Nukae nye DNA, Domenyiŋusẽfianu & Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya? Mina míaƒo nu bɔbɔe!

Èbu nusi na nèle alea ŋu kpɔa? Aleke wokpɔa wò ɖa ƒe amadede, ŋku ƒe amadede, wò kɔkɔme, wò ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔme, esiawo katã? Ŋuɖoɖoa le nu siawo siwo ŋu míaƒo nu tsoe egbea, DNA , domenyiŋusẽfianu, kple domenyiŋusẽfianu . Togbɔ be woate ŋu aɖi dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyagbɔgblɔ aɖewo vie hã la, esiawo gɔme sese le bɔbɔe ŋutɔ. Na míalé ŋku ɖe eŋu.

Nukae nye DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)? Kpuie ko la...

Bu wò ŋutilã bliboa be enye nufiamegbalẽ gã aɖe. Agbalẽ ma gblɔ ale si wòle be wò ŋutilã ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe nawɔ dɔ, ale si wòle be nàdze, kple ale si wòle be nàdze. Woyɔa mɔfiame ma be `DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).` Ele lãmenugbagbevi ɖesiaɖe me le wò ŋutilã me. Kpuie ko la, DNA ye nye amesi nènye ƒe nɔnɔmetata.

Nukae wotsɔ wɔ DNA?

DNA hã ƒe gbegbɔgblɔ le esi wòatsɔ aŋlɔ nufiamegbalẽ sia. Ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ene le gbe ma me. Woawoe nye:

• Adenine (A) .
• Cytosine (Cytosine – C) ƒe lãmenugbagbevi .
• Thiamine (Timin – T) .
• Guanine (Guanine – G) ƒe ƒomevi .

Atike ene siawoe nye nusiwo wɔ “nya” siwo le wò mɔfiamegbalẽa me, siwo woɖo ɖe ɖoɖo aɖe nu. Abe alesi woƒoa míaƒe Sinhalagbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo nu ƒu tsɔ wɔa nyawo ene. Bu eŋu kpɔ be, gɔmeɖoanyi siawo ade biliɔn 3 ye le amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã me! Wo dometɔ 99% sɔ na ame ɖesiaɖe. 1% ma si susɔ lae na nèto vovo tso ame bubuwo gbɔ, wò ŋutɔ wò ame tɔxɛ. Ðe mewɔ nuku oa?

DNA le eɖokui ƒe kɔpi wɔm ɣesiaɣi. Eyae nye be ewɔa wò ŋutilã ƒe mɔfiamegbalẽa ƒe kɔpiwo, abe kɔpi siwo woŋlɔ kple asi ene. Ezãa nya siwo wowɔ to gɔmeɖoanyi mawo ƒoƒo ƒu me.

Eyata nukae nye domenyiŋusẽfianuwo?

Le nyateƒe me la, domenyiŋusẽfianuwo le abe wò ŋutilã ƒe xɔtunuwo ene . Domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖewo naa mɔfiamewo le protein wɔwɔ ŋu. Protein ƒe dɔwɔwɔe nye be wòana wò ŋutilã nanya ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔme siwo nèdi be wòanɔ ye si. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nuwo abe wò ɖa ƒe amadede kple wò ŋku ƒe amadede ene. Domenyiŋusẽfianu aɖewo ŋlɔa nane si woyɔna be `RNA (Ribonucleic acid),` si wɔa dɔ bubuwo.

Aleke míewɔna kpɔa domenyiŋusẽfianuwo?

Màte ŋu aƒle domenyiŋusẽfianu siawo le domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe fiase me o. Èxɔa wo tso dawò kple fofowò gbɔ. Ne míagblɔe tututu la, èxɔa wò domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe kɔpi ɖeka tso dawò ƒe azi me eye ɖeka tso fofowò ƒe tsinyenye me . Ne domenyiŋusẽfianu eve va su asiwò ko la, domenyiŋusẽfianu mawo ma, wɔa wo ɖokui ƒe kɔpiwo, eye wowɔa dɔ vaseɖe esime woayɔ wò mɔfiamegbalẽ bliboa me. Bu eŋu kpɔ, domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo ade 20,000 va ɖo 25,000 ye le wò ŋutilã me!

Azɔ na míakpɔ nusiwo nye domenyiŋusẽfianuwo ɖa.

Chromosomes nye nusiwo le abe ka ene. Wole lãmenugbagbeviwo titina, le nucleus me. DNA kple proteinwo le domenyiŋusẽfianuwo me. Woƒe lolome le vovovo. Wonye protein tɔxɛ siwo woyɔna be `Histones` siwo nana woƒoa ƒu eye wo dome didi le nucleus la me. Bu eŋu kpɔ ko, ne menye histone mawo o la, anye ne míaƒe domenyiŋusẽfianuwo akɔ abe míawo ke ene! Chromosomes nye mɔfiame siwo tututu wò lãmenugbagbeviwo xɔna siwo nana nèle etɔxɛ eye nèle etɔxɛ.

Dzɔdzɔmenugbagbevi nenie le amegbetɔwo si?

Zi geɖe la, ele be domenyiŋusẽfianu eve 23 nanɔ ame si le lãmesẽ me si (wo katã ƒe xexlẽme nye 46). Woma domenyiŋusẽfianu siawo ɖe eve 22 siwo ŋu xexlẽdzesi le (siwo woyɔna be `autosomes`) kple gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe domenyiŋusẽfianu eve (siwo nye `X` kple `Y` domenyiŋusẽfianu). Èxɔa eve ɖeka tso dawò gbɔ eye ɖeka tso fofowò gbɔ.

Gake ƒã ŋutɔ be vodadawo ate ŋu adzɔ ne lãmenugbagbeviwo ma hewɔ eƒe kɔpiwo. Ne esia dzɔ la, ame aɖewo ateŋu akpɔ domenyiŋusẽfianu bubu le eve me (nɔnɔme si woyɔna be `Trisomy`) alo domenyiŋusẽfianu ɖeka le eve me ateŋu abu (nɔnɔme si woyɔna be `Monosomy`).

Kadodo kae le DNA, domenyiŋusẽfianu, kple domenyiŋusẽfianu dome? Aleke wowɔa dɔe?

Nu etɔ̃ siawo - DNA, domenyiŋusẽfianu, kple domenyiŋusẽfianu - va ƒoa ƒu eye wowɔa dɔ ɖekae tsɔ wɔa ame si nènye.

• Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununyae nye nusiwo tsɔa DNA yia lãmenugbagbeviwo me.
• DNA ƒe dɔe nye be wòatu wò amegbetɔ ƒe wɔwɔme ɖo ahalé be nɛ.
• Domenyiŋusẽfianu nye wò DNA ƒe akpa aɖewo siwo naa wò ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔme tɔxɛwo wò eye wònana nètoa vovo tso ame bubuwo gbɔ.

Kpuie ko la, ne nusiawo katã va ƒo ƒu la, wò ŋutilã xɔa mɔfiame blibo siwo afia alesi wòle be wò lãmenugbagbeviwo nawɔ nui.

Afikae DNA le? Aleke wòdzenae?

DNA le lãmenugbagbevi ɖesiaɖe me le wò ŋutilã me. Eƒe akpa gãtɔ le lãmenugbagbevi ɖesiaɖe ƒe nucleus (titina) me. DNA aɖewo hã le mitochondria (lãmenugbagbevi sue siwo le lãmenugbagbeviwo me siwo naa ŋusẽ) me.

Le DNA ƒe dzedzeme gome la, atike ene siwo ŋu míeƒo nu tsoe va yi ye wɔe: adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), kple guanine (G). Gɔmeɖoanyi eve siawo va kpena ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu eveveve; A wɔa eve kple T ɣesiaɣi, eye C wɔa eve ɣesiaɣi kple G. Gɔmeɖoanyi eve siawo, kpakple sukli molecule kple phosphate molecule (si woyɔna be `nucleotide`), wɔa nɔnɔme si le abe atrakpui si le tsatsam ene (si woyɔna hã be `double helix`). Gɔmeɖoanyi eveawo le abe atrakpui ƒe afɔtiwo ene, eye sukli kple phosphate le abe asiléƒe ene.

Aleke domenyiŋusẽfianuwo le?

Dɔlékuiwutikewo ƒe wɔwɔme le abe ka ene. Chromosomal proteins (`histones` siwo míeyɔ va yi) xatsa ɖe DNA ŋu, abe ka si xatsa ɖe ka ƒe ʋuƒo ŋu ene, si ƒoa DNA la ɖe akpa suewo me be wòanɔ lãmenugbagbeviwo me. Bu eŋu kpɔ, ne domenyiŋusẽfianuawo mexatsa ɖe DNA ŋu nenema o la, ke wò DNA didi abe afɔ 6 ene tso eƒe nuwuwu vaseɖe eƒe nuwuwu!

Nukae Nye Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe Nɔnɔmewo?

Domenyiŋusẽfianu nye dɔléle si domenyiŋusẽfianu si mesɔ o hena vɛ. Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ nye domenyiŋusẽfianu si womewɔna ƒe kɔpi nyuie le lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe mama me o. Eyae nye be eƒe ɖoɖo alo eƒe nɔnɔme to vovo na domenyiŋusẽfianu bubu siwo le ŋutilãa me. Ne domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ aɖe le ŋuwò la, ɖewohĩ wò ŋutilã mate ŋu atsi ahawɔ dɔ nyuie o.

Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, àte ŋu anyi domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ sia ƒe dome tso dziwòlawo gbɔ. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, àte ŋu atu domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ le wò ŋutilã me le vome hã, eye wò ƒomea me tɔ aɖeke mekpɔ tɔtrɔ alo domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nɔnɔmea do ŋgɔ o. Domenyiŋusẽfianu akpe geɖe li siwo le abe esia ene.

Aleke domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔwo dzɔnae?

Domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔwo dzɔna ne wò lãmenugbagbeviwo ma eye wowɔ lãmenugbagbevi yeyewo. Ne lãmenugbagbeviwo ma la, wole abe wò ŋutilã ƒe mɔfiamegbalẽa ƒe akpa gbãtɔ si nètsɔ asi ŋlɔe ene. Vodada geɖe li le ɖoɖo sia me. Ðeko wòle abe ɖe nèdzo le axa alo ta aɖe dzi ne èle agbalẽ aɖe xlẽm ene. Ne èwɔ vodada (domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ) la, wò mɔfiamegbalẽa ate ŋu ana mɔfiame siwo mesɔ o wò ŋutilã. Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ metrɔa alesi wò ŋutilã wɔa dɔe o. Gake ɣeaɖewoɣi la, domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe tɔtrɔ ate ŋu axe mɔ na wò be màgawɔ dɔ nyuie o. Nusianu nɔ te ɖe nusi ƒomevi domenyiŋusẽfianu ma le kɔpi wɔm dzi.

Ðe dodokpɔ aɖewo li siwo ate ŋu alé ŋku ɖe nye domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe lãmesẽ ŋua?

Ẽ, domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dodokpɔ geɖe li. Amesiawo zãa wò ʋu, ŋutigbalẽ, taɖa, alo ne èfɔ fu la, vidzidɔ me tsi ƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖe. Dodokpɔ siawo ate ŋu ade dzesi tɔtrɔ siwo va le wò domenyiŋusẽfianu, domenyiŋusẽfianu, alo protein me. Dodokpɔ siawo ate ŋu ade dzesi domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe nɔnɔme aɖewo koŋ kple domenyiŋusẽfianu siwo trɔ. Azɔ hã, ne èle mɔ kpɔm be yeadzi vi la, dodokpɔ siawo ate ŋu akpe ɖe ŋuwò nànya afɔku si le vi si ŋu domenyiŋusẽfianu ƒe dɔléle aɖe le dzidzi me.

Aleke mawɔ ana nye DNA ƒe lãmesẽ nanyo ɖe edzi?

Be wò DNA ƒe lãmesẽ nanyo ɖe edzi la, ele be nàlé be na wò ŋutilã nyuie. Elabena wò DNA ye kpɔa alesi nètsina hewɔa dɔe dzi. Àte ŋu ana wò lãmesẽ bliboa nanyo ɖe edzi to:

• Ƒo nuɖuɖu si da sɔ nyuie .
• Kamedede.
• Lé lolo si sɔ me ɖe asi.
• Ƒo asa na atamanono kple atamanuwo zazã.

Nukae nye Homologous Chromosome?

Homologous chromosome nye domenyiŋusẽfianu eve, ɖeka tso vidada gbɔ eye ɖeka tso fofo gbɔ. Ele be domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakaka ɖeka nanɔ wo ame evea siaa si, le teƒe ɖeka. Dzɔdzɔmenugbagbeviwo hã ate ŋu anye esiwo mesɔ o. Esia fia be domenyiŋusẽfianu ŋuti nyatakaka siwo le wo me la to vovo, alo wole teƒe vovovowo.

Mlɔeba la, nusi dzi nàɖo ŋkui (Take-Home Message) .

Wò DNA, domenyiŋusẽfianu, kple domenyiŋusẽfianu nye akpa vevitɔ kekeake siwo na nènye amesi nènye la dometɔ aɖewo. Togbɔ be wole sue akpa be woate ŋu akpɔ wo kple ŋku dzro hã la, akpa si wowɔna la wɔ nuku eye wòlolo ŋutɔ. Eyata, wò ŋutɔ gbɔwòe wòtso be nàdze agbe nyui nɔnɔ dzi eye nàna wò DNA, domenyiŋusẽfianu, kple domenyiŋusẽfianuwo nawɔ dɔ nyuie. Ne èlɔ̃ ɖokuiwò la, bu xɔlɔ̃ sue siawo siwo le wò ŋutilã me ŋu. Ne woƒe lãme sẽ ko hafi nàte ŋu ahaya.