Izakhi zofuzo 'ezimbi' ezibangela umhlaza? Masithethe nge-oncogenes!

Nokuba usiva igama elithi umhlaza, uziva unzima kancinci entliziyweni yakho, akunjalo? Kuqhelekile phantse kuwo wonke umntu. Kukho izizathu ezahlukeneyo zokuba ezi cancer zivele. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo oluthile lwejini olukhoyo emizimbeni yethu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha lunokuziphatha 'kakubi' luze lubangele umhlaza. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-oncogenes . Usenokuba ulivile eli gama kugqirha okanye kwenye indawo. Ngoko ke, makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezi oncogenes, indlela ezisebenza ngayo emizimbeni yethu, kunye nokuba kutheni kubalulekile ukwazi ngazo.

Zithini ii-oncogenes?

Kulungile, ngoku masijonge ukuba zeziphi ezi oncogenes . Ngamafutshane, i-oncogene yijini enokubangela umhlaza. Kodwa le ayisiyonto isuka nje esibhakabhakeni. Imizimba yethu idla ngokuba nohlobo lwejini olubizwa ngokuba yi-proto-oncogene . Ezi proto-oncogenes zezona zilawula izinto ezinje ngokukhula nokwahlukana kweeseli zethu ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Cinga ngayo 'njengomphathi olungileyo' weeseli emzimbeni wethu.

Ukuba nje lo 'mphathi olungileyo' (i-proto-oncogene) usebenza kakuhle, akukho ngxaki. Iiseli zikhula ngendlela efanele, zibe nobukhulu obufanelekileyo, zenze umsebenzi wazo, kwaye ziyafa xa ixesha lifika. Leyo yinkqubo esempilweni neqhelekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho naluphi na utshintsho, oko kukuthi, utshintsho , kule proto-oncogene, iba yi-oncogene, oko kukuthi, 'umphathi ombi'. Oko kwenziwa yile 'mphathi ombi' (i-oncogene) kukuyalela rhoqo iiseli ukuba "zikhule ngakumbi! zahlule ngakumbi! ngokukhawuleza!" njengokuphambana. Ngoko ke ezi seli zahlukana ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kolawulo, ziqokelelane, kwaye ekugqibeleni iithumba , oko kukuthi, iimeko zomhlaza, ziqala ukwakheka. Igama elithi 'oncogenic' lithetha 'ukubangela ukukhula kwethumba'. Yiyo loo nto ii-oncogenes ziyenzayo.

Ngaba kukho iintlobo ze-oncogenes?

Ewe, izazinzulu zifumanise ii-oncogenes ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezinxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Umzekelo, malunga nomhlaza omnye kwabahlanu unxulunyaniswa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze -'Ras' gene . Ezi genes ze-'Ras' zenza iiproteni ezilawula indlela iiseli ezifumana ngayo imiqondiso, indlela iiseli ezikhula ngayo, kunye nendlela iiseli ezifa ngayo (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi -apoptosis) .

Kukwakho nezinye ii-oncogenes ezinxulunyaniswa kakhulu neentlobo ezithile zomhlaza. Makhe sijonge eminye imizekelo:

• Ijini ethi `BCR/ABL1`: Oku kunxulunyaniswa ne -chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) kunye nezinye iintlobo ze- B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia) .
• Ijini ethi `CMYC`: Inxulunyaniswa nomhlaza obizwa ngokuba yiBurkitt lymphoma .
• Izakhi zofuzo ze-`EGFR` kunye ne-`EML4AK`: zenziwe emiphungeniInxulumene nomhlaza obizwa ngokuba yi-adenocarcinoma yemiphunga.
• Ijini ethi `HER2`: Usenokuba ukhe weva ngale jini kumhlaza webele .
• I-gene ethi `KRAS`: Inxulunyaniswa nomhlaza onzima njengomhlaza wepancreatic , umhlaza wamathumbu amakhulu , kunye nomhlaza wamaphaphu .
• I-gene ethi `NMYC`: Inxulunyaniswa nomhlaza obizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wemiphunga weeseli ezincinci kunye ne -neuroblastoma (lo ngumhlaza odla ngokuvela kubantwana abancinci).

Ngoku ungacinga ukuba ezi gene zahluke kwaye zichane kangakanani. Ukuqonda nganye yezi gene ze-oncogene kuya kunceda oogqirha ukuba banyange umhlaza ngokuchanekileyo.

Zisebenza njani ezi oncogenes ngokwenene?

Ukuze siqonde kakuhle indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi oncogenes, kufuneka sibuyele 'kumphathi olungileyo' esithethe ngaye ngaphambili, iiproto-oncogenes . Khumbula, iiproto-oncogenes ziijini eziqhelekileyo nezisempilweni. Kodwa zinamandla okuguquka zibe zii-oncogenes.

Khawucinge nje, kukho iitriliyoni zeeseli emzimbeni wethu. Iseli nganye inezakhi zofuzo ezahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo ilawula imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ezi proto-oncogenes zilawula inkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-cell cycle . Umjikelo weseli yinkqubo yonke edlula kuyo iseli ngaphambi kokuba yahlukane ukuze yenze iiseli ezintsha. Kwakhona, ukuba iiseli kufuneka zikhule ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, ukuba kufuneka zahlukane nini, kwaye kufuneka zife nini (oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-apoptosis , oko kuthetha ukufa kweseli okucwangcisiweyo) nazo zilawulwa zezi proto-oncogenes. Ukuchaneka, zilawula ubomi beseli.

Ngoko ke, xa i-proto-oncogene iguquka ize ibe yi-oncogene, nantsi into eyenzekayo: loo gene iqhubeka ithumela imiqondiso kwiiseli ukuze 'zikhule kwaye zahlulwe'. Kufana nempompo ephukileyo eqhubeka isebenza, okanye i-accelerator yemoto ibambekile. Iiseli zisabela kwezi mpawu zingaguqukiyo kwaye ziqale ukwahlukana ngesantya esiphezulu kunesiqhelo. Ekugqibeleni, yile nto ibangela ezo thumba zomhlaza ebesithetha ngazo. Ngaba uyaqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni?

Kutheni ezi proto-oncogenes zitshintsha ngolu hlobo? Yintoni isizathu?

Oogqirha abakakwazi ukutsho ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kutheni ezi oncogenes zenzeka. Kodwa zininzi izinto esizaziyo ezinokubangela umhlaza. Umzekelo:

• Ukuvezwa kakhulu lilanga (ingakumbi umhlaza wolusu).
• IiCarcinogensUkuchanabeka (njengokutshaya, iikhemikhali ezithile).
• Kwanezinye izifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane zinokutshintsha ezi jini.

Into ebalulekileyo kukuba ezi oncogenes azizo iinguqu zemfuza esizalwa nazo . Oko kukuthi, azizuzwa njengelifa. Zihlala zikhula ngexesha lobomi bomntu. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba yi-'acquired mutations'.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezi proto-oncogenes ezinokuguquka ngazo:

• Uguquko lweNqanaba: Xa iiseli zahlukana kwaye zilungiselela ukwenza iiseli ezintsha, i-DNA (ii-genes ezikwezi molekyuli ze-DNA) kwezo seli ziyakotshwa. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha, kunokubakho utshintsho, ukongezwa okutsha, okanye ukulahleka kwenxalenye kwindawo enye kule DNA. Nokuba lolu tshintsho luncinci, i-proto-oncogene ingaba yi-oncogene.
• Ukwandiswa kwezakhi zofuzo: Ngamanye amaxesha, kwenziwa iikopi ezininzi kakhulu zezakhi zofuzo kwi-chromosome - isakhiwo esine-DNA. Oku kukwayingxaki. Kufana nemiyalelo efanayo eza kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo kwaye iphazamisa izinto.
• Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwechromosome: Ngamanye amaxesha iqhekeza lechromosome enye liyaqhekeka lize litshintshe neqhekeza lechromosome enye, okanye libambeke kwindawo engafanelekanga. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi -translocation . Oku kunokukhokelela ekwakhiweni kwe-oncogene.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ezi gene ze-oncogenes kunye ne-tumor suppressor genes eziguquliweyo zisebenza kunye ukubangela umhlaza. Iigene ze-tumor suppressor zezinye iigenes ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanyeka kumhlaza. Siza kujonga loo nto ngokulandelayo.

Kutheni le nto ezi ntsholongwane ze-oncogene zibalulekile kunyango lomhlaza?

Umhlaza awuhlali ukhula xa i-gene enye itshintsha, kodwa xa ii-gene ezininzi zitshintsha. Umzekelo, ii-tumor ezininzi ezinomhlaza ziqulathe phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-60 ezahlukeneyo ze-genetic mutations. Khawuthelekelele indlela ekunzima ngayo oko!

Kodwa ezi oncogenes zinamandla kakhulu. Kwezinye iimeko, i-oncogene enye inokubangela ukuba iiseli zikhule ngokungalawulekiyo zize zibangele umhlaza .

Kodwa kukho inzuzo encinci koku, ngokwembono yonyango. Cinga ngayo, kulula koogqirha ukujolisa nokunyanga utshintsho olukhulu lwemfuza kunokunyanga iqela leenguqu zemfuza ngaxeshanye. Yiyo loo nto unyango lomhlaza lunokusebenza ngakumbi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ziindlela zonyango ezijoliswe kuzo .

Umzekelo, oogqirha bayazi ukuba i-chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)Umhlaza wegazi ubangelwa xa uhlobo lwe-proto-oncogene lutshintsha lube yi-oncogene ebizwa ngokuba yi-'BCR-ABL'. Le oncogene ivelisa ii-enzymes ezingaqhelekanga ezibangela ukuba iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezingaqhelekanga zande ngokungalawulekiyo.

Ngoku kukho udidi lwamayeza abizwa ngokuba yiTyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) . La mayeza athintela ukusebenza kwee-enzymes ze-'BCR-ABL' ezingaqhelekanga. Emva koko iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezingaqhelekanga ziyafa. Oku kungafaka i-CML kwi-relief . Ukuxolelwa kuthetha ukuba awusabonisi zimpawu okanye iimpawu zomhlaza. Ngaphambi kokuba kufike ezi TKI, ngumntu omnye kwabahlanu kuphela one-CML owayephila emva kweminyaka emihlanu. Kodwa ngoku, ngamayeza ajolise kule oncogene, abantu baphila ixesha elide kakhulu, ngamanye amaxesha kwanobomi obuqhelekileyo. Jonga ukuba ingakanani inkqubela leyo!

Ingaba i-`p53` nayo yi-oncogene?

Hayi, i-`p53` yijini yokuthintela ithumba . Ithetha "ijini yokuthintela ithumba." Kodwa njenge-oncogene, ukuba le jini ye-`p53` iyatshintsha, inokubangela nomhlaza. Iijini zokuthintela ithumba zisebenza njenge-"brake" kwiiseli zethu. Oko kukuthi, zinika imiqondiso kwiiseli ukuba ziyeke ukwahlukana ngokugqithisileyo, "ziyeke ukwenza iiseli ezingaphezulu." Kwakhona, ezi jini zinceda ukulungisa umonakalo we-DNA, okanye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukutshabalalisa iseli (i-apoptosis).

Kodwa ukuba enye yezi jini zokuthintela ithumba, umzekelo `p53`, iyaguquka, ayinakunika ngokufanelekileyo loo mqondiso 'wokumisa', 'ibhuleki'. Emva koko iiseli zinokuphindaphindeka ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye zenze iithumba . Ngoko ke ungabona, ii-oncogenes zinokusebenza njengoko 'i-accelerator ibambeka', kwaye iijini zokuthintela ithumba zinokusebenza njengoko 'ibhuleki ingaphumeleli', kwaye umhlaza unokuvela kuzo zombini iindlela.

Iingcali zihlala zifunda ngomhlaza ukuze zifumane iindlela ezintsha zokuwunyanga. Uphando ngezi ntsholongwane lutshintshe ngokupheleleyo indlela eziphathwa ngayo ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuqonda indlela ezisebenza ngayo iintsholongwane kuye kwakhokelela ekufumanekeni konyango olusindisa ubomi.

Ukuba unomhlaza, ungaziva uxinezelekile kwaye udidekile njengoko uzama ukuqonda ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwaye kutheni. Yinto eqhelekileyo leyo. Abanye abantu abanomhlaza bafumanisa ukuba ukufunda ngemeko yabo kunye nezinto ezibangela umhlaza kubanika uluvo lokukhululeka nolawulo. Oku kuquka ukufunda ngesiseko sesayensi kunye nophando olusemva konyango lwakho lomhlaza. Ukuba uvakalelwa ngendlela efanayo, cela ugqirha wakho ukuba akuchazele utshintsho lwemfuza olubangele imeko yakho. Ungoyiki ukubuza, kuba lilungelo lakho.

Okokugqibela, izinto ezimbalwa ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Kulungile, sithethe kakhulu nge-oncogenes, akunjalo? Isenokubonakala inzima kancinci, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ugcine ezi zinto zilula kwaye ziqondakala.

• Ii-Oncogenes zii-genes eziguquliweyo: Ezi ekuqaleni zii-proto-oncogenes eziluncedo emizimbeni yethu. Zizo ezilawula ukukhula kweeseli ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Xa ezi ziguquka ngesizathu esithile, ziba zii-oncogenes, zinika umyalelo kwiiseli ukuba zikhule ngokungalawulekiyo.
• Isizathu esiphambili sokwakheka kweethumba: Iithumba ezinomhlaza zenzeka ngenxa yokukhula kweeseli okungalawulekiyo.
• Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ezinxulumene nomhlaza owahlukeneyo: I-oncogene nganye inokunxulunyaniswa ngqo nomhlaza ngamnye.
• Kubalulekile kunyango: Ukuqonda i-oncogenes kuvule indlela yophuhliso lweendlela zonyango ezisebenzayo kakhulu zezinye iintlobo zomhlaza. Oku kuye kwandisa impumelelo yonyango kwaye kwasindisa ubomi.
• Iijini zokuthintela ithumba ezifana ne-`p53` nazo zibalulekile: i-`p53` ayisiyo i-oncogene, yijini yokuthintela ithumba . Nokuba ezi zitshintshile, zinokubangela umhlaza.

Ukuba uneminye imibuzo, iinkxalabo, okanye amathandabuzo malunga noku, qiniseka ukuba uthetha ngokukhululekileyo nogqirha wakho. Banokukunika iingcaciso ezingaphezulu kwaye baphendule nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba nayo. Khumbula, ukwaziswa sesinye sezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo onazo xa ujongene nezi meko zempilo zinzima kangaka.

Umhlaza , i-oncogene, i-gene, ukukhula kweeseli, unyango lomhlaza, i-proto-oncogene, utshintsho