Ngaba wakha wacinga ukuba ingakanani imfazwe eyenzekayo ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu ngalo lonke ixesha? Iintsholongwane ezivela ngaphandle, izifo ezibangelwa ziintsholongwane, iiseli zomhlaza ezikhula ngaphakathi emzimbeni, okanye iiseli zethu ezigugayo nezifayo... Sonke sinenkqubo enkulu yokuzikhusela ukukhusela imizimba yethu kuzo zonke ezi zinto. Oku sikubiza ngokuba yinkqubo yokuzikhusela. Kufana nomkhosi okhusela ilizwe lethu. Kodwa lo mkhosi wazi njani ukuba ngubani utshaba kwaye ngubani umhlobo? Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngenkqubo emangalisayo, enzima kancinci, kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu enceda kuloo nto.
Yintoni i-Opsonization? Masiyiqonde ngokulula.
Eli gama lisenokuvakala liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci, kodwa ingcamango ilula kakhulu. I-Opsonization, ngokufutshane, yinkqubo apho amajoni ethu omzimba "ephawula" aze abambe izinto eziyingozi kuthi, njengeentsholongwane okanye iiseli ezonakeleyo.
Khawucinge nje ngoku. Isela libalekile kwaye lizimele endlwini yakho. Amapolisa ayafika alikhangele, kodwa kunzima ukulifumana. Kodwa kuthekani ukuba umntu ufika aze ancamathisele isitikha esikhazimlayo kwiimpahla zesela? Emva koko amapolisa anokuyibona ngokulula aze ayibambe isela nokuba sekumnyameni. Yiloo nto eyenzekayo ngale nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-opsonization. Uhlobo oluthile lweproteni lunamathela kwiintsholongwane kunye neeseli ezingafunekiyo iiseli zokuzikhusela zomzimba wethu ezingenakuzibona ngokulula. Kanye njengaloo sitikha sikhazimlayo. Emva koko iiseli zethu zokuzikhusela ziyafika zibone ezi zinto "ziphawuliweyo", zizibambe kwaye zitshabalalise.
Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha "ukwenza kube mnandi." Kanye njengokuba senza ukutya kube mnandi kwaye sifuna ukukutya, le nkqubo iphawula iiseli zethu zomzimba ngendlela ezenza zifune "ukutya" iintsholongwane.
Ngoko ke ngoobani aba "baphawuli" babizwa ngokuba yi-Opsonins?
Uyakhumbula ezo "stickers zikhazimlayo" esithethe ngazo ngaphambili? Ezo stickers zezo sizibiza ngokuba yi-opsonins kunyango. Ezi ziiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezihamba ngokukhululekileyo egazini lethu nakwinkqubo ye-lymphatic. Xa inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela isebenza, iyasebenza kwaye inamathele kumphezulu wezo ntsholongwane okanye iiseli ezingafunekiyo.
Ezi opsonins zikwabizwa ngokuba "zii-bridging molecules" kuba zenza ibhulorho phakathi kwentsholongwane kunye neseli yomzimba ekhusela umzimba eza kuyitshabalalisa. Le bhulorho ivumela iseli yomzimba ukuba ibambe kwaye igqume intsholongwane ngokulula.
Lithetha ukuthini igama elithi Phagocytosis?
I-Phagocytosis ligama elisetyenziselwa ukuchaza "ukuginywa nokutshatyalaliswa kwento ngamaseli." Ngamafutshane, "kukuginywa kweeseli." Ezinye zeeseli zokuzikhusela emizimbeni yethu, njengeelori zenkunkuma, ziyaginywa, ziyaginywa, ziyagaywa, kwaye zitshabalalise izinto ezingafunekiyo. Sizibiza ngokuba ziiseli "eziginywayo".Zibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes.
Zitya ntoni ezi seli ze-phagocytic?
- Intsholongwane: Naluphi na uhlaseli oluvela ngaphandle, njengeentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, iifungi.
- Iiseli ezineentsholongwane: Iiseli zethu ezonakeleyo yintsholongwane.
- Iiseli ezifileyo okanye ezisele zikhulile: Iiseli ezifikelele esiphelweni sobomi bazo kwaye ezingasasebenziyo.
- Iiseli zomhlaza: Iiseli ezikhula ngendlela engaqhelekanga neziyonakalisa umzimba.
- Iziqwenga zeeseli: Ziinxalenye ezincinci ezishiyekayo xa iiseli zisifa.
Kukho iimeko ezininzi apho "ukuphawula" okubizwa ngokuba yi-opsonization kubalulekile ukuze le nkqubo yokugaya iqhubeke kakuhle.
Zisebenza njani ezi phagocytes?
Ezi seli ze-phagocytic zifana neerobhothi ezincinci. Zineenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa emizimbeni yethu ezixelela into ezifuna ukuyiginya kunye nento ezingafanele ziyiginye. Masiqonde nje olu hlobo lwemiqondiso kwitheyibhile efana nale.
| Uhlobo lweSignali | Yintoni eyenzayo? (Yenza ntoni?) |
|---|---|
| Imiqondiso ethi "Ndifumane" | Imiyalezo yeekhemikhali ekhutshwayo ukutsala ii-phagocytes kwindawo apho iseli okanye i-pathogen kufuneka itshatyalaliswe khona. Kufana nokuthi, "Ndilapha, yiza undithathe." |
| Imiqondiso ethi "Nditye/Ungandityi" | Iimolekyuli ezikhethekileyo kumphezulu weeseli. Iiseli eziphilileyo zinesignali kumphezulu wazo ethi "ungandityi." Ngoko ke iiseli ezizingelayo azizilimazi. Iseli efayo ikhupha isignali ethi "nditye." |
| Ii-Opsonins | Ezi ziiproteni "eziphawulayo" esithethe ngazo. Zenza uhlobo oluthile lokugquma olujikeleze intsholongwane okanye iseli engafunekiyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba iiseli ezizingelayo ziyigubungele. Zenza uphawu oluthi "nditye" lube namandla ngakumbi. |
| Ii-opsonins ezingalunganga | Ezi zenza okwahlukileyo koko: ziyayithintela okanye zithintela i-phagocyte ekutyeni into ethile. |
Ziziphi iintlobo ze-opsonins ezikhoyo?
Imizimba yethu isebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-opsonins ukuze ibone iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentshaba. Nazi ezinye zemizekelo ephambili:
- Ii-antibodies: La ngamajoni akhethekileyo enkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela. Xa intsholongwane eyayisaziwa ngaphambili (i-antigen) iphinda ivele, iyazincamathela kwintsholongwane, njengesitshixo esingena kwisitshixo. Nje ukuba iqhotyoshelwe, i-antibody ikwasebenza njenge-opsonin. Ii-antibodies ze-Immunoglobulin G (IgG) kunye ne -Immunoglobulin M (IgM) ngokukodwa zenza lo msebenzi kakuhle.
- Izinto ezincedisayo: Le yingqokelela yeeproteni ezinceda inkqubo yethu yokuzikhusela ukuba isebenze kunye. Xa le nkqubo isebenza, ezinye zeeproteni ezizivelisayo (umzekelo, i-C3b kunye ne -C4b ) ziyanamathela kumphezulu weentsholongwane. Ezi zisebenza njenge-opsonins ezinamandla kakhulu.
- Ii-opsonins ezibopha i-phosphatidylserine: Eli gama liyinkimbinkimbi kancinci. Ngamafutshane, kunje. Xa iseli sele iza kufa (i-apoptosis), imolekyuli engaphakathi kwi-membrane yeseli yayo iyakhululwa. Olu luphawu "lokutya-ndiphe" esithethe ngalo ngaphambili. Olu luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-opsonin olubopha kuloo phawu.
- Ezinye ii-opsonins: Ukongeza kwezi, kukho inani lezinye iiproteni ezisebenza njengee-opsonins. Umzekelo, i-fibronectin kunye ne-mannose-binding lectin.
Kutheni kubalulekile ukuba abantu bacinge ngokukhetha abantu?
Le nkqubo ibaluleke kakhulu ekusindeni kwethu. Zimbini izizathu eziphambili zaloo nto.
1. Bamba iintsholongwane ezintsonkothileyo: Ezinye iintsholongwane zenza isigqubuthelo esijiyileyo esifana nekhaphu. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuba ii-phagocytes zethu zibambe kwaye ziginye. Zityibilika njengebha yesepha. Kodwa xa ii-opsonins (ingakumbi i-C3b kunye nee-antibodies) zifika zinamathele kumphezulu wale khaphu, ii-phagocytes zifumana "isiphatho" ezinokusibamba. Emva koko ziginywa lula kwaye zitshatyalaliswe.
2. Gcina umzimba wakho ucocekile: Iibhiliyoni zeeseli ziyafa kwaye ezintsha zenzeka emizimbeni yethu yonke imihla. Ukuba ezi seli zifileyo zihlala zinjalo, zinokubola zibe yityhefu emzimbeni, zibangele izifo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yenkqubo ye-opsonization, ezi seli zifayo "ziphawulwe", kwaye iiseli ze-phagocytic ziyafika zizisuse ngokukhawuleza. Ke ngoko, oku luncedo olukhulu ekugcineni imizimba yethu isempilweni kwaye icocekile.
Ngamafutshane, ngaphandle kokuchaswa, inkqubo yethu yomzimba yokuzikhusela ibingenakukwazi ukubona iintsholongwane ezifihlakeleyo, njengotshaba olucashe ebumnyameni. Kwaye ibingenakukwazi ukususa "inkunkuma" eqokelelana emzimbeni ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba kukho into engahambi kakuhle kule nkqubo?
Njengakweyiphi na inkqubo, le nkqubo ye-opsonization inokungahambi kakuhle. Izifo zemfuza, iziphumo zamayeza athile, okanye ezinye izizathu zinokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwale nkqubo. Emva koko iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zeengxaki zinokuvela.
- Ukungakwazi ukutshabalalisa izinto eziyingozi: Ukuba ii-opsonins aziveliswanga kakuhle, okanye ukuba ii-phagocytes azikwazi ukuzibona, iintsholongwane, iiseli ezonakeleyo, kunye neeseli zomhlaza ziqala ukuqokelelana emzimbeni. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiintsholongwane ezixhaphakileyo nezinzima kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza .
- Ukutshabalalisa izinto ezingafanele zitshatyalaliswe: Ngamanye amaxesha, ngenxa yempazamo kule nkqubo, ii-opsonins ziqala ukunamathela kumphezulu weeseli zethu eziphilileyo. Emva koko, iiseli ze-phagocytic ziyafika zitshabalalise ezo seli ziphilileyo, zicinga ukuba "ziintshaba." Le meko siyibiza ngokuba ziingxaki zokuzikhusela komzimba . Umzekelo, izifo ezifana ne -lupus . Uphando lufumanise ukuba iimpazamo kule nkqubo zinokuba negalelo ekuphuhlisweni kwezifo zemithambo-luvo ezifana ne-Alzheimer's .
Ukuba unamathandabuzo malunga nolu hlobo lwesi sifo, kungcono ukuba ubonane nogqirha wakho kwaye ucele ingcebiso.
Ngaba i-opsonization inokunyangela izifo?
Eli licandelo elinomdla kakhulu kwezonyango ngoku. Izazinzulu zenza uphando malunga nokuba le nkqubo yokuxilonga ingalawulwa na kwaye izifo zinokunyangwa na.
- Ngomhlaza: Iiseli zomhlaza luhlobo olukrelekrele kakhulu lweeseli ezinokuphepha inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela. Siphanda ukuba singadala ii-opsonins zokwenziwa ezinamathela kuphela kumphezulu weeseli zomhlaza kwaye zincede inkqubo yomzimba yokuzikhusela ukuba izitshabalalise.
- Ngosulelo: Kuqhutywa uphando lokuphuhlisa iindlela "zokujolisa" nokubulala iintsholongwane, ingakumbi ezo zingamelaniyo neentsholongwane.
- Kwizifo ezibangela ukuzikhusela komzimba: Kuzanywa ukuphuhlisa amayeza athintela ukwenziwa kweeseli eziphilileyo.
Kwakhona, uvavanyo lokubulala lwe-opsonophagocytic (OPKA) luvavanyo olusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwesitofu. Lulinganisa amandla ee-antibodies eziveliswa sisitofu "okubonisa" intsholongwane kwaye zenze ukuba itshatyalaliswe zii-phagocytes.
Ngoko ke, ukuchasana yinkqubo enamandla kakhulu eyenzeka buthule, ngokungabonakaliyo, ngaphakathi emizimbeni yethu, kodwa ikhusela ubomi bethu. Kufana nesebe lezobuntlola elibonisa iinjongo ezifanelekileyo kumkhosi wethu wokhuselo.
Umyalezo Wokuya Ekhaya
- I-Opsonization yinkqubo eyenza kube lula ukuba amasosha omzimba ethu "aphawule" aze achonge izinto eziyingozi, ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neeseli ezonakeleyo.
- Iiproteni ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-opsonins zenza oku "kuphawulwa." Ii-antibodies kunye nezinto ezincedisayo ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-opsonins.
- Iiseli zokhuselo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phagocytes ziyangena zize "ziginye" zize zitshabalalise ezi zinto ziphawulweyo. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-phagocytosis.
- Ukuba le nkqubo ayisebenzi kakuhle, inokukhokelela kwiintsholongwane ezixhaphakileyo kunye neengxaki zokuzikhusela komzimba ezifana ne-lupus.
- Ukuba unemibuzo okanye iinkxalabo malunga noku, ungoyiki ukuthetha nogqirha wakho ngako.
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