Anaphylaxis: A severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening

Imagine that you ate some cashews at a party with friends, or you ate rice with a delicious shrimp stew. But after a while, your whole body starts to itch, your face swells, and you have difficulty breathing. This is not something that usually happens when a food is spicy. This can be a much more serious, even life-threatening , allergic reaction. Today we are talking about this dangerous, but if you are aware, controllable, condition called anaphylaxis .

Simply put, what is anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe, and sometimes life-threatening allergic reaction. It occurs when our body's defense system, the immune system , overreacts to something that is not actually harmful (such as a food or an insect sting).

Simply put, our immune system mistakes a harmless substance for a "big enemy." As a result, the body produces a special protein (antibody) called `Immunoglobulin E` or `(IgE)`. When you are exposed to the allergen again, this `(IgE)` binds to it, causing the body to release a large number of chemicals . One of the main ones is `histamines` . This histamine is responsible for many of the severe symptoms of anaphylaxis. This reaction causes swelling , a sudden drop in blood pressure , and widening of blood vessels. If this condition is not managed properly, the patient can go into anaphylactic shock and even die.

What are the symptoms of this? How do you recognize it?

Symptoms of anaphylaxis usually begin within minutes of exposure to the allergen, although sometimes it can take an hour or two.

• Initial symptoms: It may start with severe itching of the eyes or face. Some people may start itching their entire body.
• Skin changes: Red, swollen, itchy welts (hives) appear on the skin. Sometimes, a large swelling called ``Angioedema`` can be seen.
• Difficulty breathing: This is the most dangerous symptom. It can cause a feeling of tightness in the throat , difficulty swallowing, and difficulty breathing . There may be chest tightness or wheezing.
• Digestive system problems: Severe stomach cramps, vomiting, nausea, and diarrhea may occur.
• Effects on the heart and circulation: Increased heart rate, feeling dizzy, sudden weakness, and even loss of consciousness due to a drop in blood pressure.

What are the main causes of anaphylaxis?

There are several things that can cause this severe condition. Some people may be allergic to one of these, while others may be allergic to several.

Other reactions that resemble anaphylaxis (Anaphylactoid Reactions)

Sometimes, reactions similar to anaphylaxis can occur, and they are also serious. However, these are not caused by the `(IgE)` antibody. These can be caused by:

• Iodine-containing dyes used in tests such as X-rays.
• Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
• Some strong painkillers (Opioid medications).
• Blood transfusions.

Treatment that can save a life!

The most important thing we all need to understand here is that anaphylaxis is a medical emergency. It is not a good idea to try to treat it at home.

The only immediate treatment for this is an injection of epinephrine (adrenaline). Once this injection is given, symptoms begin to subside.

Usually, for those at risk, a doctor will prescribe a device called an ``auto-injector.'' This is a pen-like device. In an emergency , you can inject yourself with this injection by pressing it against the back of your thigh.

After the injection, even if your symptoms subside, it is imperative to go to the nearest hospital's Emergency Department (ETU) immediately. This is because a second reaction can occur a few hours later. At the hospital, you will be given additional treatment (IV fluids, antihistamines, steroids) and observation.

How am I prepared for this?

If you have severe allergies, it's best not to panic and be smart and prepared.

1. See your doctor: Talk to your doctor about your allergies and find out if you are at risk for anaphylaxis. If so, he or she will prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector.

2. Always keep the vaccine with you: If you have been prescribed an auto-injector, always carry two with you wherever you go. If you use one, you may need the other.

3. Avoid triggers: If you know what you're allergic to, stay away from those things as much as possible. When buying food at the store, ask about the ingredients.

4. Tell others: Tell your family, close friends, and officemates about your allergy and how to use the auto-injector in case of an emergency.

5. Wear a medical ID: Wearing a medical alert bracelet, pendant, or card in your wallet that mentions your allergy could help save your life in an emergency.

Although anaphylaxis is something to be afraid of, if we are properly informed about it and take the necessary steps, we can manage that risk well.