Dɛn ne saa "agyiraehyɛde ahorow" yi wɔ nipadua no mu? Momma yɛnka antigens ho asɛm!

So woasusuw pɛn sɛ yɛn nipadua no wɔ n’ankasa ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe a ɛde ko tia nyarewa a efi abɔnten? So ɛnyɛ nwonwa? Enti, sɛ saa ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe yi bɛyɛ adwuma a, ɛsɛ sɛ enya ɔkwan bi a ɛbɛfa so ahu "hena na ɔyɛ adamfo ne nea ɔyɛ ɔtamfo." Ɛhɔ na saa "antigens" yi ba mu Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, eyinom ne nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛka kyerɛ yɛn nipadua no ahobammɔ sɛ, "Obi ni a yɛbɛkyere!"

Dɛn ankasa ne antigen?

Fa wo nipadua no sɛ ɔman kɛse. Ɛte sɛ nea obiara a ɔhyɛn ɔman yi mu no wɔ ID card a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyɛ. Antigens yɛ protein anaa polysaccharides ankasa. Wɔwɔ nneɛma te sɛ nkwammoaa, mmoawa, ne mmoawa akyi. Ɛte sɛ label a wɔakyerɛw din wɔ so. Yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no kenkan saa nkyerɛwde yi de si gyinae sɛ ebia eyi yɛ biribi a ɛyɛ nipadua no de anaasɛ ntuafo bi a ofi abɔnten aba.

Afei hwɛ, ɛnyɛ nneɛma te sɛ mmoawa, mmoawa, pollen, mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae, ne kokoram nkwammoaa mu nko na wohu saa antigens yi, na mmom yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden nso mu. Yɛfrɛ antigens a ɛwɔ yɛn ankasa nipadua mu no "self." Wɔfrɛ antigens a ɛwɔ nneɛma a epira te sɛ mmoawa ne mmoawa mu "non-self." Eyi kyerɛ sɛ yɛn nipadua no hu n’ankasa nkwammoaa na ɛyɛ ade tia nea efi abɔnten ba no. Anifere kɛse, ɛnte saa?

So wunim nsonsonoe a ɛda antigen ne antibody ntam?

Ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea saa abien yi adwene tu fra kakra, nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw yiye.

Antigens ne saa agyiraehyɛde ahorow no , sɛnea madi kan aka no. Saa agyiraehyɛde ahorow yi ne nea ɛka kyerɛ yɛn nipadua sɛ, "Obi fi abɔnten reba ha!"

Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yɛ protein titiriw a yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ. Wɔma wohu antigen ahorow a epira na wɔsɛe no. Nokwarem no, asɛmfua antigen no fi adwene a ɛne sɛ "antibody generators," a ɛkyerɛ "nneɛma a ɛboa ma wɔyɛ antibody."

Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yɛ soronko koraa. Antibody biara tumi hu antigen pɔtee biako pɛ. Ɛte sɛ safe ne aponkɛse. Safe a ɛwɔ nifa nkutoo na ebetumi abue ɔpon no. Saa na saa abien yi yɛ adwuma.

Antigen ahorow bɛn na ɛwɔ hɔ?

Wobetumi akyekyɛ antigen ahorow mu ahorow pii a egyina sɛnea efi mu ba so. Ma yɛnhwɛ nea wɔyɛ.

1. Nnuru a Ɛko Tia Nyarewa a Ɛwɔ Akyi

Eyinom ne nneɛma a efi abɔnten hyɛn yɛn nipadua mu. Susuw ho hwɛ, eyinom betumi afa wo hwene, w’ano, anaa mpo wo honam ani kuru mu akɔ wo nipadua mu.

• Mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Mmoawa a wɔde nyarewa ba
• Pollen a wɔfrɛ no pollen
• Nwansena a wɔsɛe nnɔbae
• Nwansena

Eyinom nyinaa yɛ saa ɔkwan yi dea.

2. Nnuru a Ɛko Tia Nyarewa a Ɛwɔ Endogenous

Saa antigens yi wɔ nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no so. Wɔka kyerɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no sɛ "Meyɛ w'adamfo" (ankasa) anaa "Seesei mayɛ onipa bɔne, sɛe me" (ɛpira). Sɛ nhwɛso no, yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɔyare mmoawa anaa ɔyare mmoawa bi ahyɛ yɛn mu no de agyiraehyɛde a ɛtete saa guu so, na ɛka kyerɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no sɛ wɔnsɛe no. Antigens a ɛwɔ yɛn mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ so ne agyiraehyɛde titiriw a ɛkyerɛ yɛn nipadua sɛ "me de" a wɔfrɛ no ``(HLAs)`` (Human Leukocyte Antigens) nso yɛ saa su yi dea.

3. Nneɛma a ɛma nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa

Eyi yɛ tebea a ɛyɛ basaa kakra. Eyinom yɛ yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw ho sɛnkyerɛnne. Nanso, ɛtɔ mmere bi a yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no di mfomso na ɛtow hyɛ nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw yi so, na wosusuw sɛ wɔyɛ “atamfo.” Ɛno ne bere a nyarewa a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa no sɔre.

4. Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a wohu wɔ kokoram nkwammoaa mu (Tumor Antigens) .

Eyinom yɛ agyiraehyɛde titiriw a ɛwɔ kokoram nkwammoaa ani. Ebia wobɛte nso sɛ wɔfrɛ wɔn `(Akisikuru a ɛne akisikuru wɔ abusuabɔ - TAA)`, `(Akisikuru pɔtee antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` anaa `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

Ɛtɔ mmere bi a eyinom yɛ afã horow koro no ara a nkwammoaa a ɛteɛ yɛ, nanso wɔ kokoram nkwammoaa mu no, ɛsono sɛnea wɔyɛ adwuma (sɛ nhwɛso no, kokoram nkwammoaa betumi ayɛ protein pɔtee bi pii sen nkwammoaa a ɛteɛ). Mmere foforo nso, ɛnam nkwaadɔm mu nsakrae a ɛba kokoram nkwammoaa no awosu mu anaa mmoawa bi a ɛwɔ kokoram nkwammoaa no mu so na ɛba saa antigen ahorow yi.

Dɛn ne Nkwammoaa a Wɔde Antigen Ma (APCs)?

Eyi yɛ kuw a ɛho hia paa. Saa nkwammoaa yi ne nea ɛboa nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma wɔka sɛ, "Hwɛ na ɔko no ba!" Yɛwɔ saa nkwammoaa yi ahorow abiɛsa wɔ yɛn nipadua mu: macrophages, dendritic cells, ne B cells.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, wɔyɛ adwuma te sɛ ahwehwɛfo a wɔyɛ anifere. Wɔkyerɛ nea wosusuw sɛ ɛyɛ ntua ma nkwammoaa afoforo a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Ɛno nti na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn "nkwaboaa a wɔde antigen ma a wɔyɛ adwumaden."

Sɛ saa nkwammoaa titiriw yi hyia antigen bi a, ɛmene no, bubu mu nketenkete, na afei ɛda asinasin no bi adi wɔ ne nkwammoaa no ani. Eyi te sɛ ``poster a wɔpɛ'' ma T nkwammoaa . T nkwammoaa ba bɛhwehwɛ antigen asinasin yi mu hwɛ sɛ wohu saa ntuafo yi anaa. Sɛ antigen no ne receptor pɔtee bi a ɛwɔ T nkwammoaa bi so hyia a, saa T nkwammoaa no ka kyerɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no nkae no sɛ ``wɔntow nhyɛ so!''.

Sɛ antigen bi hyɛn nipadua no mu a, dɛn na ɛba?

Wo nipadua no bɔ ne ho ban fi antigens a epira a efi abɔnten ho denam nnuru a wɔfrɛ no antibodies a wode di dwuma so . Sɛ antigen bi hyɛn wo nipadua mu a, wo nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewaB-nkwaboaa hwɛ mu yiye.

B-nkwaboaa wɔ receptors soronko a ɛhwɛ sɛ antigen no yɛ nea ɛfata yiye anaa – te sɛ safe ne lock a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no. Sɛ ɛne ne ho hyia a, B-cell no fi ase yɛ nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa. Antibody biara a ɛyɛ no wɔ ne nsusuwii soronko a ebetumi ahu saa antigen no.

Adwuma a antibody yɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ antigen a ɛne ne nsusuwii soronko a ɛwɔ ne soro no hyia. Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa kɔ na ɛkyekyere saa antigen ahorow yi. Afei wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no betumi asɛe saa nneɛma a epira no.

Sɛ wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no hyia antigen bi pɛ a, ɛwɔ nkwammoaa soronko a ɛkae no. Wɔfrɛ eyi immunological memory . Eyi nti na sɛ ɔtowhyɛfo koro no ara san ba a, nipadua no betumi ayɛ ho biribi ntɛmntɛm na etu mpɔn kɛse no.

Nanso ɔhaw ketewaa bi wɔ hɔ. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, saa nneɛma a epira yi sesa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔn antigen ahorow no sesa ne nsusuwii. Afei yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ntumi nhu wɔn, te sɛ nea sɛ mmoawa a wɔwɔ wo fie nyinaa asesa bere a wufii fie no!

Dɛn ne antigen nhwehwɛmu?

Antigen nhwehwɛmu hwehwɛ agyiraehyɛde pɔtee bi (antigens) wɔ wo nipadua mu nsu mu, te sɛ mogya, nnompe, nsu, ne nsu mu, a ɛne yare pɔtee bi wɔ abusuabɔ. Wɔtaa de eyinom di dwuma de hwehwɛ sɛ wowɔ atiridii anaa ɔyare mmoawa bi te sɛ COVID-19, anaasɛ wɔde hwɛ sɛnea kokoram ayaresa rekɔ so. Wobetumi nso aboa ma wɔahwehwɛ nnipa a wɔrebɛma wɔn akwaa anaasɛ wɔde wɔn akwaa foforo bɛma wɔn.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na wɔyɛ antigen nhwehwɛmu?

Eyi gyina antigen ko a worehwehwɛ so.

• Sɛ wowɔ mmoawa bi a: Oduruyɛfo taa de aduru ketewaa bi a ano yɛ mmerɛw bɛpra wo hwene anaa wo menewam. Afei wɔbɛsɔ swab no ahwɛ sɛ ebia antigens a efi mmoawa a wɔrehwehwɛ no mu wɔ mu anaa. Wobetumi ayɛ ɔyare mmoawa antigen nhwehwɛmu bi wɔ fie (e.g., COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi betumi ama wɔanya nea efi mu ba wɔ simma 15 pɛ mu.
• Wɔ antigen nhwehwɛmu afoforo (te sɛ kokoram agyiraehyɛde, ntini a ɛne ne ho hyia) ho no): Oduruyɛfo no bɛfa wo mogya, wo nsu, anaa wo nsu. Afei wɔde bɛkɔ lab bi akɔhwɛ sɛ antigen a wɔrehwehwɛ no wɔ hɔ anaa.

Antigen nhwehwɛmu yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ dɛn?

Eyi nso gyina antigen a worehwehwɛ ne sɛnea woreyɛ nhwehwɛmu so. Sɛ nhwɛso no, antigen nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no ntɛmntɛm a wɔde hwehwɛ ɔyare mmoawa no yɛ nea edi mu kɛse sɛ wɔyɛ no wɔ nna kakraa bi akyi bere a wo sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow no afi ase no a. Eyi te saa efisɛ ɛno ne bere a mmoawa no dɔɔso kɛse wɔ nipadua no mu, na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ sɔhwɛ no bɛfa.

Antigen nhwehwɛmu ahorow pii a wɔtaa de di dwuma

Sɔhwɛ ahorow bi a ebia woate ho asɛm, anaasɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ woyɛ ni:

• Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) sɔhwɛ: Mpɛn pii no, CEA wɔ dodow a ɛba fam wɔ mpanyimfo mu. Nanso, wɔ tebea horow bi te sɛ kokoram mu no, CEA dodow a ɛwɔ mogya no mu no betumi akɔ soro. Nnuruyɛfo hwɛ CEA dodow yi so hwɛ sɛ kokoram ayaresa reyɛ adwuma anaa.
• Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) nhwehwɛmu: HBsAg nhwehwɛmu yɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔde ka nhwehwɛmu afoforo ho de hu hepatitis B.
• Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) nhwehwɛmu: Yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa biara wɔ n’ankasa HLA ahorow, gye yɛn mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no nkutoo. Sɛ wɔde akwaa anaa ntini mu nkwammoaa rema obi foforo a, wɔhwɛ nea ɔde ma ne nea wɔde ma no mu hwɛ sɛ ebia wɔwɔ HLA koro anaa. Wɔsan nso hwɛ nea wɔde ma no no mu hwɛ sɛ wɔwɔ nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa a ɛko tia nea ɔde ma no no HLA ahorow anaa. Sɛ wɔyɛ saa a, nipadua no betumi akɔtow ahyɛ akwaa foforo no so (wɔfrɛ eyi graft versus host disease). Sɛ nipadua foforo dodow no ara betumi ayɛ yiye a, ɛsɛ sɛ nea ɔde ma ne nea ogye no nya nkitahodi pa wɔ HLA ahorow mu. Nanso enhia sɛ wɔyɛ pɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nhwehwɛmu: PSA dodow betumi akɔ soro wɔ mmarima a wɔwɔ prostate kokoram anaa wɔn a wɔn prostate ho haw a emu nyɛ den pii no mu. Wobetumi ayɛ saa PSA nhwehwɛmu yi sɛ aduruyɛ mu nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no daa no fã.
• SARS-CoV-2 anaa COVID-19 Antigen Test: Ɛtɔ da bi a wɔfrɛ eyi "nsɔhwɛ a ɛba ntɛmntɛm." Ɛhwehwɛ sɛ antigens a efi virus a ɛde COVID-19 ba, SARS-CoV-2, wɔ nhwɛsode bi a wɔfa fi wo hwene anaa wo menewam mu. Wobetumi de afiri a wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu anaa oduruyɛfo ayɛ eyi wɔ fie.

Dɛn ne mogya kuw mu antigens?

Ebia woate mogya ahorow A, B, AB, ne O ho asɛm.Nkyerɛwde ahorow yi kyerɛ antigen ahorow a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no ani ankasa. Wobetumi awo wo a wowɔ antigens A anaa B, anaa n’abien nyinaa (mogya a ɛyɛ AB), anaasɛ emu biara nni hɔ (mogya a ɛyɛ O). Wɔfrɛ eyi ABO mogya kuw nhyehyɛe.

"+" anaa "-" sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛwɔ wo mogya mu no kyerɛ sɛ ebia wowɔ antigen foforo a wɔfrɛ no Rhesus factor anaa Rh factor . Ebia woate nso sɛ "Rhesus positive" anaa "Rhesus negative."

Sɛ wo mogya mu nkwammoaa wɔ antigen a, wo nipadua nim sɛ ɛyɛ "adamfofa" na ɛrenyɛ antibodies a ɛko tia no. Anyɛ saa a, wo nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no bɛtow ahyɛ mogya a ɛwɔ saa antigen no so.

Ɔkwan foforo so no, sɛ wo mogya yɛ A a, wo nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no de B antigen no bɛtow ahyɛ mogya so. Na saa ara na ɛte wɔ ɔkwan foforo so. Sɛ wo mogya yɛ AB a, wo nipadua no hu antigens A ne B nyinaa sɛ "adamfofa" na ɛrentow nhyɛ wɔn so. Sɛ wo mogya yɛ O a, wowɔ nnuru a ɛko tia antigens A ne B nyinaa.

Ɛno nti na ɛho hia paa sɛ wode wo mogya bɛyɛ pɛ bere a wode mogya rema no. Sɛ wɔma wo mogya a ɛne wo mogya nhyia a, ebetumi ama nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ayɛ adwuma denneennen.

Nnipa Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) ho nsɛm kakra .

HLA ahorow yɛ agyiraehyɛde titiriw a ɛkyerɛ wo nkwammoaa sɛ "ankasa," a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ wo nipadua dea. Nkwammoaa nyinaa wɔ HLA ahorow gye wo mogya mu nkwammoaa kɔkɔɔ no nkutoo.

Ebia wubesusuw sɛ `(HLAs)` yɛ mogya ahorow, nanso ɛyɛ den sen saa. Sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, yɛn nyinaa wɔ `(HLA)` pii, enti ɛntaa nsi koraa sɛ yɛbɛhunu onipa foforɔ a ne `(HLA)` nkabom yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Wubetumi anya nnuru a ɛko tia w’ankasa HLA ahorow, na ebetumi ama woanya yare a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa. Sɛ wuhia stem cell a wɔde si ananmu a, ɛho behia sɛ woyɛ HLA nhwehwɛmu na ama woahu nea ɛne no hyia. Wɔ eyi mu no, mpɛn pii no, nea ɔne no bɛbɔ yiye paa ne obusuani bi a ɔbɛn no, te sɛ ɛna, agya, onuabarima, anaa onuawa.

Nea etwa to no, nneɛma a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae

Sɛ biribiara a yehyia bere a yɛrekɔ adwuma no wɔ nkyerɛwde a ɛkyerɛ sɛ "eyi ye, eyi nye" a, so ɛrenyɛ papa? Wiɛ, antigens yɛ adwinnade a mfaso wɔ so yiye a ɛboa yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma ɛyɛ saa pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Ebia wo duruyɛfo bɛhyɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ antigen nhwehwɛmu mfa nyɛ nhwehwɛmu daa, de hwɛ yare bi a ɛkɔ so, anaasɛ mfa nhu sɛ wowɔ ɔyare mmoawa no anaa. Wɔ mmere a ɛtete saa mu no, hwɛ hu sɛ wubebisa nsɛm biara a wowɔ wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ sɔhwɛ no ne nea enti a wɔreyɛ no ho. Ɛho hia sɛ wobɔ wo amanneɛ wɔ w’akwahosan ho.

` Antigens, antibodies, nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa, antigen nhwehwɛmu, mogya akuw, HLA, ɔyare mmoawa