Manaʻo paha ʻoe i kekahi manawa, "Ua like koʻu mau maka me ko koʻu makuahine" a i ʻole "Ua like koʻu lauoho me ko koʻu makuakāne"? Hoʻoilina mākou a pau i nā ʻano like ʻole o ko mākou helehelena a me ke ʻano mai ko mākou makuahine a me ko mākou makuakāne. ʻO ke kumu o kēia, ʻo ia nā genes. No laila, i kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i kahi mea nui loa e pili ana i kēia mau genes. ʻO ia ke kūlana i kapa ʻia ʻo `(Homozygous)`. ʻOiai paha he paʻakikī iki ka inoa, he mea maʻalahi loa ia. E nānā kākou?
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he aha ka Homozygous?
ʻAe, e noʻonoʻo i kēia ʻano. Loaʻa iā mākou ʻelua kope o kēlā me kēia gene mai ko mākou mau mākua maoli. Hoʻokahi mai ko mākou makuahine, hoʻokahi mai ko mākou makuakāne. I kekahi manawa like loa ke kope o ka gene mai ko mākou makuahine a me ke kope o ka gene mai ko mākou makuakāne. ʻO ia ka mea a mākou e kapa nei he "Homozygous" i ka genetics.
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, no kahi ʻano kikoʻī (e.g. kala maka), hoʻoilina ʻoe i ka hoʻonohonoho like o nā kuhikuhi genetic mai kou mau mākua ʻelua. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau hoʻonohonoho like o nā genes he alleles. No laila, inā hoʻoilina ʻoe i ʻelua o nā alleles like, he homozygous ʻoe no kēlā gene. ʻO kēia ke kumu o kekahi mau ʻano, e like me nā maka polū a me ka lauoho ʻulaʻula. Akā i kekahi manawa, inā ua loli nā genes ʻelua, hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau kūlana genetic.
He aha ka ʻalela?
Loaʻa iā kākou a pau ma mua o 99% o nā genes like i loko o ko kākou kino. Akā, he hapa liʻiliʻi loa (ʻaʻole i hiki i ka 1%) o nā genes he ʻokoʻa iki mai kekahi kanaka a i kekahi. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau 'mana' like ʻole o kahi gene he alleles. ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ka mea e hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kou mau ʻano kūikawā.
He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Homozygous a me ka Heterozygous?
Ua like iki kēia mau huaʻōlelo ʻelua, no laila hiki ke huikau. Akā, he maʻalahi loa ka ʻokoʻa. E nānā kākou i kahi papa liʻiliʻi e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana.
| ʻAno | Homozygous | Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Manaʻo | ʻO ke ʻano o "Homo" ʻo ia hoʻi "like." ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hoʻoilina ʻia nā ʻano alleles like mai nā mākua ʻelua. | ʻO ke ʻano o "Hetero" ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻokoʻa." ʻO ia hoʻi, he ʻelua ʻano alleles like ʻole ko kēlā me kēia makua. |
| Laʻana | Inā ʻoe e lawe i ke gene no ke kala o nā maka, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka allele no ka brown mai kou makuahine a me ka allele no ka brown mai kou makuakāne. | Inā lawe mākou i ke gene no ke kala o nā maka, loaʻa iā mākou ka allele no ka brown mai ko mākou makuahine a me ka allele no ka uliuli mai ko mākou makuakāne. |
E hoʻomanaʻo wale: Homozygous = ʻelua kope o ka gene like. Heterozygous = ʻelua kope like ʻole o ka gene.
He aha nā ʻano 'dominant' a me nā 'residual'?
I ke kamaʻilio ʻana e pili ana i nā genes, ʻelua mau huaʻōlelo e pono ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka 'dominant' a me ka 'recessive'.
- ʻAlela Dominant: Ua like kēia me ke keiki kolohe loa o ka papa. ʻO ia wale nō ka mea ʻaʻole walaʻau. ʻO ia hoʻi, inā he allele dominant, e ʻike maopopo ʻia ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e ia. Kākau mākou i kēia mau mea ma nā leka nui Pelekane (e.g. B, F, D).
- ʻAlele Recessive: Ua like kēia me ke keiki mālie a hoʻokaʻawale. I mea e puka mai ai kona ʻano, pono e hui pū ʻia me kahi allele recessive ʻē aʻe e like me ia. Kākau mākou i kēia mau mea ma nā leka Pelekania maʻalahi (e.g. b, f, d).
Pehea lā e hana ai kēia ma ke kūlana `(Homozygous)`?
Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ʻelua alleles dominant. Kāhea mākou i kēlā homozygous dominant (e.g. BB ). A i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ʻelua alleles recessive. Kāhea mākou i kēlā homozygous recessive (e.g. bb ).
Inā loaʻa i ke kanaka `(Heterozygous)` (e.g. Bb ) nā alleles dominant (B) a me nā recessive (b), ʻo ke ʻano dominant wale nō e ʻike ʻia. Akā no ke kanaka `(Homozygous)`, ʻaʻole kēia e hana. No ka mea like nā genes ʻelua, e ʻike like ʻia ke ʻano.
He aha nā ʻano maʻamau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka homozygous?
Nui nā mea, e like me ko kākou helehelena a me ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ko kākou kino, i hoʻoholo ʻia e kēia mau genes '(Homozygous)'. E nānā kākou i kekahi mau laʻana.
| ʻAno | Homozygous Dominant | Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Kala o nā maka | BB - Nā maka ʻeleʻele (ʻo kēia ke ʻano nui) | bb - nā maka o kekahi kala ʻē aʻe, e like me ka uliuli a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha |
| Nā ʻōniʻoniʻo | FF - Kahi freckle maka (dominant) | ff - ʻAʻohe freckles |
| Lauoho ʻōwili | HH - Loaʻa ka lauoho ʻōwili (dominant) | hh - loaʻa ka lauoho pololei (pololei) |
| Nā pani pepeiao | UU - Pepeiao kau (dominant) | uu - ke ʻano o nā pepeiao e kū ana i waho |
Nā maʻi e hiki ke hana ʻia e ka homozygous
E like me ke ʻano mau me nā mea maikaʻi, i kekahi manawa hiki i kēia kūlana `(Homozygous)` ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi genetic. Pehea lā ia?
E noʻonoʻo he gene recessive hemahema ko ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne e hoʻoulu ai i kahi maʻi. Akā, ʻaʻohe o lāua i loaʻa kēlā maʻi, no ka mea, he gene olakino ko lāua ʻelua e kāohi ana iā ia (ʻo ia hoʻi, he 'Heterozygous' lāua ʻelua). Eia naʻe, inā hānau ʻia ke keiki me kēlā gene recessive hemahema mai ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne, e lilo kēlā keiki i 'Homozygous Recessive' no kēlā gene. A laila kiʻekiʻe ka manawa e hiki mai ai kēlā maʻi genetic.
Eia kekahi o nā maʻi e hiki ke loaʻa:
- ʻO Cystic Fibrosis: Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi e ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua kope kīnā o ka gene CFTR. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka mānoanoa o ka mucus (wai e like me ka mucus) o ke kino, e hoʻopilikia ana i nā ʻōnaehana hanu a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe.
- ʻO ka Anemia Kelepona Sickle: Loaʻa kēia maʻi ke hoʻoilina ʻia ʻelua kope hemahema o ka gene HBB. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hunaola koko ʻulaʻula (ʻano sickle) a hiki ʻole ke lawe pono i ka oxygen.
- ʻO Phenylketonuria (PKU): Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia maʻi e ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua kope hemahema o ka gene PAH. Pale kēia i ke kino mai ka wāwahi ʻana i ka waikawa amino phenylalanine.
He mea nui: Inā loaʻa i kekahi o kou ʻohana kahi maʻi hoʻoilina, a inā he kānalua a hopohopo paha kāu e pili ana i ia mea, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kamaʻilio ʻana me kāu kauka a i ʻole kekahi loea lapaʻau e pili ana i ia mea. E hāʻawi lākou iā ʻoe i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a me ke alakaʻi āu e pono ai.
Leka Lawe-Home
- ʻO ke ʻano o ka 'Homozygous' ʻo ia hoʻi ke loaʻa iā ʻoe ʻelua o nā genes like (alleles) no kahi ʻano kikoʻī mai kou makuahine a me kou makuakāne.
- Hoʻoholo ʻia nā mea he nui, e like me ke kala o kou mau maka a me ke ʻano o kou lauoho, e kēia mau genes.
- Hiki i kēia ke lilo i allele dominant (e.g. BB) a i ʻole he allele recessive (e.g. bb).
- I kekahi manawa, ʻo ka hoʻoilina ʻana i ʻelua kope hemahema o kahi gene hiki ke hana i nā kūlana genetic e like me Cystic Fibrosis a i ʻole Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Inā he mau hopohopo kāu e pili ana i nā maʻi genetic, he mea nui loa ia e ʻimi i ka ʻōlelo aʻo mai ke kauka.
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