Shin ka taɓa yin mamakin yadda kake samun launin idonka, nau'in gashinka, tsayinka, har ma da wasu cututtuka? A yau za mu yi magana game da ƙaramin abu, amma mafi ƙarfi a jikinmu wanda ke da alhakin duk wannan. Wannan shine DNA. Wataƙila ka taɓa jin wannan sunan sau da yawa, a fina-finai, a talabijin, a cikin littattafan makaranta. Amma a yau za mu yi magana a hankali game da abin da yake yi da gaske.
Menene kawai DNA?
Ka yi tunanin kana gina babban gini. Kana buƙatar tsari, tsari, don haka, ko ba haka ba? Hakazalika, DNA shine cikakken tsarin umarni, cikakken tsarin, wanda ake buƙata don "gina" ka. Duk bayanan da suka shafi yadda gabobin jikinka ya kamata su girma, yadda ya kamata su yi aiki, da kuma yadda ya kamata ka yi kama an rubuta su a cikin wannan DNA.
A taƙaice dai, DNA kamar babban ɗakin karatu ne wanda ke ɗauke da dukkan bayanai game da kai, wanda aka rubuta a cikin yaren da ƙwayoyin halittar jikinmu za su iya karantawa. Wannan DNA yana cikin ƙwayoyin halittar kowace halitta mai rai. Kuna samun DNA ɗinku daga iyayenku. Kuna gaji daidai rabin daga mahaifiyarku, sauran rabin kuma daga mahaifinku .
Kalmar DNA tana nufin Deoxyribonucleic acid . Sunan yana kama da ɗan rikitarwa, ko ba haka ba? Amma ma'anarsa mai sauƙi ce. Wani nau'in acid ne na musamman da ake samu a cikin "kwakwalwar" ƙwayoyin halittarmu, a cikin tsakiya.
Duk DNA ɗinmu - wato, Genome
Cikakken tsarin DNA a jikinka ana kiransa genome . Kamar babban ɗakin karatu ne da na ambata a baya. An tsara wannan ɗakin karatu kamar haka.
| Sashe | Ma'ana kawai |
|---|---|
| Kwayoyin Chromosomes | Waɗannan kamar manyan littattafai ne a cikin ɗakin karatun DNA ɗinku. An raba DNA ɗinmu zuwa sassa masu sarrafawa, ko littattafai, ta hanyar waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta. |
| Kwayoyin Halitta | Waɗannan kamar surori ne a cikin waɗannan littattafan.Kamar. Kowace kwayar halitta tana nuna takamaiman siffa ta ku. Misali, kwayar halittar da ke tantance launin idanunku, kwayar halittar da ke tantance yanayin gashin ku. |
| DNA mara lamba | Waɗannan su ne sassan DNA tsakanin kwayoyin halitta. Duk da cewa ba sa nuna wata siffa kai tsaye, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Suna kama da alamun rubutu (tsayawa, waƙafi) a cikin littafi. Suna taimaka wa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta su yi aiki yadda ya kamata kuma suna taimakawa tare da wasu muhimman ayyuka a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta. |
Me ya faru da DNA da gaske?
Babban aikin DNA shine bayar da umarni don samar da furotin, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga jikinmu. Waɗannan sunadaran suna yin kusan komai a jikinmu - suna ba da gudummawa ga komai tun daga yadda gabobinmu ke aiki har zuwa yadda muke kama.
DNA tana amfani da harshenta na musamman don rubuta waɗannan umarni. Wannan harshe yana da haruffa huɗu kacal. Su ne A, C, G da T. Kamar haruffan Sinhala ɗinmu, waɗannan haruffa huɗu suna haɗuwa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, suna ƙirƙirar biliyoyin umarni daban-daban. Ka yi tunanin haruffan 'ல', 'ம', 'ய' sun haɗu don samar da kalmar 'லமா'. Idan ka canza haruffan, za ka ƙirƙiri wata kalma kamar 'மலா'. Haka waɗannan haruffan A, C, G, T suke haɗuwa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, suna ƙirƙirar umarni daban-daban da jikinka ke buƙata. Shi ya sa DNA na kowa ya bambanta.
Waɗannan haruffa huɗu suna wakiltar tushen sinadarai guda huɗu : Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, da Thymine . Kwayoyin da ke jikinmu suna karanta waɗannan haruffa kuma suna yin furotin a matakai da dama.
1. Rubutun Kwafi: Wani kwayar halitta ta musamman da ake kira RNA (kamar mai aika saƙo) tana zuwa ta kwafi umarnin da ke cikin DNA. Sannan ta fitar da wannan kwafin daga cikin kwayar halittar.
2. Fassara: Na gaba, ƙananan gine-gine masu kama da masana'anta da ake kira ribosomes suna karanta saƙon RNA kuma, bisa ga umarnin da ke ciki, suna haɗa amino acid don samar da furotin.
3. Sarrafawa ta ƙarshe: Sannan ana ƙara gyara furotin ɗin da aka shirya ta haka, a naɗe shi yadda ya kamata, sannan a aika shi zuwa wurin da ake so a jiki.
A taƙaice dai, DNA ita ce babban tsari. RNA ita ce mutumin da ke ɗaukar kwafin wannan tsarin ya kawo shi wurin aiki. Ribosomes su ne ma'aikatan da ke bin wannan tsarin kuma suke yin aikin. Protein shine samfurin ƙarshe.
Menene siffa da tsarin DNA?
Siffar DNA tana da kyau sosai. Ana kiranta da helix mai siffar biyu.Wannan yana nufin yana kama da matattakalai biyu masu karkace waɗanda aka murɗe su tare. Idan za ku iya tunanin sa cikin sauƙi, yana kama da matattakala mai karkace .
DNA ta ƙunshi ƙananan tubalan gini da ake kira nucleotides . Kowace nucleotide tana da sassa uku.
| Sashe na nucleotide | Aiki (mai sauƙi) |
|---|---|
| Tushen Nitrogen | Waɗannan su ne haruffan A, C, G, T da muka yi magana a kansu. Suna haɗuwa a tsakiya, kamar madaurin matakala mai karkace. Akwai wata doka ta musamman a nan. Madauri ɗaya koyaushe tare da T, kuma C koyaushe yana haɗuwa da G. |
| Kwayoyin sukari (Deoxyribose Sugar) | Ana yin wannan ne don haɗa tushen (tafiya) da hannun riga na matattakalar. |
| Rukunin Phosphate | Wannan shine abin da ya haɗa ƙwayoyin sukari tare don samar da kashin bayan matattakalar karkace. |
Ina DNA take?
Kusan kowace ƙwayar halitta a jikinka tana da DNA a cikin ƙwayar halittarta. Duk da haka, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar ƙwayoyin jinin ja, ba su da ƙwayar halitta, don haka ba su da DNA. Bugu da ƙari, mitochondria, waɗanda su ne manyan ƙwayoyin halittarmu, suma suna da nasu DNA. Abu na musamman game da wannan DNA na mitochondrial shine cewa muna samun sa ne kawai daga iyayenmu mata .
Me zai faru idan aka yi kurakurai a cikin DNA?
Idan akwai wani kuskure, lalacewa, ko kuskure a cikin bayanan da ke cikin DNA, yana iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya. Jikinmu yana da nasa tsarin don tabbatar da cewa babu kurakurai yayin yin kwafin DNA ɗinmu. Kamar karanta harafi ne. Amma wani lokacin wannan tsari na iya gazawa. Sannan canje-canje a cikin DNA, wanda ake kira maye gurbi, na iya faruwa.
Bugu da ƙari, wasu abubuwan da muke yi a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun na iya lalata DNA.
- Yawan fallasa rana
- Shaƙar abubuwa masu cutarwa kamar hayaƙi da hayakin abin hawa
- Shan taba
- Shan barasa
Cututtuka daban-daban na iya faruwa ta hanyar lalacewa ko canje-canje ga DNA kamar haka.
- Ciwon daji
- Cututtukan huhu, zuciya da sauran gabobi
- Tsufa mai sauri a fata
- Matsalolin haihuwa
- Wasu yanayi na haihuwa
Shi ya sa yake da matuƙar muhimmanci a yi rayuwa mai kyau, a guji shan taba da barasa. Waɗannan abubuwan kuma suna taimakawa wajen kare DNA ɗinmu. Idan kuna da wata damuwa game da wannan, kada ku ji tsoron yin magana da likitanku .
Saƙon Ɗauka Gida
- DNA cikakken tsari ne na umarni, tsarin da ake buƙata don ginawa da sarrafa jikinka.
- Kana gadon rabin DNA ɗinka daga mahaifiyarka, sauran rabin kuma daga mahaifinka.
- Babban aikin DNA shine samar da umarni don samar da sunadaran da ke da mahimmanci ga jiki.
- Siffar DNA tana kama da matattakalar karkace (helix biyu).
- Kurakurai ko lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, kamar ciwon daji.
- Rayuwa mai kyau tana taimakawa wajen kare DNA ɗinka daga lalacewa.
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