinonziwo `Multiple Marker Screen'. Izvi zvinoitwawo pakati pemavhiki gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri.
• Kuongororwa kwemwana asati aberekwa: Izvi ndizvo zvinozivikanwa nevanhu vazhinji se "Anomaly Scan". Muchiitiko ichi, ultrasound inoshandiswa kuongorora maumbirwo emuviri wemwana, kusanganisira uropi huri kukura, mapfupa, moyo, itsvo, dumbu, kumeso, nemakumbo. Ultrasound iyi inowanzoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri epamuviri.

Zvakakosha: Zvakare, bvunzo idzi dzinongoratidza chete mukana wekuti pave nechirwere. Hadziratidzi pachena kuti pane chirwere chiripo.

Chii chinonzi 'Kuongororwa Kwechirwere'? (Kuongororwa kuti uone kana paine chirwere chaicho)

Kuongororwa kwemwana kunogona kusimbisa kana mwana ane chirwere chemajini. Kuongororwa uku kunongoitwa chete kana mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwacho isina kujairika, kana kana uine zvimwe zvikonzero zvekufunga kuti mwana wako ari panjodzi huru yekuve nechirwere chemajini (semuenzaniso, mumwe munhu mumhuri yako ane chirwere ichi).

Mhando mbiri dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzekuongorora chirwere ndedzinoti `(Amniocentesis)` uye `(Chorionic Villus Sampling / CVS)`.

• Amniocentesis: Mubvunzo uyu, chiremba anoisa tsono diki nepaganda rako muchibereko chako uye anotora sampuli diki yemvura yeamniotic yakakomberedza mwana wako. Bvunzo iyi inoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nematanhatu kusvika makumi maviri epamuviri.
• Kuongororwa kweChorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): Muongororo iyi, chiremba anoisa tsono muchibereko otora masero madiki kubva muplacenta. Chiremba ndiye achasarudza kana achiisa tsono nepadumbu kana nepanhengo yechikadzi, zvichienderana nekuti ndeipi yakachengeteka. Kuongororwa kweCVS kunoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nerimwe negumi nematatu epamuviri.

Mienzaniso yacho inozotumirwa kurabhoritari kuti iongororwe. Rabhoritari inogona kuita bvunzo dzakakosha dzakadai seFluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), standard Karyotyping, uye Microarray. Mimwe bvunzo dzekuongorora inogona kupa mhedzisiro mumaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri, nepo mimwe inogona kutora anopfuura mavhiki maviri.

Kuongororwa kwemajini uku kunofanira kuitwa here? Ndiani anofanira kuita izvi?

Kuti uedze "Prenatal Genetic Testing" iyi here kana kuti kwete isarudzo yako wega. Kana usina chokwadi, unogona kubvunza chiremba wako zvaanokurudzira. Mhedzisiro yebvunzo idzi inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehutano hwemwana. Kazhinji, vakadzi vese vane pamuviri vanoziviswa nezvebvunzo idzi dzekuongorora majini sechikamu chekutarisirwa kwavo kwepamuviri.

Zvimwe zvikonzero zvinoita kuti dzimwe mhuri dzisarudze kuongororwa chirwere ndeizvi:

• Kuwana mhinduro isina kujairika kubva pakuongororwa.
• Kuva nenhoroondo yemhuri yechirwere chemajini.
• Kubata pamuviri kupfuura makore makumi matatu nemashanu.
• Kumbova nepamuviri wakambobva kana kuti wakambozvara mwana akafa.

Zvinodiwa here kuita bvunzo idzi panguva yekuzvitakura?

Kwete, hazvidikanwi. Isarudzo yakavakirwa pane zvaunotenda uye nhoroondo yezvekurapa kwako. Vamwe vabereki vanoda kuziva pachine nguva kana mwana wavo achazvarwa aine chimwe chirwere. Izvi zvinovabvumira kuronga kutarisirwa kwemwana wavo pachine nguva. Zvinosuwisa kuti dzimwe mhuri dzinogona kuva nemigumisiro inosuwisa, uye dzinogona kuita sarudzo yakaoma yekuti dzinoramba dzichiita pamuviri here kana kuti kwete. Saka, kuti dziongororwe here kana kuti kwete bvunzo iyi yekuongorora chirwere zviri kwauri nachiremba wako.

Miedzo iyi inoitwa sei?

Miedzo yakawanda ye`(Prenatal Genetic Screening)` inoitirwa paropa raamai vane pamuviri. Kana zvabuda muongororo iyi zvikaratidza kuti pane mukana wakawedzera wekuti mwana azvarwe asina kuberekwa, chiremba anogona kuita bvunzo dzakadzama (``invasive tests``) kuti aone mamiriro chaiwo ezvinhu. Miedzo iyi yakadzama yekuongorora chirwere ndeye``(Amniocentesis)`` uye``(CVS)```.

Ndedzipi bvunzo dzinoitwa pamavhiki akasiyana ekuzvitakura?

Iri idambudzikowo kune vanhu vazhinji.

Bvunzo dzeTrimester yekutanga (mukati memwedzi mitatu yekutanga)

Kuongororwa kweropa mumwedzi mitatu yekutanga yekuzvitakura, kuongorora DNA yemwana isina masero (NIPT), uye NT ultrasound zvese zvinoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nerimwe kusvika gumi nemana ekuzvitakura. Nekubatanidza ruzivo kubva mukuongororwa kweropa uku neultrasound, unogona kuwana pfungwa yenjodzi yezvirwere zvechromosome zvakajairika zvakaita seDown Syndrome.

"Kuongororwa kwevatakuri" kunogona kuitwa chero nguva panguva yekuzvitakura kwako, kunyangwe mavhiki matanhatu kusvika gumi. Miedzo iyi inotsvaga mamiriro e "gene rimwe chete" aunogona kupa kumwana wako. Zvisinei, "kuongorora kwevatakuri" hakugone kuona mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzerwa nekusagadzikana kwema chromosome, akadai se "Down Syndrome".

Kuongororwa kweDNA yemwana asati aberekwa (NIPT) kusina masero kunoedza DNA yemwana muropa rako. Kunotsvaga zvirwere zvemachromosome zvakaita seDown Syndrome, Trisomy 13, uye Trisomy 18. Kuongororwa uku kunogona kuitwa mavhiki gumi ekuzvitakura, kana kuti gare gare pamuviri.

Miedzo yeTrimester Yechipiri (pakati pemwedzi 4-6)

Kuongororwa kwemuviri kwe trimester yechipiri kunoitwa pakati pemavhiki gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri ekuzvitakura. Kuongororwa kweropa kunoitwa panguva ino ndekwekuti `(Maternal Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein / AFP screen)` uye `(Quad screen)`. `(Quad screen)` ine zita rayo nekuti inoyera marudzi mana emapuroteni (`Alpha-fetoprotein / AFP`, `Estriol`, `Human Chorionic Gonadotropin / hCG` uye `Inhibin-A`). Kuongororwa uku kunobatsira chiremba wako kuona kana mwana wako ari panjodzi yakakura yekuve nezvirwere zvemajini kana zvemuviri. `(Fetal anatomy ultrasound)` (Anomaly scan) imwe nzira yekuongorora inogona kutsvaga zvirwere zvemajini kana zvemuviri mumwana wako.

Kuongororwa uku kwezvirwere zvakaita seDown Syndrome kungave kusina kunaka here?

Ehe, pane mukana wekuti bvunzo yekuongororwa ingave isiriyo. Kureva kuti, dzimwe nguva panogona kunge paine njodzi kunyangwe ichiti hapana njodzi, uye dzimwe nguva panogona kunge paine njodzi kunyangwe ichiti hapana njodzi (izvi zvinonzi `false positive` uye `false negative`). Chiremba wako anogona kutsanangura mwero wekururama (`accuracy rates`) wechero bvunzo yekuongororwa yaunoitwa panguva yekuzvitakura.

Pane njodzi here nemiedzo iyi?

Kuongororwa kweropa (kutora ropa) hakuonekwi sekuti kune njodzi. Zvisinei, kana ukaenda kunoongororwa se "Amniocentesis" kana "CVS", pane njodzi diki kwazvo . Njodzi idzodzo hutachiona, kubuda ropa, kana kupfupfudzika kwepamuviri. Ndosaka bvunzo idzi dzekuongorora dzisiri dzemunhu wese "Prenatal Genetic Screening", asi kune avo chete vanofungira zvakanyanya.

Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti mhinduro dzidzoke? Zvinorevei kuti mhinduro dzacho?

Kuongororwa kweropa kunotora mazuva mashoma kuti uwane mhinduro. Kuongororwa kweropa kunogona kutora mazuva mashoma kusvika mavhiki mashoma kuti uwane mhinduro. Kazhinji, sampuro idzi dzinotumirwa kurabhoritari kuti dziongororwe. Chiremba wako ndiye anotanga awana mhinduro, uye ndiye anozokuudza mhinduro dzacho.

Zvakabuda muongororo zvinoratidza njodzi chete. Hazvikuudze chokwadi kana mwana ane chirwere chemajini.

• Kana mhinduro yakanaka ikawanikwa, zvinoreva kuti mwana ari panjodzi huru yekubatwa nechirwere ichocho kupfuura vanhu vose.
• Kana mhedzisiro yacho ikawanikwa isina kunaka , zvinoreva kuti mwana ane mukana mudiki wekuwana chirwere ichocho pane vanhu vose.

Chiremba wako anogona kukupa zano rekuongorora chirwere, senge CVS kana amniocentesis. Kana kuti, vanogona kukutumira kuna chiremba wezvemajini, uyo anonyanya kubata pamuviri une njodzi huru uye zvirwere zvemajini. Usatya kutaura navanachiremba vako nezvezvinorehwa nemigumisiro yebvunzo dzako uye njodzi nemabhenefiti ebvunzo dzekuongorora chirwere.

Ko murume kana mukadzi wemwana anogona kuzivikanwa here kuburikidza nemiedzo iyi?

Pamusoro pekupa ruzivo nezve njodzi yekubatwa nemajini, bvunzo ye "Cell-free DNA screening / NIPT" inogonawo kupa ruzivo nezve bonde remwana. "Ultrasound" dzimwe nguva inogonawo kuona bonde. Zvisinei, iyi ingori imwe bhenefiti, kwete chikonzero chikuru chekuongororwa.

Chii chandinofanira kubvunza chiremba nezve bvunzo idzi dzemajini?

Kuongororwa nekuongororwa kweropa panguva yekuzvitakura isarudzo dzemunhu ega. Ungave nemibvunzo yekuti ndeapi mabvunzo ekuongororwa aunofanira kuita kana kuti zvinorevei zvabuda mubvunzo dzako. Usatya kubvunza mibvunzo. Yeuka, iwe nemhuri yako chete ndiwe unogona kusarudza kuti ungagadzirisa sei mhedzisiro yakanaka kubva mumhando dzese dzebvunzo dzemajini.

Mimwe mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa:

• "Ndedzipi bvunzo dzekuongorora dzamunokurudzira zvichibva panhoroondo yehutano hwangu?"
• "Kana mhinduro yangu yekuongororwa iri `Positive`, ndeapi matanho anotevera?"
• "Kuongororwa kwemajini uku kunogona kukuvadza mwana here?"
• "Ndeipi mikana yekuti pave nepfungwa dzenhema?"

Chekupedzisira, zvinhu zvekuyeuchidza (Mharidzo Yekuenda Kumba)

Hapana mhinduro chaiyo kana isiriyo pakuongorora majini ePrenatal. Sarudzo yacho iri kwauri nemhuri yako. Kana uine zvinokunetsa nezvebvunzo idzi, kana kuti uchida kunzwisisa kuti bvunzo yega yega ichatarisa chii, taura nachiremba wako. Iye anogona kukurukura newe njodzi nemabhenefiti ebvunzo yega yega yemajini uye kukubatsira kuita sarudzo yakanakira iwe nemhuri yako.

Yeukai kuti vacheche vazhinji vanozvarwa vaine hutano hwakanaka. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti ndeapi masarudzo aunogona kuita uye kuti ndeapi ma genetic tests aripo kwauri. Chiremba wako ndiye anotungamira parwendo urwu.

Kubata pamuviri, kuongororwa kwemajini, hutano hwemwana, kuongororwa kwemwana asati aberekwa, kuongororwa kweropa, kuongororwa kwechirwere cheDown syndrome, ultrasound