He aha ka ELISA? E aʻo kākou e pili ana i kēia hoʻāʻo lab ma nā ʻōlelo maʻalahi!

Ua lohe paha ʻoe i ka huaʻōlelo 'ELISA' mai ke kauka a i ʻole kahi hōʻike lab , ʻeā? A i ʻole he huaʻōlelo hou paha ia. No laila, he aha ʻo ELISA, he aha kāna e nānā ai, a pehea kāna hana? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i kēia lā, me he mea lā e kamaʻilio ana ʻoe me kahi hoaaloha. A laila hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i kēia.

He aha ka ELISA? He maʻalahi loa!

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he ʻenehana kūikawā ʻo ELISA i hoʻohana ʻia i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua. Hana ia e like me kahi mākaʻi. Ke nānā nei ia i kekahi mau mea i loko o ko mākou kino, e like me nā antibodies, antigens , protein, a me nā hormones , a ana i ka nui o lākou i loaʻa iā mākou.

E noʻonoʻo, hana ʻia kēia hoʻāʻo ma ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana o kou koko, plasma, mimi, lawai, a i ʻole ka wai cerebrospinal (CSF). ʻO nā huaʻōlelo 'ELISA' ke kū nei no 'enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay'. I kekahi manawa kapa ʻia ia he hoʻāʻo EIA.

Ua kapa ʻia kēia ELISA e nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo ke kūlana gula o nā immunoassays . ʻO ia hoʻi, he ʻano hana hilinaʻi a pololei loa ia. Hiki i nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻohana ana i kēia ʻano hana ELISA ke kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole, mai nā maʻi bacteria a me nā viral (e.g., ka maʻi Lyme, HIV) a hiki i nā maʻi e pili ana i ka hormone e like me ka maʻi thyroid .

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hoʻāʻo hāpai ma ka home ma kēia ʻano ELISA? Ke ʻimi nei lākou i ke alo o kahi hormone i kapa ʻia ʻo human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) , i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka 'hormone hāpai'.

No laila, he aha kēia mau immunoassays?

ʻAe, e nānā kākou i ke ʻano o nā immunoassays. He mau hoʻokolohua kēia e hilinaʻi nei i ka pilina ma waena o nā antigens a me nā antibodies ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua (ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o kahi lab, ʻaʻole i loko o kou kino).

I mea e maopopo ai i kēia, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo mua pehea e hana ai nā antibodies a me nā antigens i loko o kou kino. ʻO nā antibodies nā mea e hana ai i kāu ʻōnaehana pale . Hoʻopaʻa lākou i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole no kou kino a kōkua iā ia e hoʻopau iā lākou. Ua like lākou me nā pūʻali koa pale o ko mākou ʻāina. Nā antibodiesʻO ka antigen kekahi ʻano māka e hiki i nā antibodies ke ʻike. ʻO kēia mau antigens he mau protein a i ʻole nā ​​​​kō i loaʻa ma ka ʻili o nā cell a i ʻole nā ​​​​virus.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā antigens ma luna o nā ʻano mea like ʻole , e like me:

• Maʻi ʻino
• Bacteria
• Nā mea hoʻomaʻi - no ka laʻana, nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ka meaʻai, nā mea hoʻomaʻi i ka lewa
• Nā Parasites
• Nā protein
• Nā pūnaewele kanesa
• Nā pūnaewele maʻamau i loko o kou kino

No laila, i loko o nā immunoassays, hoʻohana nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ka lab i nā antigens a i ʻole nā ​​antibodies i loaʻa iā lākou e hoʻāʻo ai no ke alo o kahi antigen a antibody paha i loko o kahi hāpana wai (e.g., kahi hāpana koko ) i lawe ʻia mai iā ʻoe. Ua maopopo iā ʻoe?

Hiki i nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano ELISA ke ʻike i ke alo o nā antigens a me nā antibodies kikoʻī.

He aha ke ʻano hana ELISA i hoʻohana ʻia no?

Hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua lapaʻau like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano ELISA. Akā ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole e haʻi ʻia ka 'hoʻāʻo ELISA' i kāu hōʻike lab. ʻO ke kumu, he ʻano hana wale nō ʻo ELISA i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka lab, a he nui nā hoʻokolohua hiki ke hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā ʻano hana. E like me ke ʻano hana i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka meaʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomākaukau i nā ʻano meaʻai like ʻole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā ʻano hana.

ʻO kahi hoʻohana maʻamau o ELISA ʻo ia ka ʻike a me ke ana ʻana i nā antibodies. Eia kekahi laʻana:

• Nā antibodies e kūʻē i nā maʻi bacteria, viral, a i ʻole fungal: ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā maʻi bacteria e pili ana i ka maʻi Lyme, brucellosis, a me syphilis. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā maʻi viral e pili ana i ka HIV a me ka hepatitis A, B, a me C. ʻO kahi laʻana o ka maʻi fungal he maʻi yeast (candida).
• Nā Autoantibodies: He mau antibodies kēia a kāu ʻōnaehana pale e hoʻohana ai e luku i kāu mau cell ponoʻī. Nui nā maʻi autoimmune i hoʻokumu ʻia e kēia mau autoantibodies. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka maʻi diabetes type 1. Ma kēia kūlana, no kekahi kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, hoʻouna kou kino i nā autoantibodies e luku i nā cell e hana ana i ka insulin i loko o kāu pancreas.

ʻO nā hoʻohana maʻamau ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano ELISA:

• Ka ʻike ʻana a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā pae hormone:ʻO nā laʻana e like me ka human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), ka hormone hoʻouluulu follicle (FSH), a me ka testosterone.
• Ke nānā ʻana i nā maʻi ahulau ma ke kaiāulu: No ka laʻana, i ka wā e ahulau ai ka chlamydia a i ʻole ka influenza (kapa mākou ia he 'flu').
• Hoʻāʻo ʻia ke koko i hāʻawi ʻia no nā ʻāpana viral: no ka laʻana, HIV.
• Ke ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole no ke olakino: No ka laʻana, ke nānā ʻana inā he amphetamines a cocaine paha kāu i loko o kāu ʻōnaehana. He mau hoʻokolohua nānā wale nō kēia.
• Ke ʻike ʻana a me ka loiloi ʻana i nā pae o nā māka tumor: ʻO kēia nā mea i loko o kou kino e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka maʻi kanesa. ʻO kahi laʻana ka hoʻāʻo prostate-specific antigen (PSA) no ka maʻi kanesa prostate.
• Ke ʻike ʻana i ka lepo a me nā maʻi ʻaleka meaʻai.
• Ke nānā nei inā ua hoʻopili ʻia ʻoe no kekahi mau maʻi: no ka laʻana, ka mumps a me ka rubella.

Pehea e hana ai kēia ʻano hana ELISA? He mea kupaianaha!

ʻAe, i kēia manawa e nānā kākou pehea e hana ai kēia hoʻāʻo ELISA. Aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā antibodies a i ʻole nā ​​​​antigens . E hoʻāʻo kākou e hoʻomaopopo i kēia ma ka lawe ʻana i kahi laʻana o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā antibodies. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā hoʻāʻo ELISA - ʻo ia hoʻi, hana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka hana e nā mīkini. Akā no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia ʻano hana, e noʻonoʻo kākou i kahi hoʻāʻo a mākou e hana lima ai.

E noʻonoʻo e hoʻāʻo ʻia ana ʻoe no ka HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano ELISA, a ua hāʻawi mua ʻoe i kahi hāpana koko. ʻO ka mea mua, hoʻopili kahi ʻepekema keʻena lapaʻau a loea paha i kahi ʻāpana o ka maʻi HIV (ʻo ia ka mea e hana ma ke ʻano he antigen) i kahi ʻōmole hoʻāʻo a i ʻole ka pā palakiko.

A laila, hoʻohui ka ʻepekema i kāu hāpana koko i ka ʻōmole hoʻāʻo a i ʻole ka pā. Inā loaʻa i kāu hāpana koko nā antibodies i ka HIV, e hoʻopaʻa lākou i kēlā antigen (i kēia hihia, ka maʻi HIV). Inā ʻaʻohe antibodies HIV i kāu hāpana koko, ʻaʻohe mea e hana ʻia.

A laila, hoʻohui ka ʻepekema i kahi antibody ʻē aʻe, ʻike kēia antibody ʻelua i kēlā mau antibody HIV. ʻO ia hoʻi, hoʻopaʻa kēia antibody ʻelua i kekahi antibody HIV i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia i ka antigen. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia antibody ʻelua i kahi enzyme (kahi mea e wikiwiki ai i kahi hopena kemika). Maanei kahi i puka mai ai ka ʻāpana 'enzyme-linked' o ELISA.

I ka hana hope loa, hoʻohui ka mea ʻepekema i kahi mea e hana ai me ka enzyme.ʻO ke ʻano kēia, inā loaʻa nā antibodies, e loli ke kala o ka mea. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, inā maikaʻi ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, e loli ke kala. Inā ʻaʻohe ou antibodies e kūʻē i kēlā antigen kikoʻī (i kēia hihia, ka maʻi HIV), ʻaʻohe loli ke kala. Hōʻike ʻia kēlā ma ke ʻano he hopena maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka ikaika o ka loli o ke kala, ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea ka ikaika o ke kala, ua kūlike ia me ka nui o ka antibody. No laila, hiki i ke ʻano ELISA ke ʻike inā aia ka antibody a me ka nui o ia mea. ʻAʻole anei he mea kupaianaha?

He aha nā hopena o kahi hoʻāʻo ELISA?

Hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā hopena o kahi hoʻāʻo ELISA ma muli o ka mea e hoʻāʻo ʻia ana a me ka lab nāna i hana i ka hoʻāʻo. Hāʻawi ka hapa nui o nā hoʻāʻo ELISA i kahi hopena maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole paha, akā i kekahi manawa hiki ke hewa ka hopena:

• Hopena maikaʻi: ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ka hoʻāʻo i ka mea āna e ʻimi nei (e.g., he antibody, he hormone).
• Hopena maikaʻi ʻole: ʻO ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i ʻike ka hoʻāʻo i kekahi mea e ʻimi ʻia ana.
• Hopena kūpono ʻole: ʻO ka hopena kūpono ʻole ke ʻano ua hewa kekahi mea me ka hoʻāʻo. He pilikia paha kēia me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka laʻana, ka lawe ʻana, a i ʻole ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Inā hana kēia, pono ʻoe e hana hou i ka hoʻāʻo.

Eia nō naʻe, e wehewehe kāu kauka i ke ʻano o kāu mau hopena iā ʻoe.

Pono anei au e hopohopo inā he ʻano ʻē kaʻu mau hopena?

ʻOiai he ʻano ʻē kāu mau hopena hoʻāʻo, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo he maʻi kou. I kekahi manawa, hiki i nā hewa i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā laʻana, ka lawe ʻana, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā hoʻāʻo ke hana i nā hopena hewa.

ʻO kahi hemahema o ke ʻano ELISA ʻo ka hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena wahaheʻe-maikaʻi a me nā hopena wahaheʻe-maikaʻi ʻole.

• Hopena wahaheʻe-maikaʻi: Pili kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hōʻike ana ka hopena hoʻāʻo i ke alo o ka mea i nīnau ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia.
• Hopena wahaheʻe-maikaʻi ʻole: Pili kēia i kahi hopena hoʻāʻo e hōʻike hewa ana ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka mea i nīnau ʻia, ʻoiai aia maoli nō ia.

Hana pinepine nā kauka i nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe e hōʻoia i kahi hōʻailona. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hoʻokolohua ELISA ma ke ʻano he mau hoʻokolohua nānā.

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hopena kūpono ʻole, e kamaʻilio kāu kauka me ʻoe e pili ana i ia mea. E hui pū ʻolua e hoʻoholo i ka mea e hana ai ma hope.

E hoʻomanaʻo, ʻoiai ke kumu o kāu hana ʻana i kahi hoʻāʻo ELISA, ʻaʻole ia he hōʻoia hope loa.ʻAʻole manaʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ELISA ʻē aʻe he maʻi koʻikoʻi kou. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hopena ʻē aʻe, e noʻonoʻo kāu kauka i kekahi mau mea a e kauoha paha i nā hoʻāʻo hou aʻe. Mai makaʻu e nīnau i nā nīnau.

No laila, he aha ka ʻōlelo a kākou e hoʻomanaʻo ai mai kēia moʻolelo?

ʻAe, no laila ke lana nei koʻu manaʻo ua loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi manaʻo maikaʻi e pili ana i ka ELISA a mākou i kamaʻilio ai. I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi:

• He ʻano hoʻāʻo lab kūikawā ʻo ELISA.
• ʻAe kēia iā mākou e ʻike i nā mea he nui i loko o ko mākou kino, e like me nā antibodies, antigens , a me nā hormones .
• Kōkua kēia ʻano hana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā kūlana like ʻole e like me ka hāpai ʻana, nā maʻi, nā pae hormone, a me nā allergies.
• Hiki i ka hopena o ka hoʻāʻo ELISA ke maikaʻi, maikaʻi ʻole, a hewa paha .
• ʻO ka mea nui loa: ʻAʻole ka hopena ELISA he hōʻailona hope loa. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi hopena maʻamau ʻole, mai hopohopo, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka, a e loaʻa i nā hoʻāʻo hou aʻe inā pono.

Inā he mau nīnau kāu, mai makaʻu e nīnau i kāu kauka. ʻO ia ke kanaka maikaʻi loa e kōkua iā ʻoe. E noho olakino!

ʻELISA , nā hoʻāʻo koko, nā antibodies, nā antigens, nā diagnostics, nā hoʻāʻo lab