He aha kēia mau "māka" i loko o ke kino? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i nā antigens!

Ua manaʻo paha ʻoe he ʻōnaehana pale ponoʻī ko ko kākou kino e pale aku i nā maʻi mai waho mai? ʻAʻole anei he mea kupaianaha? No laila, i mea e hana ai kēia ʻōnaehana pale, pono ia e loaʻa kahi ala e ʻike ai "ʻo wai ka hoaaloha a ʻo wai ka ʻenemi." ʻO ia kahi e komo mai ai kēia mau "antigens". I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo ia nā hōʻailona e haʻi aku i nā pale o ko kākou kino, "Eia kekahi e hopu!"

He aha maoli ka antigen?

E noʻonoʻo i kou kino me he ʻāina nui lā. Me he mea lā he kāleka ID ko kēlā me kēia kanaka e komo ana i kēia ʻāina e hōʻike ana iā lākou. ʻO nā antigens he mau protein a polysaccharides paha. Aia lākou ma waho o nā mea e like me nā cell, nā virus, a me nā bacteria. Ua like ia me kahi lepili me ka inoa ma luna. Heluhelu kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale i kēia lepili e hoʻoholo ai inā he mea kēia no ke kino a i ʻole he mea hoʻouka kaua i hele mai mai waho mai.

E nānā, ʻaʻole i loaʻa wale kēia mau antigens i nā mea e like me nā virus, bacteria, pollen, parasites, a me nā cell cancer, akā i loko o kā mākou mau cell olakino ponoʻī. Kāhea mākou i nā antigens i loko o ko mākou kino ponoʻī ʻo "self." ʻO nā antigens i nā mea ʻino e like me nā virus a me nā bacteria ua kapa ʻia ʻo "non-self." ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ʻike ko mākou kino i kāna mau cell ponoʻī a hana kūʻē i nā mea e hele mai ana mai waho. Akamai loa, ʻeā?

Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka antigen a me ka antibody?

Me he mea lā he huikau iki kēia mau mea ʻelua, akā he mea maʻalahi loa ia.

ʻO nā antigens kēlā mau māka , e like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma mua. ʻO kēia mau māka ka mea e haʻi aku i ko mākou kino, "Eia kekahi mai waho mai!"

He mau protein kūikawā nā antibodies i hana ʻia e kā mākou mau cell immune. Hana ʻia lākou e ʻike a luku i nā antigens ʻino. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua puka mai ka huaʻōlelo antigen mai ka manaʻo o "antibody generators," ʻo ia hoʻi "nā mea e kōkua ai i ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies."

He kūikawā loa nā antibodies. Hiki i kēlā me kēia antibody ke ʻike i hoʻokahi antigen kikoʻī. Ua like ia me ke kī a me ka laka. ʻO ke kī kūpono wale nō ke wehe i ka laka. Pēlā ka hana a kēia mau mea ʻelua.

He aha nā ʻano antigens i loaʻa?

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā antigens i kekahi mau ʻano ma muli o ko lākou puka ʻana mai. E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o lākou.

1. Nā Antigens Exogenous

ʻO kēia nā mea e komo i loko o ko kākou kino mai waho mai. E noʻonoʻo wale, hiki i kēia mau mea ke komo i loko o kou kino ma o kou ihu, waha, a i ʻole ma o kahi ʻeha ʻili.

• Nā maʻi ʻino
• Bacteria
• Polena
• Nā Parasites
• Nā fungi

No kēia ʻano kēia mau mea a pau.

2. Nā Antigens Endogenous

Loaʻa kēia mau antigens ma nā pūnaewele i loko o ko kākou kino. Ke haʻi aku nei lākou i kā kākou ʻōnaehana pale kino "ʻO wau kou hoaaloha" (ʻo wau iho) a i ʻole "He kanaka ʻino wau i kēia manawa, e luku iaʻu" (he mea ʻino). No ka laʻana, ʻo kā kākou mau pūnaewele ponoʻī i loaʻa i ka maʻi bacteria a i ʻole virus e kau i kēlā mau māka, e haʻi ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale kino e luku iā lākou. ʻO nā antigens ma ko kākou mau pūnaewele koko ʻulaʻula a me nā māka kūikawā e ʻike ana i ko kākou kino he "ʻo wau" i kapa ʻia ʻo "(HLAs)" (Human Leukocyte Antigens) no kēia ʻano pū kekahi.

3. Nā Autoantigens

He kūlana huikau iki kēia. ʻO kēia nā hōʻailona o kā mākou mau cell olakino ponoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa hana hewa kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale a hoʻouka i kēia mau cell olakino, me ka manaʻo he "ʻenemi" lākou. ʻO ia ka manawa e ulu ai nā maʻi autoimmune .

4. Nā Antigens i loaʻa i loko o nā cell cancer (Tumor Antigens)

He mau māka kūikawā kēia ma ka ʻili o nā hunaola kanesa. Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke lohe iā lākou i kapa ʻia ʻo `(Tumor-associated antigens - TAA)`, `(Tumor-specific antigens - TSA)`, `(Neoantigens)` a i ʻole `(Oncogenic antigens)`.

I kekahi manawa, ʻo ia nā ʻāpana like me kahi cell maʻamau, akā i loko o kahi cell maʻi kanesa, hana like ʻole lākou (no ka laʻana, hiki i kahi cell maʻi kanesa ke hana i kahi protein ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi cell maʻamau). I kekahi manawa, hana ʻia kēia mau antigens e nā mutations i loko o nā genes o ke cell maʻi kanesa a i ʻole e kahi virus i loko o ke cell maʻi kanesa.

He aha nā Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)?

He hui koʻikoʻi loa kēia. ʻO kēia mau pūnaewele ka mea e kōkua ai i ka ʻōnaehana pale e ʻōlelo, "Eia ke kaua!" Loaʻa iā mākou ʻekolu ʻano o kēia mau pūnaewele i loko o ko mākou kino: macrophages, dendritic cells, a me B cells.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, hana lākou e like me nā mākaʻi akamai. Kuhikuhi lākou i nā mea a lākou e manaʻo nei he poʻe komo hewa i nā pūnaewele pale ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou i kekahi manawa he "nā pūnaewele hōʻike antigen ʻoihana."

Ke hālāwai kēia cell kūikawā me kahi antigen, ʻai ʻo ia iā ia, wāwahi iā ia i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila hōʻike i kekahi o nā ʻāpana ma luna o kona ʻili cell. Ua like kēia me kahi "makemake ʻia" no nā cell T. Hele mai nā cell T a nānā i kēia mau ʻāpana o ka antigen e ʻike inā ʻike lākou i kēia mea hoʻouka. Inā kūlike ka antigen me kahi receptor kikoʻī ma kahi cell T, haʻi aku kēlā cell T i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana pale e "hoʻouka!"

He aha ka mea e hana ai ke komo kahi antigen i ke kino?

Mālama kou kino iā ia iho mai nā antigens ʻino mai waho ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika i kapa ʻia he antibodies . Ke komo kahi antigen i kou kino, ʻo kāu ʻōnaehana paleNānā pono nā pūnaewele-B iā ia.

Loaʻa i nā pūnaewele B nā mea loaʻa kūikawā e nānā inā he kūlike ka antigen - e like me ke kī a me ka laka i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. Inā he kūlike, hoʻomaka ka pūnaewele B e hana i nā antibodies. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia antibody āna e hana ai kahi ʻano kū hoʻokahi e hiki ai ke ʻike i kēlā antigen.

ʻO ka hana a kahi antibody, ʻo ia ke ʻimi i kahi antigen e kūlike me ke ʻano kūikawā ma kona ʻili. Hele nā ​​​​antibodies a hoʻopaʻa i kēia mau antigens. A laila hiki i kāu ʻōnaehana pale ke luku i kēlā mau mea ʻino.

Ke hālāwai kāu ʻōnaehana pale maʻi me kahi antigen, loaʻa iā ia nā cell kūikawā e hoʻomanaʻo iā ia. Ua kapa ʻia kēia he hoʻomanaʻo immunological . ʻO ia ke kumu inā hoʻi mai ka mea hoʻouka like, hiki i ke kino ke pane wikiwiki a me ka maikaʻi.

Akā, aia kekahi pilikia iki. I kekahi manawa, loli kēia mau mea ʻino, ʻo ia hoʻi, loli ke ʻano o ko lākou mau antigens. A laila, ʻaʻole hiki i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale ke ʻike iā lākou, e like me ka loli ʻana o nā pepeke a pau i loko o kou hale i kou haʻalele ʻana i ka home!

He aha ka hoʻāʻo antigen?

Nānā nā hoʻāʻo antigen i nā māka kikoʻī (antigens) i loko o kou mau wai kino, e like me ke koko, ka lawai, ka mimi, a me ka ʻōpala, e pili ana i kahi maʻi kikoʻī. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea e ʻike ai inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi palū a i ʻole kahi maʻi viral e like me COVID-19, a i ʻole e ʻike pehea e hele ai ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa. Hiki iā lākou ke kōkua i ka nānā ʻana i ka poʻe e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻōpū a i ʻole e loaʻa nā transplants.

Pehea e hana ʻia ai kahi hoʻāʻo antigen?

Pili kēia i ke ʻano o ka antigen āu e ʻimi nei.

• No kahi maʻi: ʻO ka maʻamau, e holoi ke kauka i kou ihu a i ʻole kou puʻu me kahi swab liʻiliʻi a palupalu. A laila e hoʻāʻo lākou i ka swab e ʻike inā he mau antigens mai ka maʻi a lākou e ʻimi nei. Hiki ke hana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻāʻo antigen viral ma ka home (e.g., COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test). Hiki i kēia mau hoʻāʻo ke hāʻawi i nā hopena i loko o 15 mau minuke wale nō.
• No nā hoʻokolohua antigen ʻē aʻe (e like me nā māka maʻi kanesa, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻiʻo): E lawe ke kauka i kahi laʻana o kou koko, mimi, a i ʻole ka ʻōpala. A laila e hoʻouna lākou iā ia i kahi lab e nānā i ka antigen a lākou e ʻimi nei.

Pehea ka pololei o nā hoʻāʻo antigen?

Pili nō hoʻi kēia i ka antigen āu e ʻimi nei a pehea ʻoe e hoʻāʻo ai. No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka pololei o nā hoʻāʻo antigen wikiwiki no nā maʻi viral inā hana ʻia i loko o kekahi mau lā o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāu mau hōʻailona. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ia ka manawa e nui loa ai ka maʻi i loko o ke kino, e maʻalahi ai ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻāʻo.

ʻElua mau ʻano hoʻāʻo antigen i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia

Eia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua āu i lohe ai, a i ʻole e hana ai:

• Hoʻāʻo Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA): Loaʻa ka CEA i nā pae haʻahaʻa i nā pākeke. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi mau kūlana, e like me ke kanesa, hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka pae o CEA i loko o ke koko. Nānā nā kauka i kēia pae o CEA e ʻike inā e holo pono ana ka lāʻau lapaʻau kanesa.
• Hoʻāʻo Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): ʻO ka hoʻāʻo HBsAg kahi hoʻāʻo koko i hoʻohana ʻia me nā hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe e ʻike ai i ka hepatitis B.
• Hoʻāʻo antigen leukocyte kanaka (HLA): Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cell i loko o ko mākou kino, koe wale nō ko mākou mau cell koko ʻulaʻula, kāna mau HLA ponoʻī. I ka wā e hoʻoili ai i nā ʻōkana a i ʻole nā ​​cell kumu, e nānā ʻia ka mea hāʻawi a me ka mea loaʻa e ʻike inā he mau HLA like ko lākou. E nānā pū ʻia ka mea loaʻa e ʻike inā he mau antibodies ko lākou e kūʻē i nā HLA o ka mea hāʻawi. Inā hana lākou, hiki i ke kino ke hoʻouka i ka ʻōkana hou (ua kapa ʻia kēia he maʻi graft versus host). No ka holomua o ka hapa nui o nā hoʻoili ʻana, pono i ka mea hāʻawi a me ka mea loaʻa ke kūlike maikaʻi ma nā HLA. Akā, ʻaʻole pono lākou e like like.
• Hoʻāʻo antigen prostate-specific (PSA): Hiki ke hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia nā pae PSA i nā kāne me ka maʻi kanesa prostate a i ʻole i ka poʻe me nā pilikia prostate i emi iki ka koʻikoʻi. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia hoʻāʻo PSA ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kahi hoʻokolohua lapaʻau maʻamau.
• Hoʻāʻo Antigen SARS-CoV-2 a i ʻole COVID-19: I kekahi manawa ua kapa ʻia kēia he "hoʻāʻo wikiwiki." Ke nānā nei ia i ke alo o nā antigens mai ka maʻi i hoʻoulu ai i ka COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, i loko o kahi hāpana i lawe ʻia mai kou ihu a i ʻole ka puʻu. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia ma ka home me kahi pahu hoʻāʻo a i ʻole e ke kauka.

He aha nā antigens o nā hui koko?

Ua lohe paha ʻoe i nā ʻano koko A, B, AB, a me O. Pili kēia mau leka i nā ʻano antigens ma ka ʻili o kou mau hunaola koko ʻulaʻula. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hānau ʻia me nā antigens A a i ʻole B, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻelua (ʻano koko AB), a i ʻole ʻaʻole hoʻi (ʻano koko O). Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hui koko ABO.

ʻO ka hōʻailona "+" a i ʻole "-" i loko o kou ʻano koko e hōʻike ana inā he antigen ʻē aʻe kāu i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Rhesus factor a i ʻole Rh factor . Ua lohe paha ʻoe i ka "Rhesus positive" a i ʻole "Rhesus negative."

Inā loaʻa i kou mau hunaola koko kahi antigen, ʻike kou kino he "aloha" ia a ʻaʻole ia e hana i nā antibodies e kūʻē iā ia. A i ʻole, e hoʻouka aku kāu mau hunaola pale i ke koko nona kēlā antigen.

ʻO ia hoʻi, inā ʻo kou ʻano koko ʻo A, e hoʻouka aku kāu mau antibodies i ke koko me ka antigen B. A pēlā nō hoʻi no ke ala ʻē aʻe. Inā ʻo kou ʻano koko ʻo AB, ʻike kou kino i nā antigens A a me B he "aloha" a ʻaʻole e hoʻouka iā lākou. Inā ʻo kou ʻano koko ʻo O, loaʻa iā ʻoe nā antibodies e kūʻē i nā antigens A a me B.

ʻO ia ke kumu he mea nui e hoʻohālikelike i kou ʻano koko i ka wā e hāʻawi koko ai. Inā hāʻawi ʻia ʻoe i ke koko i kūlike ʻole me kou ʻano koko, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi hopena pale kino koʻikoʻi.

ʻIke hou aku e pili ana i ka Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

He mau māka kūikawā nā HLA e kuhikuhi ana i kāu mau cell ma ke ʻano he "ʻoe iho," ʻo ia hoʻi no kou kino lākou. Loaʻa iā lākou nā HLA i nā cell āpau koe wale nō kou mau cell koko ʻulaʻula.

Manaʻo paha ʻoe he mau ʻano koko nā `(HLA)`, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o lākou ma mua o kēlā. No ka laʻana, he nui nā `(HLA)` o kākou a pau, no laila he mea kākaʻikahi loa ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi kanaka ʻē aʻe me ka hui like ʻana o `(HLA)`.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomohala i nā antibodies e kūʻē i kāu mau HLA ponoʻī, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi maʻi autoimmune. Inā makemake ʻoe i kahi hoʻoili cell stem, pono ʻoe e loaʻa i ka hoʻāʻo HLA e loaʻa ai kahi kūlike. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka mea kūpono loa he hoahānau pili loa, e like me ka makuahine, ka makuakāne, ke kaikunāne, a i ʻole ke kaikuahine.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai

ʻAʻole anei he mea maikaʻi inā loaʻa kahi lepili i nā mea a pau a mākou e hālāwai ai ma ke ala e hele ai i ka hana e ʻōlelo ana "he maikaʻi kēia, he maikaʻi ʻole kēia"? ʻĀ, he mea hana pono loa nā antigens e kōkua i kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale e hana pololei i kēlā.

Hiki i kāu kauka ke kauoha i nā hoʻokolohua antigen no nā nānā maʻamau, e nānā i kahi maʻi e hoʻomau nei, a i ʻole e hoʻoholo inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka maʻi. I kēlā mau manawa, e hōʻoia e nīnau i kāu mau nīnau e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ke kumu o kā lākou hana ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e pili ana i kou olakino.

Nā Antigens, antibodies, ʻōnaehana pale, nā hoʻāʻo antigen, nā hui koko, HLA, nā maʻi