Bari mu koyi game da gwajin PCR a sauƙaƙe, kamar daga aboki!

Za ku iya tuna cewa a lokacin annobar Covid-19, duk mun yi magana game da gwajin PCR . Wasu mutane sun ɗan tsorata, suna tunanin sandar da aka saka a hanci? Amma menene ainihin wannan gwajin PCR? Shin zai iya gano Covid-19 ne kawai? A'a, PCR hanya ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci ta gwaji a fannin likitanci wadda ke taimakawa da abubuwa da yawa. Bari mu yi magana game da duk wannan a yau, a sauƙaƙe kuma a bayyane, kamar muna magana da aboki nagari.

Menene PCR? Za ku iya bayyana shi kaɗan?

A taƙaice dai, PCR gajeriyar hanya ce ta Polymerase Chain Reaction . Ana amfani da ita ne don gano kwayoyin halitta a jikinmu, ko dai DNA ko RNA . Ka yi tunanin ƙaramin samfurin da aka ɗauka daga gare ka, zai iya zama digo na jini, ko kuma swab daga cikin hancinka. An ɗauki wannan ƙaramin yanki na DNA ko RNA a cikin wannan samfurin kuma ana yin kwafi miliyoyi, wataƙila biliyoyin, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan shine abin da masana kimiyya ke kira ƙara girma , wanda ke nufin "ƙaruwa" ko "ninka." Kamar yin kwafi da yawa na takarda ɗaya da na'urar daukar hoto.

Ta hanyar yin kwafi da yawa kamar haka, yana zama da sauƙi ga masana kimiyya su yi nazarin DNA ko RNA a cikin ƙaramin samfurin asali su ga ko akwai wani abu na musamman a ciki. PCR na cikin rukunin gwaje-gwajen da ake kira Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) .

Duk da cewa mutane da yawa sun ji kalmar PCR dangane da gwajin Covid-19, an daɗe ana amfani da wannan fasaha a fannin likitanci kuma hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani.

Menene za a iya gano ta hanyar PCR?

Yanzu bari mu ga irin abubuwan da wannan gwajin PCR zai iya ganowa. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa don COVID-19 ne kawai. Amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Duba:

• Cututtuka masu yaduwa: PCR zai iya taimakawa wajen tantance ko zazzabi, mura, ko tari da kake da shi ya samo asali ne daga ƙwayar cuta , ƙwayoyin cuta , fungi , ko ƙwayoyin cuta . Misali:
• Kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 da ke haifar da COVID-19 (COVID-19) .
• Mura , shine abin da muke kira mura.
• Kwayar cutar numfashi ta Syncytial (RSV), wadda ta fi yawa a jarirai ƙanana.
• Kwayoyin cuta da ke haifar da tarin fuka.
• Yawancin sauran cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta.
• Cututtukan gado: Wasu mutane suna da cututtukan gado da ake gado, ko ba haka ba? Cututtuka kamar haka, misali , Cystic Fibrosis.Ana kuma amfani da wannan PCR don gano cututtuka kamar Huntington's Disease da Fragile X Syndrome . Waɗannan yanayi ne masu rikitarwa, don haka gano cutar da wuri yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga magani.
• Nau'in ciwon daji: Wannan hanyar kuma tana taimakawa wajen gano wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, kamar lymphoma .
• Canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta a cikin cutar kansa: Lokacin da ake yi wa mutumin da ke fama da cutar kansa magani, wannan gwajin PCR zai iya gano takamaiman bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halitta/maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Wannan zai ba da damar amfani da maganin da aka yi niyya don magance waɗannan canje-canje na musamman. Wannan babban ci gaba ne a fannin maganin cutar kansa.
• Haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a nan gaba: Mutanen da ke da wasu canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta na iya fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cututtuka masu tsanani kamar ciwon daji a nan gaba. Ana kuma amfani da wannan PCR don gwajin kwayoyin halitta don haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa . Wannan yana ba ku damar sanin gaba da kuma yin canje-canje a salon rayuwa idan ya cancanta, ko kuma ku kasance a faɗake ta hanyar yin gwaji akai-akai.
• Gwajin Kafin Haihuwa: PCR yana da amfani a gwaje-gwajen da ake yi don ganin ko jaririn da ke cikin mace mai ciki yana da wata cuta ta kwayoyin halitta.

Ba wai kawai wannan ba, wataƙila ka gan shi a fina-finai, inda ake ɗaukar shaidar DNA, kamar ƙaramin gashi ko tabon jini da aka samu a wurin aikata laifi, ana amfani da shi don gano mai laifin. Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na bincike kuma suna amfani da wannan fasahar PCR don ƙara yawan DNA da gudanar da gwaje-gwaje.

Wadanne gwaje-gwaje da hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen amfani da fasahar PCR?

Ana amfani da fasahar PCR a hanyoyi daban-daban na gwaji. Nau'in gwajin da kake buƙatar ɗauka zai dogara ne akan abin da kake gwadawa. Ga wasu misalai:

• Gwajin jini: Ana ɗaukar samfurin jini kuma ana amfani da PCR don gano canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta da wasu cututtuka masu yaɗuwa.
• Swab na Nasopharyngeal: Ana iya amfani da samfurin majina da aka ɗauka daga cikin hanci ko makogwaro don gwada cututtukan numfashi kamar mura (mura), COVID-19, da RSV. Wannan shine abin da muka fuskanta a lokacin COVID.
• Gano Kwayoyin Halitta Kafin A Dasa (PGD) ko Binciken Kwayoyin Halitta Kafin A Dasa (PGS): A lokacin aikin In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) , ana ɗaukar wasu ƙwayoyin halitta daga cikin tayin kuma a gwada su don gano yanayin kwayoyin halitta kafin a dasa su a cikin mahaifar uwa. Yawanci ana yin hakan ne kwanaki kaɗan bayan an ɗauko ƙwai.
• Tsarin Amniocentesis:A lokacin daukar ciki, ana iya amfani da ƙaramin adadin ruwan amniotic da ke kewaye da jaririn a cikin mahaifar uwa don gwada yanayin kwayar halittar jaririn ta amfani da PCR. Wannan gwaji ne da likita ƙwararre ya yi.
• Biopsy: Domin gano sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa (gwajin ƙwayoyin halitta), ana ɗaukar ƙaramin samfurin ƙari (biopsy na ƙari) ko biopsy na ƙashi. Wannan kamar ƙaramin tiyata ne. Daga nan ana amfani da samfurin don yin PCR don neman canje-canjen kwayoyin halitta.

Ta yaya kuke shiryawa don wannan gwajin?

A mafi yawan lokuta, ba a buƙatar shiri na musamman don gwajin PCR. Duk da haka, ya dogara ne akan abin da kuke gwadawa da kuma hanyar da ake amfani da ita don ɗaukar samfurin. Misali, wasu gwaje-gwajen jini na iya buƙatar ku yi azumi na 'yan awanni kafin. Don haka, ya fi kyau ku tambayi likitan ku ko wurin gwajin idan akwai wani abu na musamman da kuke buƙatar yi.

Ta yaya PCR ke aiki? Kimiyya kaɗan ce!

Wannan ɗan labarin kimiyya ne, amma bari in yi bayani a sauƙaƙe. Abin da PCR ke yi shi ne gano jerin da ke da takamaiman DNA da kake son nema, wato, takamaimansa. Wannan jerin na iya zama takamaiman canjin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwon daji, ko kuma yana iya zama lambar kwayoyin halitta ta ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan ana kiransa da DNA mai manufa .

Sunan "Polymerase Chain Reaction" yana nufin tsarin da ake yin kwafin DNA mai yawa (ƙara girmansa) a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wannan tsari yana amfani da enzyme da ake kira DNA polymerase . Wannan enzyme yana yin kwafin DNA mai manufa, idan yana cikin samfurin.

Wannan "haɗarin sarka" yana faruwa ne lokacin da wani abu ya shiga cikin da'irori da yawa na dumama da sanyaya. A cikin da'ira ɗaya, adadin DNA zai iya ninkawa. Ka yi tunanin shi a matsayin ɗaya zuwa biyu, biyu zuwa huɗu, huɗu zuwa takwas... da sauransu, daga ƙarshe yana yin miliyoyin kwafi. Fa'idar wannan ita ce PCR na iya gano ko da ƙananan adadin DNA ko RNA waɗanda wasu gwaje-gwaje ba za su iya rasa su ba.

Sau da yawa, bayan an gama PCR, masana kimiyya suna yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don nazarin DNA ɗin da aka ƙara. Amma wani lokacin, ana ƙara lakabi na musamman ga maganin yayin aikin PCR, wanda zai iya gano ko samfurin yana da kyau ko mara kyau. Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar don samun sakamako cikin sauri, musamman lokacin neman kamuwa da cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta.

Wadanne nau'ikan PCR ne akwai?

Akwai nau'ikan PCR daban-daban. Wasu suna buƙatar ƙarin matakai don kwafi ko nazarin DNA. Bari mu kalli manyan nau'ikan guda biyu:

1. PCR na Juyawa-Transcriptase (RT-PCR)

Ka yi tunanin cewa bayanan kwayoyin halitta da muke son kwafi da bincike ba su cikin DNA ba, amma a cikin RNA. (Misali, kwayar cutar Covid-19 tana da RNA). Sannan, a cikin wannan RT-PCR , abin da ake yi shi ne cewa RNA da farko ana canza shi zuwa DNA ta amfani da enzyme na musamman (reverse transcriptase). DNA da aka samar ana kiransa complementary DNA (cDNA) . Bayan haka, tsarin PCR na yau da kullun da aka ambata a baya ana yin sa. Domin, ana iya yin PCR na yau da kullun ne kawai akan DNA.

2. PCR na ainihin lokaci / Adadi (Q-PCR)

Abin da ke faruwa a cikin wannan shi ne yayin da ake yin kwafin DNA, ana ƙara lakabi na musamman mai haske a ciki. Waɗannan lakabin suna fitar da haske lokacin da suka haɗu da DNA ɗin da aka yi niyya. Sannan, ba tare da ƙarin gwaji ba, waɗanda ke yin gwajin za su iya gani a ainihin lokacin ko DNA ɗin da ya dace yana cikin samfurin. Ba wai kawai haka ba, za su iya samun ra'ayi na adadi na nawa yake.

Abin da ke da rikitarwa shi ne, wasu mutane ma suna kiran wannan "RT-PCR". Amma ba iri ɗaya ba ne da Reverse-Transcriptase PCR da aka ambata a baya. Haka kuma, wannan hanyar Real-time PCR za a iya amfani da ita tare da Reverse-Transcriptase PCR da aka ambata a baya. Sannan ana kiranta Real-time RT-PCR (real-time RT-PCR) . Wannan hanyar RT-PCR ta ainihin lokaci ana amfani da ita don gwajin hanci don gano ƙwayoyin cuta na RNA kamar Covid-19 da mura.

Me sakamakon gwajin PCR ya gaya mana?

Idan ka sami sakamakon gwajin PCR, kalmomin na iya ɗan bambanta, ya danganta da abin da aka gwada maka.

• Gabaɗaya, idan sakamakon bincikenku ya ce "an gano" ko "an riga an gano," yana nufin cewa kuna da sauye-sauyen kwayoyin halitta ko kamuwa da cuta da gwajin ya nema.
• Idan sakamakon ya ce "ba a gano ba," yana nufin cewa gwajin bai sami damar gano DNA ko RNA da ake gwadawa ba. Duk da haka, idan akwai kamuwa da cuta, wannan wani lokacin yana nufin cewa an gwada ku da wuri a lokacin kamuwa da cuta. Har yanzu kuna iya kamuwa da cutar, amma ƙila ba za a sami isasshen ƙwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta da PCR za ta iya gano su a lokacin ba.

Yaya ake fassara sakamakon PCR na Covid-19?

Wannan wani abu ne da mutane da yawa suka saba da shi a yanzu.

• Sakamakon gwajin COVID PCR mai inganci - ma'ana rahotonka ya ce "An Gano" - yana nufin wataƙila ka kamu da COVID-19 , ko kuma ka warke kwanan nan daga COVID-19 (wani lokacin PCR na iya ci gaba da kasancewa mai kyau na ɗan lokaci bayan warkewa).
• Idan ka sami sakamakon COVID PCR mara kyau ("Ba a Gano ba"), yana nufin cewa wataƙila ba ka da COVID-19 lokacin da ka yi amfani da maganin hana hanci. Duk da haka, kamar yadda na ambata a baya, wani lokacin, da wuri a cikin kamuwa da cuta, musamman idan ba ka da alamun cutar, gwajin PCR na iya zama mara kyau. Don haka idan kana da alamun cutar, likitanka zai iya ba ka shawara ka sake yin gwajin cikin 'yan kwanaki.

Tsawon wane lokaci ake ɗauka kafin a sami sakamakon PCR?

Wannan kuma ya bambanta dangane da gwajin da ake yi.

• Gwaje-gwajen hanci don gano ƙwayoyin cuta kamar mura da COVID-19 yawanci suna ɗaukar 'yan awanni ko rana don samar da sakamako.
• Gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta da ke amfani da gwaje-gwajen jini da hanyoyin biopsy na iya ɗaukar mako ɗaya ko fiye kafin a sami sakamako saboda tsarin nazarin ya ɗan yi rikitarwa.

Yaushe kake buƙatar ganin likita?

Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi ko damuwa game da gwajin PCR ko sakamakonsa, ka tabbata ka yi magana da likitanka. Za su iya yi maka bayani game da komai.

Saƙo mafi mahimmanci da za a ɗauka gida

Duk da cewa kalmomin "gwajin PCR" sun shiga tattaunawarmu ta yau da kullun da annobar COVID-19 ta 2020, a zahiri fasaha ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci da likitoci ke amfani da ita tsawon shekaru da dama. PCR tana taimakawa wajen gano da kuma kwafi ƙananan adadin DNA ko RNA, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don gano cututtuka daban-daban na lafiya.

Duk da cewa wannan abu ne da likitoci suka saba yi, amma ba abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a gare ku ku yi gwaji ba. Mun fahimci hakan. Amma mafi kyawun abu shine cewa yana buƙatar ƙaramin samfurin jikin ku ne kawai, kuma aikin yawanci yana ɗaukar mintuna kaɗan. Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi, damuwa, ko shakku game da wannan, da fatan za ku yi magana da likitan ku. Za su yi muku bayani game da komai. Ku kasance cikin koshin lafiya!

Gwajin PCR, DNA, RNA, gwajin kwayoyin halitta, ganewar asali, Covid-19, kwayar cuta