Momma yensua ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ opsonization a ɛboa yɛn nipadua no ahobammɔ ho ade.

Wo ho te sɛn? Ɛnnɛ yɛrebɛka adeyɛ bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa na ɛho hia paa a ɛkɔ so wɔ yɛn nipadua mu ho asɛm. Ɛte sɛ ade titiriw bi a ɛboa yɛn nipadua no ahobammɔ. Ebia woate asɛmfua yi, na wɔfrɛ no opsonization. Sɛ wusua ho ade a, wobɛte sɛnea yɛn nipadua yɛ adwuma ma ɛyɛ nwonwa no ase.

Dɛn ne Opsonization?

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, opsonization yɛ adeyɛ a ɛboa yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Ɛyɛ adwuma denam mmoawa a wopira te sɛ ɔyare mmoawa (te sɛ mmoawa ne mmoawa), anaa yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa a awuwu anaa asɛe a ehu na ɛsɛe wɔn no so. Fa wo nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no sɛ kuw titiriw bi a wɔbɔ wo nipadua ho ban. Wɔrekyinkyin wo nipadua mu bere nyinaa, na wɔrehwehwɛ biribiara a ebetumi de apira anaa yare aba.

Yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no afã horow – akwaa, nkwammoaa, protein, nnuru – nyinaa bom yɛ adwuma. Afã horow bi twa nipadua no ho hyia hwehwɛ ntuafo. Afoforo nso sɛe nneɛma a epira nipadua no. Ɛno ne bere a protein ahorow a wɔfrɛ no opsonins ba bɛboa. Saa opsonins yi kata mmoawa no so na ‘hyɛ wɔn agyirae’. Afei ɛnyɛ den sɛ nipadua no mu nkwammoaa afoforo a ɛko tia nyarewa no betumi ahu wɔn na wɔasɛe wɔn. Adeyɛ a ɛfa opsonization ho no hyɛ nkwammoaa a awuwu na wɔrewuwu, nkwammoaa a wɔanya ɔyare no, ne kokoram nkwammoaa mpo agyirae.

Dɛn ne Opsonin?

Yɛfrɛ ‘opsonins’ protein ahorow kuw. Wɔn adwuma titiriw ne sɛ wɔbɛkyekyere nkwammoaa ne nneɛma te sɛ ɔyare mmoawa , na wɔaboa nkwammoaa soronko bi a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa mu – yɛfrɛ wɔn phagocytes – ma wohu na ‘ɛmene’ wɔn. Fa no sɛ ɛte sɛ nea wobɛma aduan bi ayɛ dɛ na wode akyerɛ fɛfɛɛfɛ wɔ ɔkwan a ɛma wopɛ sɛ wudi so.

Opsonin ahorow bi sensɛn yɛn mogya anaa yɛn mogya mu nsu mu kwa. Wɔyɛ afoforo bere a yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ adwuma, fi protein afoforo mu. Mpɛn pii no, nneɛma te sɛ antibodies , a ebia woate ho asɛm no nso yɛ adwuma sɛ opsonins bere a ɛreyɛ nnwuma afoforo a ɛho hia no.

Saa nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no phagocytes , ne opsonins di nkitaho te sɛ bridge. Afei wɔde saa bridge no kata ade a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsɛe no no so na wɔsɛe no. Ɛno nti na wɔsan frɛ opsonins ‘bridging molecules’ no. So wote ase?

Dɛn ne ɔkwan a wɔfa so nya phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwumaƐyɛ adeyɛ a yɛn nipadua nam so sɛe nneɛma a epira anaa yɛmpɛ na eyi fi hɔ. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, ɛkyerɛ ‘adeyɛ a nkwammoaa kata biribi so na wɔsɛe no’. Saa nneɛma yi betumi ayɛ ɔyare mmoawa , ananafo nneɛma, anaa yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa mpo.

Dɛn na ɛsɛe wɔ phagocytosis mu?

Nneɛma bi a phagocytosis sɛe no ni:

• Nyarewa ahorow ahorow te sɛ mmoawa, mmoawa, ne fungi.
• Nkwammoaa a wɔanya ɔyare no.
• Nkwammoaa a awuwu, akyɛ, anaa asɛe.
• Kokoram nkwammoaa.
• Nkwammoaa asinasin, anaa nkwammoaa mu nneɛma a asɛe.
• Nkitahodi (synapses) a ɛda ntini mu nkwammoaa a wɔn dwumadi so atew ntam.

Asɛmfua ‘phagocytosis’ kyerɛ ‘nkwaboaa a wodi’. Saa nkwammoaa yi a wɔfrɛ no phagocytes no kata nkwammoaa ne mmoawa a wɔmpɛ yi so, anaasɛ ‘wodi’ wɔn, na ɛbubu wɔn. Afei ɛnyɛ den sɛ nipadua no betumi ayi afi hɔ. Nkwammoaa ahorow nyinaa, te sɛ macrophages , dendritic cells , neutrophils , ne natural killer (NK) cells , de opsonization kwan no di dwuma de hwehwɛ nneɛma a wɔmpɛ na woyi fi hɔ.

Nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛn na phagocyte nkwammoaa nya?

Saa nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no phagocytes , no gyina nsɛnkyerɛnne ahorow so na esi gyinae sɛ wɔbɛmene biribi anaasɛ wɔrenmene. Saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi ahorow pii wɔ hɔ:

• ‘Find-me’ nsɛnkyerɛnne: Eyinom betumi ayɛ protein anaa nneɛma afoforo a ɛboa phagocyte nkwammoaa ma wohu nkwammoaa anaa ɔyare mmoawa a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsɛe no.
• Nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ di me anaasɛ nnni me: Sɛnea edin no kyerɛ no, saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi kyerɛ phagocyte sɛ ebia ɛsɛ sɛ ɔmene biribi anaasɛ ɔrenwe.
• Opsonins: Yɛkaa eyi ho asɛm kɛkɛ. Eyinom ne protein ahorow a ɛkyekyere nkwammoaa anaa ɔyare mmoawa na ɛka kyerɛ phagocyte no sɛ "ɔnmene eyi na ɔnsɛe no." Wɔyɛ adwuma te sɛ bridge nso, na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw ma phagocyte no sɛ ɛbɛbata ade a ɔpɛ sɛ ɔsɛe no ho.
• Opsonins a enye: Eyinom yɛ nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira. Ɛne sɛ, wobu abam anaasɛ wɔma ɛyɛ den ma phagocyte sɛ ɛbɛkyere biribi na asɛe.

So opsonization ho nhwɛso ahorow bi wɔ hɔ?

Nokwarem no, opsonin ahorow du du pii wɔ hɔ a yɛn nipadua de hu nneɛma ahorow a yɛde asi yɛn ani so na eyi fi hɔ. Wɔn mu kakraa bi ni a wubetumi asua ho ade:

• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa: Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa yɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no fã a ɛho hia yiye. Wɔte sɛ ɔpon ne safe, .Wɔyɛ nea ɛfa ɔyare mmoawa no afã pɔtee bi ho (a wɔfrɛ no antigens) . Nnuru a ɛko tia nyarewa a wɔfrɛ no Immunoglobulin G (IgG) ne Immunoglobulin M (IgM) nso yɛ adwuma sɛ opsonins.
• Nneɛma a ɛka ho: Eyinom yɛ protein kuw bi a ɛboa yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no. Protein ahorow a ɛboa no bom yɛ adwuma de kyerɛ phagocyte nkwammoaa kwan kɔ mmeae a ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe wɔn no. C1q, C3, C3b , ne C4b nyinaa yɛ opsonin ahorow.
• Opsonins a ɛkyekyere phosphatidylserine: Phosphatidylserine yɛ sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ‘di me’. Sɛ nkwammoaa reyɛ awu ( apoptosis ) a, saa sɛnkyerɛnne yi fi nkwammoaa no mu fi adi. Opsonin ahorow pii te sɛ Annexin A1 , Apolipoprotein H , Del-1 , Gas6, ne Protein S betumi aka eyi ho.
• Opsonin afoforo: Eyinom akyi no, protein ahorow te sɛ calreticulin , fibronectin , ficolins (eyinom yɛ protein ahorow a wohu nhwɛsode), lectin a ɛkyekyere mannose , nufusu mu srade globulin (lactadherin) , ne pentraxins nso yɛ adwuma sɛ opsonins. Bere a ebia ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea edin ahorow yi yɛ den kakra no, eyinom nyinaa boa ma wɔbɔ yɛn nipadua ho ban.

Dɛn na opsonization yɛ wɔ phagocytosis mu?

Sɛnea yɛadi kan aka no, nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no phagocytes ‘di’ ɔyare mmoawa ne nkwammoaa a yɛn nipadua nhia, a wɔfrɛ no phagocytosis , sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛnyɛ den sɛ nipadua no betumi ayi afi hɔ. Ɛno ne bere a opsonins ba bɛboa. Opsonins kata nkwammoaa ne ntuafo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔsɛe wɔn no so. Ɛte sɛ nea wode nnuhuam ka aduan bi ho na ama ayɛ nea ɛyɛ dɛ na ɛyɛ dɛ. Sɛ phagocytes hu saa ‘nnuhuam’ yi a, ɛma ɛyɛ te sɛ nea ‘ɛyɛ dɛ’. (Nokwarem no, asɛmfua ‘opsonization’ no fi Hela asɛmfua bi a ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛ wɔbɛma ayɛ dɛ’!)

Phagocyte nkwammoaa twetwe saa opsonin a wɔde kata so yi, na afei ɛkyekyere wɔn agyefo no.Wɔde afã horow a wɔfrɛ no opsonins no di dwuma de bata ho. Saa kwan no so no, opsonins te sɛ kyɛnsee a ɛboa wɔn ma wɔkyere saa aduan a ɛyɛ dɛ no. Afei phagocyte no twe saa ‘aduan’ no ba mu, bubu mu, na ‘ɛyam’.

Ɔkwan bɛn so na opsonization ba?

Nneɛma ahorow pii wɔ hɔ a ɛma opsonization ba. Wɔn titiriw ne:

• Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa a wofi awosu mu yɛ adwuma: Protein te sɛ C3 a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu no hu mmoawa, mmoawa, anaa fungi afã horow na ɛkyekyere wɔn. Eyi yɛ anammɔn biako a wɔfa so yɛ opsonization. Eyi yɛ ahobammɔ afiri a wɔde wo yɛn nipadua no.
• Adaptive immune response: Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no hu antigen ahorow a efi mmoawa, mmoawa, anaa ntua afoforo a wopira a wɔadi kan ahu mu. Te sɛ ɔpon ne safe no, eyinom bom yɛ antigen-antibody complex . Afei protein ahorow a ɛka ho no kyekyere saa ade a ɛyɛ den yi na ɛde opsonin pii kata ɔyare mmoawa anaa nkwammoaa no so. Eyi yɛ biribi a yɛn nipadua sua bere a bere kɔ so no.
• ‘Di me’ nsɛnkyerɛnne: Sɛ nkwammoaa no sɛe anaasɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ebewuwu a, ɛde nsɛnkyerɛnne kɔ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no nkyɛn ma ‘ɛsɛe me.’ Opsonins hu saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi na ɛkyekyere wɔn.

Anamɔn ahorow bi wɔ saa nneɛma yi mu biara mu, na ne nyinaa bom ma yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no yɛ adwuma.

Dɛn nti na opsonization ho hia?

Wunim, ɔyare mmoawa yɛ anifere paa. Esiane sɛ ehia sɛ wɔtra ase nti, wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhintaw yɛn nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa no anaasɛ wɔbɛkwati. Ɛno ne bere a opsonization nhyehyɛe no bɛyɛ nea ɛho hia yiye. Ɛboa phagocyte nkwammoaa ma wohu ɔyare mmoawa a ahintaw no ntɛm, ɛbata ho, na awiei koraa no wɔsɛe no.

Saa ara na yɛn ankasa nkwammoaa de opsonization di dwuma de ka kyerɛ nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no sɛ, ‘Manya ɔyare no,’ ‘Masɛe,’ anaa ‘Mɛwu.’ Sɛ nipadua no nya saa sɛnkyerɛnne yi a, enim sɛ ebeyi saa nkwammoaa no afi hɔ.

Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, opsonization te sɛ nkitahodi nhyehyɛe a ɛho hia a ɛma yɛn nipadua nya apɔwmuden. Sɛ ɛnyɛ ɛno a, anka ɛbɛyɛ den sɛ yɛn nipadua mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no bɛyɛ adwuma yiye.

So ɔhaw ahorow a ɛfa opsonization ho betumi de yare aba?

Yiw, koraa. Phagocytosis betumi asɛe esiane awosu mu nyarewa ahorow bi , sɛnea wɔyɛ wɔn ade wɔ nnuru bi ho, anaa nneɛma afoforo nti. AbasobɔNneɛma a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma yiye ne nyarewa afoforo a ɛma nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa betumi asakra ɔkwan a yɛn nipadua fa so hu nea epira ne nea epira. Wo de susuw eyi ho hwɛ:

• Ebia wo phagocyte nkwammoaa no rentumi nsɛe nneɛma a epira te sɛ nkwammoaa a asɛe, mmoawa, ne mmoawa. Afei saa nneɛma a epira yi betumi aboaboa ano wɔ nipadua no mu na ɛde nyarewa aba.
• Sɛ ɛnte saa a, wo phagocyte nkwammoaa no betumi afi ase asɛe nneɛma a ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔsɛe no, te sɛ nkwammoaa a ɛte apɔw. Ɛte sɛ w’ankasa w’asraafo a wɔreto ahyɛ wɔn ho so.

Ɛmfa ho sɛnea ɔhaw no te biara no, ebetumi ama obi anya ɔyare a nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa , te sɛ lupus , anaa ntini mu nyarewa te sɛ Alzheimer . Ebia wubenya nyarewa pii nso anaasɛ asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ wubenya kokoram no ayɛ kɛse.

So wobetumi de opsonization adi dwuma de asa nyarewa?

Eyi yɛ asɛmmisa a eye paa. Aduruyɛ ho abenfo reyɛ nhwehwɛmu dedaw wɔ akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so de saa opsonization kwan yi adi dwuma de asa nyarewa. Wɔn anidaso ne sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so aboa yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no denam nneɛma a epira a wɔde opsonize anaasɛ wobesiw nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden ano sɛ wɔrennya opson no so. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi betumi aboa ma wɔayɛ nyarewa te sɛ:

• Kokoram: Ebetumi ‘ahyɛ’ kokoram nkwammoaa agyirae na aboa nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa no ma asɛe wɔn.
• Nyarewa a wɔde yare mmoawa ba: Ɔkwan yi betumi ayɛ nea mfaso wɔ so titiriw wɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi a wɔde ko tia no mu.
• Autoimmune disorders: Wɔbɔ mmɔden sɛ wobesiw nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden no kwan na ‘wɔnhyɛ agyirae’ na ɛtew tumi a nipadua no tumi sɛe ne ho no so.

Ɛnyɛ ɛno nko, na mmom nhwehwɛmufo de opsonization kwan no nso redi dwuma de asɔ sɛnea nnuru a wɔde bɔ nkurɔfo ho ban ne nnuru a wɔde ko tia nyarewa no yɛ adwuma yiye no ahwɛ. Wɔfrɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow yi opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPKA) . Enti eyi yɛ nhwehwɛmu beae a ɛhyɛ bɔ kɛse.

Nneɛma kakraa bi a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛkae tiawa

Okay, enti yɛaka opsonization ho asɛm pii, ɛnte saa? Ɛyɛ yɛn nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa no fã a ɛho hia yiye. Ɛte sɛ nea yɛreyɛ kwan a ɛda nneɛma a epira a ɛwɔ yɛn nipadua mu ne nkwammoaa a ɛsɛe no ntam.

So wokae sɛnea mekae sɛ nnuan a ahoɔden wom a mmofra mpɛ mpo sɛ wode nneɛma a ɛyɛ dɛ kakra ka ho a, ɛda adi sɛ wobedi? Ɛno ne nea opsonization kyerɛ. Ɛma saa phagocytes no tumi yɛ saaƐnyɛ sɛ ɛma ‘aduan’ no yɛ dɛ nko na nkwammoaa no, na mmom ɛma wonya ‘kyɛnsee’ a wɔde bɛfa so. Afei wobetumi akɔ hɔ tẽẽ na wɔadi!

Enti, opsonization te sɛ ɔbran a ɔyɛ komm a ɔboa ma yɛn nipadua nya apɔwmuden na wɔbɔ ho ban fi nyarewa ho. Ɛyɛ esiane sɛ saa adeyɛ yi rekɔ so yiye nti na yɛnyare mmere dodow no ara. Enti, so ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata sɛ yehu nneɛma a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛkɔ so wɔ yɛn nipadua mu yi kakra? Mewɔ anidaso sɛ saa nimdeɛ yi bɛboa wo ne w’abusua ma moanya apɔwmuden.

` Nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa, opsonization, phagocytosis, mmoawa, nkwammoaa, nipadua mu nkwammoaa a ɛko tia nyarewa, ahobammɔ nhyehyɛe