Menene ELISA? Bari mu koyi game da wannan gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje cikin sauƙi!

Wataƙila ka ji kalmar 'ELISA' daga likita ko rahoton dakin gwaje-gwaje , ko ba haka ba? Ko kuma wataƙila sabuwar kalma ce. To, menene ELISA, menene take kallo, kuma ta yaya take aiki? Bari mu yi magana a kai a yau, kamar kana magana da aboki. Sannan za ka iya fahimtar wannan sosai.

Menene ELISA? Mai sauƙi ƙwarai!

A taƙaice dai, ELISA wata dabara ce ta musamman da ake amfani da ita a dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Tana aiki kamar mai binciken cututtuka. Tana neman wasu abubuwa a jikinmu, kamar su antibodies, antigens , proteins, da hormones , sannan tana auna yawan su da muke da su.

Ka yi tunanin, ana yin wannan gwajin ta hanyar ɗaukar samfurin jininka, plasma, fitsari, yau, ko ruwan cerebrospinal (CSF). Kalmomin 'ELISA' suna nufin 'enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay'. Wani lokaci ana kiransa gwajin EIA.

Masu bincike suna kiran wannan ELISA da matsayin zinare na gwajin rigakafi . Wato, hanya ce mai inganci kuma ingantacciya. Gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da wannan hanyar ELISA na iya taimakawa wajen gano cututtuka iri-iri , tun daga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta (misali, cutar Lyme, HIV) zuwa cututtukan da suka shafi hormones kamar cututtukan thyroid .

Shin kun san cewa har ma gwaje-gwajen ciki na gida an yi su ne bisa ga wannan hanyar ELISA? Suna neman kasancewar wani hormone mai suna human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , wanda kuma aka sani da 'hormone na ciki'.

To, menene waɗannan gwaje-gwajen immunoasys?

To, bari mu duba menene gwajin rigakafi. Waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ne da suka dogara da hulɗar da ke tsakanin antigens da antibodies a ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (wato, a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, ba a cikin jikinka ba).

Domin fahimtar wannan, yana da mahimmanci a fara fahimtar yadda antibodies da antigens ke aiki a jikinka. Antibodies abubuwa ne da ke samar da garkuwar jikinka. Suna ɗaurewa da abubuwan da ba su da kyau ga jikinka kuma suna taimaka masa ya kawar da su. Suna kama da sojojin tsaron ƙasarmu. AntibodiesAntigen wani nau'in alama ne da ƙwayoyin rigakafi za su iya gane shi. Waɗannan antigens galibi sunadaran ne ko sukari da ake samu a saman ƙwayoyin halitta ko ƙwayoyin cuta.

Ana iya samun antigens a saman abubuwa daban-daban , gami da:

• Ƙwayar cuta
• Bacteria
• Allergens - misali, allergens a cikin abinci, allergens a cikin iska
• Kwari
• Sunadaran
• Kwayoyin cutar kansa
• Kwayoyin halitta na yau da kullun a jikinka

Don haka, a cikin gwaje-gwajen rigakafi, masana kimiyya a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje suna amfani da antigens ko antibodies da suke da su don gwada kasancewar wani antigen ko antibody a cikin samfurin ruwa (misali, samfurin jini ) da aka ɗauka daga gare ku. Kun fahimta?

Gwaje-gwaje daban-daban ta amfani da hanyar ELISA na iya gano kasancewar takamaiman antigens da antibodies.

Menene hanyar ELISA ake amfani da ita?

Ana yin gwaje-gwajen lafiya daban-daban ta amfani da hanyar ELISA. Amma mafi mahimmanci shine rahoton dakin gwaje-gwajenku ba zai ambaci 'gwajin ELISA' ba. Dalilin shi ne cewa ELISA hanya ce kawai da ake amfani da ita a dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma akwai gwaje-gwaje marasa adadi da za a iya yi ta amfani da wannan hanyar. Kamar yadda ake amfani da hanyar shirya abinci, za ku iya shirya nau'ikan abinci daban-daban ta amfani da wannan hanyar.

Ɗaya daga cikin amfanin ELISA shine gano da auna ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Misali:

• Kwayoyin rigakafi masu kare kamuwa da cutar bakteriya, kwayar cuta, ko fungal: Misalan cututtukan bakteriya sun haɗa da cutar Lyme, brucellosis, da syphilis. Misalan cututtukan bakteriya sun haɗa da HIV da hepatitis A, B, da C. Misalin kamuwa da cutar fungal shine kamuwa da yisti (candida).
• Kwayoyin rigakafi na Autoantibodies: Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin rigakafi da tsarin garkuwar jikinku ke amfani da su don lalata ƙwayoyin halittarku. Yawancin cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtukan garkuwar jiki ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafi na autoantibodies. Misali shine ciwon suga na nau'in 1. A cikin wannan, saboda wani dalili da ba a sani ba, jikinku yana aika ƙwayoyin rigakafi na autoantibodies waɗanda ke lalata ƙwayoyin da ke samar da insulin a cikin pancreas ɗinku.

Sauran amfani da aka saba amfani da shi na hanyar ELISA sune:

• Gano da kimanta matakan hormones:Misalan sun haɗa da gonadotropin chorionic human (HCG), hormone mai motsa follicle (FSH), da testosterone.
• Kula da barkewar cututtuka a cikin al'umma: Misali, idan aka sami barkewar cutar chlamydia ko mura (muna kiranta 'mura').
• Gwajin jinin da aka bayar don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙwayoyin cuta: misali, HIV.
• Gano shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba tare da magani ba: Misali, duba ko kuna da amphetamines ko cocaine a cikin tsarin ku. Waɗannan gwaje-gwaje ne kawai na tantancewa.
• Gano da kuma tantance matakan alamun ciwon daji: Waɗannan duk wani abu ne a jikinka da ke ba da bayanai game da ciwon daji. Misali shine gwajin antigen na musamman na prostate (PSA) don ciwon daji na prostate.
• Gano ƙura da rashin lafiyar abinci.
• Duba ko an yi maka allurar riga-kafi kan wasu cututtuka: misali, ciwon makogwaro da rubella.

Ta yaya wannan hanyar ELISA take aiki? Abin mamaki ne!

To, yanzu bari mu kalli yadda wannan gwajin ELISA yake aiki. Akwai wasu ƙananan bambance-bambance dangane da ko yana neman ƙwayoyin rigakafi ne ko kuma ƙwayoyin rigakafi . Bari mu yi ƙoƙarin fahimtar wannan ta hanyar ɗaukar misali na neman ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Yawancin gwaje-gwajen ELISA ana yin su ta atomatik - wato, yawancin aikin ana yin su ne ta hanyar na'urori. Amma don fahimtar wannan hanyar, bari mu yi tunani game da gwajin da muke yi da hannu.

Ka yi tunanin ana yi maka gwajin HIV (ƙwayar cutar da ke rage garkuwar jiki ta ɗan adam) ta amfani da hanyar ELISA, kuma ka riga ka ba da samfurin jini. Da farko, masanin kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita ko ma'aikacin fasaha zai shafa wani ɓangare na ƙwayar cutar HIV (wannan shine abin da ke aiki a matsayin antigen) a kan bututun gwaji ko farantin filastik.

Sannan masanin kimiyya zai ƙara samfurin jininka a cikin bututun gwaji ko farantin. Idan samfurin jininka ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin rigakafi ga HIV, za su manne da wannan antigen (a wannan yanayin, ƙwayar cutar HIV). Idan samfurin jininka bai ƙunshi ƙwayoyin rigakafi na HIV ba, babu abin da zai faru.

Bayan haka, masanin kimiyyar ya ƙara wani antibody, wannan antibody na biyu ya 'gane' waɗannan antibody na HIV. Wato, wannan antibody na biyu yana ɗaure da duk wani antibody na HIV wanda a da ya taɓa haɗuwa da antigen. Wannan antibody na biyu yana da alaƙa da enzyme (wani abu da ke hanzarta amsawar sinadarai). Nan ne ɓangaren 'enzyme-linked' na ELISA ya fito.

A mataki na ƙarshe, masanin kimiyya ya ƙara wani abu da ke amsawa da enzyme.Wannan yana nufin cewa idan akwai ƙwayoyin rigakafi, sinadarin zai canza launi. A wata ma'anar, idan gwajin ya nuna cewa yana da kyau, za a sami canjin launi. Idan ba ku da ƙwayoyin rigakafi da ke yaƙi da wannan takamaiman ƙwayoyin rigakafi (a wannan yanayin, ƙwayar cutar HIV), ba za a sami canjin launi ba. Wannan an nuna shi a matsayin sakamako mara kyau.

Abu mafi muhimmanci shi ne cewa ƙarfin canjin launi, wato ƙarfin launin, ya yi daidai da adadin antibody. Don haka hanyar ELISA za ta iya gano ko antibody yana nan da kuma yawansa. Shin ba abin mamaki ba ne?

Menene sakamakon gwajin ELISA?

Sakamakon gwajin ELISA na iya bambanta dangane da abin da ake gwadawa da kuma dakin gwaje-gwajen da ya yi gwajin. Yawancin gwaje-gwajen ELISA suna ba da sakamako mai kyau ko mara kyau, amma wani lokacin sakamakon na iya zama mara inganci:

• Sakamako mai kyau: Sakamako mai kyau yana nufin cewa gwajin ya gano abin da yake nema (misali, antibody, hormone).
• Sakamakon da ba shi da kyau: Sakamakon da ba shi da kyau yana nufin cewa gwajin bai gano wani abu da ake nema ba.
• Sakamakon da ba shi da inganci: Sakamakon da bai dace ba yana nufin cewa wani abu ya faru ba daidai ba da gwajin. Wannan na iya zama matsala tare da tattara samfurin, jigilar kaya, ko gwaji. Idan haka ta faru, za ku buƙaci sake yin gwajin.

Duk da haka, likitanka zai yi maka bayani game da ma'anar sakamakon bincikenka.

Shin ya kamata in damu idan sakamakona bai yi daidai ba?

Kawai saboda sakamakon gwajinka bai yi daidai ba ba lallai bane yana nufin kana da cuta ba. Wani lokaci, kurakurai a cikin tattara samfura, jigilar su, ko sarrafa gwaji na iya haifar da sakamako mara daidai.

Ɗaya daga cikin rashin amfani da hanyar ELISA shine yiwuwar samun sakamako na ƙarya-positive da ƙarya-negative.

• Sakamakon tabbataccen ƙarya: Wannan yana nufin gaskiyar cewa sakamakon gwajin yana nuna kasancewar sinadarin da ake magana a kai, duk da cewa a zahiri babu shi.
• Sakamakon ƙarya mara kyau: Wannan yana nufin sakamakon gwaji wanda ya nuna kuskure cewa abin da ake magana a kai ba ya nan, duk da cewa a zahiri yana nan.

Likitoci yawanci suna yin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje don tabbatar da ganewar asali. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen ELISA galibi a matsayin gwaje-gwajen tantancewa.

Idan ka sami sakamako mara kyau, likitanka zai yi maka magana game da shi. Tare, za ku yanke shawara kan abin da za ku yi a gaba.

Ka tuna, komai dalilin da yasa kake yin gwajin ELISA, ba ganewar asali na ƙarshe ba ne.Sakamakon gwajin ELISA mara kyau ba lallai bane yana nufin cewa kana da mummunan yanayi na rashin lafiya. Idan ka sami sakamako mara kyau, likitanka zai yi la'akari da abubuwa da yawa kuma wataƙila zai ba da umarnin ƙarin gwaje-gwaje. Kada ka ji tsoron yin tambayoyi.

To, menene saƙon da ya kamata mu tuna daga wannan labarin?

To, ina fatan yanzu kun sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da ELISA da muka yi magana a kai. A takaice dai:

• ELISA hanya ce ta musamman ta gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
• Wannan yana ba mu damar gano abubuwa da yawa a jikinmu, kamar antibody, antigens , da hormones .
• Wannan hanyar tana taimakawa wajen gano yanayi daban-daban kamar ciki, kamuwa da cuta, matakan hormones, da kuma rashin lafiyar jiki.
• Sakamakon gwajin ELISA na iya zama tabbatacce, korau, ko mara inganci .
• Mafi mahimmanci: Sakamakon ELISA ba shine ganewar asali na ƙarshe ba. Idan ka sami sakamako mara kyau, kada ka firgita, ka yi magana da likitanka, kuma a sake yin gwaji idan ya cancanta.

Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi, kada ka ji tsoron tambayar likitanka. Shi ko ita ce mafi kyawun mutumin da zai taimaka maka. Ka kasance cikin koshin lafiya!

ELISA , gwaje-gwajen jini, ƙwayoyin rigakafi, antigens, ganewar asali, gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje