So yɛbɛka DNA nhwehwɛmu ne awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho asɛm?

Ebia woate nsɛmfua te sɛ ‘DNA sɔhwɛ’ ne ‘awosu mu nhwehwɛmu’, ɛnte saa? Ɛtɔ da bi a, wɔ sini mu, anaa wɔ atesɛm nkrataa mu. Dɛn ne eyinom ankasa? Dɛn nti na wɔayɛ? Dɛn na yebetumi asua afi wɔn hɔ? Momma yɛnka eyinom nyinaa ho asɛm nkɔ akyiri, tiawa koraa, nnɛ.

Dɛn ne Awosu mu Nhwehwɛmu?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu yɛ sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ nsakrae a ɛba w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm , wo nkwaadɔm , anaa protein ahorow mu . Wɔsan frɛ eyi DNA nhwehwɛmu . Nea ɛka sɔhwɛ yi ho ne sɛ wobɛfa wo mogya, wo honam ani, wo ti nhwi, wo ntini, anaasɛ, sɛ worehwɛ akokoaa kwan a, awotwaa mu nsu a atwa wo ba no ho ahyia no bi. Saa sɔhwɛ yi betumi asi so dua anaasɛ ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ ebia wowɔ awosu mu tebea bi. Ebetumi nso aboa wo ma woahu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wubenya awosu mu tebea bi daakye, anaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wode awosu mu tebea bi bɛma wo ba.

Dɛn na awosu mu nhwehwɛmu hwehwɛ?

Okay, enti dɛn ankasa na saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi hwehwɛ? Wɔhwehwɛ nsakrae a ɛba w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm, wo nkwaadɔm, ne protein mu titiriw. Fa no sɛ, DNA nhwehwɛmu betumi ama woahu wo nipadua, wo honam ani hwɛbea, ne awosu mu nneɛma a ɛma wo nipasu no ho nsɛm pii.

• Eyi betumi asi so dua sɛ wowɔ yare pɔtee bi anaasɛ wunni bi.
• Eyi nso betumi ama woahu sɛ ebia asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya nyarewa bi anaa.
• Ɛnyɛ ɛno nko, na mmom nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi ahwɛ sɛ wowɔ awosu mu abɔde bi a wɔayɛ no foforo a wubetumi de ama wo ba no nso anaa.

DNA nhwehwɛmu ahorow bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ?

Momma yɛnhwɛ ahorow atitiriw kakraa bi.

1. Awosu mu abɔde mu nhwehwɛmu

Nea ɛka eyi ho ne sɛ wobɛhwehwɛ wo DNA mu na woahwehwɛ nsakrae a aba w’awosu mu, a wɔfrɛ no mutations . Saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae yi betumi ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ obi benya awosu mu nyarewa ahorow bi aba anaasɛ ama asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ no ayɛ kɛse. Saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi ahwɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm biako pɛ, awosu mu nkwaadɔm pii, anaa wo DNA nyinaa. Sɛ wohwɛ wo DNA nyinaa a, wɔfrɛ no genomic testing .

2. Nkwammoaa mu nkwaadɔm mu nhwehwɛmu

Chromosome nhwehwɛmu yɛ sɔhwɛ a ɛhwɛ wo chromosomes a ɛyɛ DNA nhama atenten no. Wɔhwehwɛ nsakrae a ɛba nnidiso nnidiso a awosu mu nkwaadɔm wɔ mu. Saa nsakrae yi betumi de awosu mu tebea horow aba. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wobetumi ahu sɛ ebia wowɔ chromosome bi foforo bi anaa .

3. Protein a Wɔsɔ Hwɛ

Protein sɔhwɛ ahorow hwehwɛ nnuru a ɛkɔ so wɔ yɛn nkwammoaa mu, te sɛ enzyme dwumadi mu . Sɛ ɔhaw ahorow bi wɔ wo protein ahorow no mu a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia nsakrae bɛba wo DNA mu. Saa nsakrae no nso betumi de awosu mu tebea horow aba.

Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ mmere ahorow mu

Afei ma yɛnhwɛ tebea horow a mfaso wɔ so wɔ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi mu.

Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ Ansa na Wɔawo

Sɛ woanyinsɛn a, wubetumi ahu sɛ ebia wo ba a ɔhyɛ yafunu mu no anya nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi wɔ wɔn awosu mu nkwaadɔm anaa wɔn nkwaboaa mu bere a wanyinsɛn no, denam DNA nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo no so. Nanso kae sɛ, saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi nhu tebea biara. Nanso, wobetumi aka sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛwo wo ba no a tebea horow a yenim sɛ yebetumi ahu no bi akyerɛ wo. Sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛ obi a ɔwɔ w’abusua mu wɔ awosu mu abakɔsɛm , a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wo ba no wɔ asiane kɛse mu sɛ obenya awosu mu yare bi a, ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛkamfo nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo no akyerɛ.

Nsɔhwɛ a Wɔde Hu Nyarewa

Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔde hu yare yi betumi aboa ma woahu sɛ ebia wowɔ awosu mu nyarewa pɔtee bi anaasɛ wowɔ nkwaadɔm mu haw ahorow . Nanso, wontumi nsɔ awosu mu tebea horow nyinaa nhwɛ. Ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa de saa nhwehwɛmu a wɔde hu yare yi di dwuma bere a wɔyem de, nanso sɛ wowɔ yare bi ho sɛnkyerɛnne a, wobetumi ayɛ no bere biara de asi so dua sɛ woahu yare bi.

Carrier Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ

Nyarewa bi wɔ hɔ a wɔde fi awo ntoatoaso so kɔ awo ntoatoaso so sɛ ``Autosomal Recessive`` . Ɛne sɛ, obi betumi anya saa tebea no awosu mu nkwaadɔm, nanso ɔrenkyerɛ yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Ɔyɛ saa awosu mu abɔde no kurafo ara kwa. Ɛne sɛ, wobɛtumi ahunu sɛ woyɛ awosuo mu nkwaadɔm a wɔasakra no kurafoɔ ma ``Autosomal Recessive`` yareɛ pɔtee bi denam awosuo mu nhwehwɛmu so. Wɔtaa yɛ eyi sɛ awofo no mu biako wɔ abusua abakɔsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ ``Autosomal Recessive`` yare bi a. Efisɛ, sɛ abofra betumi anya yare a ɛte saa a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɛna no ne agya no nyinaa nya saa awosu mu nkwaadɔm no bi. Enti, sɛ wonim sɛ obiako yɛ ɔyarefo, sɛ wɔsɔ ɔfoforo no nso hwɛ a, wobetumi ahu sɛnea ɛda adi sɛ mmofra no benya saa yare no.

Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ ansa na wɔde ahyɛ nipadua mu

Eyi yɛ sɔhwɛ soronko kakra. Wɔde awo ho akwan a wɔboa (ART) , sɛ nhwɛso no , in vitro fertilization (IVF) na ɛyɛ.Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔde ahyɛ nipadua mu no betumi ahu awosu mu nsakrae a aba nkwaboaa a wɔreyɛ no mu. Nea ɛka eyi ho ne sɛ wobegye nkwammoaa kakraa bi afi nkwaboaa no mu na wɔasɔ ahwɛ sɛ ebia nkwaboaa mu nsakrae pɔtee bi wɔ hɔ anaa. Afei, nkwaboaa a enni saa nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae no nkutoo na wɔde hyɛ awotwaa no mu de bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya nyinsɛn.

Nkokoaa a Wɔawo Wɔn Foforo Nhwehwɛmu

Wɔbɛhwɛ wo ba no mu nna kakraa bi wɔ awo akyi. Saa mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo nhwehwɛmu yi hwehwɛ tebea horow bi a ɛfa awosu, nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛsakra, anaa hormone ho . Wɔhwehwɛ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu ntɛm efisɛ sɛ ɔhaw bi wɔ hɔ a, wobetumi afi ayaresa ase ntɛm. Ɔman/ɔman biara taa si tebea horow a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mu wɔ saa kwan yi so ho gyinae. Sɛ nhwɛso no, ayaresabea ahorow a ɛwɔ United States no tumi hwehwɛ mmofra a wɔawo wɔn foforo mu hwɛ sɛ wɔwɔ tebea horow bɛboro 35.

Nsɔhwɛ a Wɔde Hwɛ Nsɛnkyerɛnne ne Nsɛnkyerɛnne a Ɛwɔ Hɔ

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, wobetumi ahu awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a ɛma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya awosu mu tebea bi daakye no yɛ kɛse denam nhwehwɛmu a wodi kan yɛ ne nea edi kan a wohu so. Eyi yɛ nhwehwɛmu hwɛ sɛ nsakrae a ɛba w’awosu mu no ma asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya nyarewa bi no yɛ kɛse anaa. Sɛ nhwɛso no, kokoram ahorow bi , te sɛ nufu mu kokoram, hyɛ saa kuw yi mu. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na woanya yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne no betumi akyerɛ wo sɛ ebia wubenya awosu mu tebea bi ansa na woanya sɛnkyerɛnne biara anaa. Nanso ɛrentumi nyɛ nokware 100%. Mfomso ketewaa bi wɔ hɔ bere nyinaa bere a wɔreyɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow yi no. Enti, wo ne wo duruyɛfo nka eyi ho asɛm ansa na woayɛ nhwehwɛmu biara.

Nyarewa bɛn na wobetumi de awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahu?

Eyi ho hia paa. Ɛho hia sɛ yɛkae sɛ bere a awosu mu nhwehwɛmu tumi hu tebea horow bi no, entumi nhu biribiara . Afei nso, sɔhwɛ mu aba a ɛyɛ papa no nkyerɛ ankasa sɛ wubenya tebea no. Nanso, saa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi betumi ayɛ nea mfaso wɔ so wɔ nyarewa ne tebea horow pii a wosi so dua anaasɛ wɔpow mu. Nhwɛso kakraa bi ni:

• `Down Syndrome` `(Nyare a Ɛba Fam)`
• Huntington Yare no
• Cystic Fibrosis a Ɛyɛ Fɛ
• `Sickle Cell Yare` `(Sickle Cell Yare)`
• `Phenylketonuria` `(Phenylketonuria)`
• Kokoram a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo (Colorectal) mu
• Nufu mu Kokoram

Nyarewa afoforo pii wɔ hɔ a ɛte sɛ eyi.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ DNA nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi?

Ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye. Wo duruyɛfo no begye nhwɛsode bi afi wo hɔ. Ebetumi ayɛ wo mogya, wo ti nhwi, wo honam ani fã ketewaa bi, wo ntini, anaasɛ, sɛ woanyinsɛn a , awotwaa mu nsu a atwa wo ba no ho ahyia no.Ebetumi ayɛ saa. Saa nsu a ɛwɔ awotwaa mu yi ne nsu a ɛtwa wo awotwaa ho hyia bere a wonyinsɛn no. Afei oduruyɛfo no de saa nhwɛsode yi bɛkɔ aduruyɛdan bi mu. Wɔ aduruyɛdan mu no, mfiridwumayɛfo bɛhwɛ sɛ nsakrae biara aba w’awosu mu nkwaadɔm, wo nkwaadɔm, anaa protein ahorow mu anaa. Awiei koraa no, mfiridwumayɛfo no de nhwehwɛmu no mu aba bɛmena wo duruyɛfo.

Asiane bɛn na ɛwɔ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu mu?

Honam fam asiane ahorow a ɛwɔ awosu mu nhwehwɛmu dodow no ara mu no sua koraa. Nanso, sɛ wɔyɛ nhwehwɛmu ansa na wɔawo a, asiane kakraa bi pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ nyinsɛn betumi atu . Eyi te saa efisɛ nea ɛka sɔhwɛ no ho ne sɛ wobɛfa nsu a ɛwɔ awotwaa mu a atwa wo ba no ho ahyia wɔ w’awotwaa mu no bi.

Nanso, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu de asiane kɛse ba , wɔ nkate ne sikasɛm nyinaa mu.

Fa no sɛ, sɛ wunya biribi a wonhwɛ kwan a, ebia wobɛte abufuw, ehu, abasamtu, dadwen , anaa afobu nka . Nea ɛka ho no, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi asɛe sika pii, ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔbɔ rupee ɔpehaha pii. Ebia insurance bɛtua saa ka yi. Nanso mpɛn pii no egyina sɔhwɛ ko ne nea enti a wɔyɛ sɔhwɛ no so.

Bio nso, awosu mu nhwehwɛmu mma awosu mu tebea horow nyinaa ho nsɛm, na ɛnyɛ nhwehwɛmu nyinaa na ɛyɛ nokware 100%. Wontumi nkyerɛ sɛnea yare no ho sɛnkyerɛnne no mu yɛ den anaa bere a awosu mu tebea bi bɛba nso.

Dɛn na nea efi DNA nhwehwɛmu mu ba no ka?

Ɛnyɛ mmerɛw bere nyinaa sɛ yɛbɛte nea efi DNA nhwehwɛmu mu ba no ase. Wo duruyɛfo de sɔhwɛ no ko, w’ayaresa ho abakɔsɛm, ne w’abusua abakɔsɛm bedi dwuma de akyerɛ nea ebefi mu aba no ase. Afei, ɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ nea afi mu aba pɔtee mu akyerɛ wo. Wobetumi akyekyɛ nea efi mu ba no mu sɛnea edidi so yi:

• Positive: Sɛ wo DNA nhwehwɛmu no mu aba no yɛ papa a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ lab no atumi ahu awosu mu nsakrae bi a wonim sɛ ɛde yare bi ba. Eyi betumi asi so dua sɛ woahu yare no, akyerɛ sɛ wo na wokura yare no, anaasɛ ɛbɛma woahu sɛ asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya yare no.
• Nea enye: Sɛ wo DNA nhwehwɛmu no mu aba no nyɛ papa a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ lab no antumi anhu awosu mu nsakrae a wonim wɔ wo DNA mu a ebetumi de yare bi aba. Eyi betumi ama wɔahu sɛ obi anya yare no, akyerɛ sɛ wonyɛ obi a ɔwɔ yare no, anaasɛ ɛbɛma woahu sɛ asiane kɛse nni mu sɛ wubenya yare no.
• Nea wontumi nsi pi:Sɛ wo DNA nhwehwɛmu no mu aba no nyɛ nea ɛyɛ nokware a, ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia lab no ahu awosu mu nsakrae bi. Nanso wonni nsɛm a ɛdɔɔso a wɔde behu sɛ ebia ɛyɛ ade a ɛfata anaasɛ ɛyɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a ɛde yare ba. Eyi te saa efisɛ obiara wɔ nsakrae a ɛfata, a efi awosu mu wɔ ne DNA mu a ɛnka n’akwahosan.

DNA nhwehwɛmu yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ dɛn?

Akwan abien na ɛwɔ hɔ a wɔfa so susuw sɛnea awosu mu nhwehwɛmu yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Biako ne nhwehwɛmu mu nokwaredi. Eyi hwɛ sɛ ebia DNA nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛ ebia nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi wɔ awosu mu abɔde pɔtee bi mu anaasɛ enni hɔ anaa. Ɔfoforo no ne ayaresabea mu ntease. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ ebia, sɛ nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae bi wɔ hɔ a, ɛne yare anaa tebea pɔtee bi wɔ abusuabɔ anaa. Wɔahyɛ aduruyɛdan ahorow a wɔyɛ DNA nhwehwɛmu nyinaa ho mmara sɛnea aban no gye tom. Wɔayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow yi sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ahorow no bɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Bere tenten ahe na egye ansa na wɔanya DNA nhwehwɛmu mu aba?

Wobetumi anya sɔhwɛ mu aba bi wɔ nna kakraa bi mu. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ ansa na wɔawo, titiriw no, taa san ba ntɛmntɛm yiye. Nanso, sɔhwɛ afoforo betumi agye adapɛn pii ansa na wɔanya nea efi mu ba. Wo duruyɛfo bɛma wo nsɛm pɔtee a ɛfa bere a wubenya wo nhwehwɛmu a woreyɛ no ho aba no ho.

Dɛn ne DNA nhwehwɛmu afiri a eye sen biara?

Nokwarem no, sɛ wopɛ sɛ woyɛ DNA nhwehwɛmu a, ade a eye sen biara a wobɛyɛ ne sɛ wubehyia oduruyɛfo anaa awosu ho ɔfotufo bi a ɔbɛn wo na woayɛ nhwehwɛmu no. Afei wɔbɛboa wo ma woapaw sɔhwɛ ahorow a ɛfata ama wo na wɔne wo akasa afa nea nea efi mu ba no kyerɛ ho bere a woanya bi no. Nanso, sɛ wuntumi nkɔ oduruyɛfo nkyɛn a, wubetumi nso anya DNA nhwehwɛmu afiri tẽẽ afi adwumakuw bi a wɔyɛ DNA nhwehwɛmu hɔ. Wɔfrɛ eyi ``Direct-to-Consumer'' (DTC) awosu mu nhwehwɛmu. DNA nhwehwɛmu mfiri a eye sen biara no ma wonya nsɛm a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛte ase a ɛfa nyansahu mu nnyinaso a wɔde yɛ wɔn nhwehwɛmu no ho. Nanso, asiane wɔ eyinom a wode bedi dwuma no mu, efisɛ ebia wunni obi a wo ne w’ankasa wobɛka nea ebefi mu aba no ho nkɔmmɔ.

Sɛ woyɛ nhwehwɛmu hu sɛ wowɔ awosu mu tebea bi, anaasɛ wuhu sɛ asiane kɛse wom sɛ wubenya yare bi a, hwɛ hu sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɛkasa. Obetumi de wo akɔ awosu ho ɔfotufo nkyɛn. Saa ɔfotufo no betumi asusuw wo ne nsɛm a wo nsa aka no ho na waboa wo ma woasi nea wobɛyɛ akyi.

Bere bɛn na wofii ase yɛɛ DNA nhwehwɛmu?

Eyi nso yɛ asɛm a ɛyɛ anigye. Nyansahufoɔ yɛɛ ɔkwan bi a wɔfrɛ no `(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP)` nhwehwɛmu wɔ 1980 mfeɛ no mu. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi ne awosu mu nhwehwɛmu a edi kan a wɔde DNA dii dwuma. Nanso wɔ 1990 mfeɛ no mu no, `(Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR)`Wɔde DNA nhwehwɛmu bae. Saa PCR DNA nhwehwɛmu kwan yi besii RFLP nhwehwɛmu kwan a na ɛwɔ hɔ kan no ananmu. DNA sɔhwɛ ho nyansahu yɛ adwuma a ɛsakra na ɛrenya nkɔso bere nyinaa.

Dɛn ne DNA Agya Ho Nhwehwɛmu?

Ebia woate eyi ho asɛm. DNA agya ho nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu onii ko a ɔwoo abofra bi agya ankasa . DNA a wɔde hyɛ wo hwene mu anaa mogya mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ahu sɛ ebia obi ne wo ba anaa wo ba no agya ankasa. Wobetumi ahu eyi nso wɔ nyinsɛn mu denam agyayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔbɛyɛ ansa na wɔawo no so.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae

Okay, enti yɛaka DNA nhwehwɛmu, anaa awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho asɛm pii. Saa nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi boa ma wuhu sɛ ebia wowɔ awosu mu yare bi anaasɛ ɛda adi sɛ wubenya yare pɔtee bi daakye. Bere a awosu mu nhwehwɛmu betumi ama woanya asomdwoe kakra no , ɛde asiane ne anohyeto pii nso ba .

Sɛ w’ani gye awosu mu nhwehwɛmu ho a, hwɛ hu sɛ wo ne wo duruyɛfo bɛkasa. Obetumi de wo akɔ awosu ho ɔfotufo nkyɛn na wama wo nsɛm pii afa adeyɛ no nyinaa ho.

Yɛwɔ anidaso sɛ wuhui sɛ mfaso wɔ saa nsɛm yi so. Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wuhu pii fa biribi a ɛte sɛɛ ho a, ma yɛnhu!

` Awosu mu nhwehwɛmu, DNA nhwehwɛmu, awosu mu nsakrae, awosu mu nyarewa, awo ansa na wɔawo, awosu mu afotu, agyayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu