I kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā mea pale liʻiliʻi i loko o ko mākou kino: nā Polyclonal Antibodies!

Ua lohe paha ʻoe i nā huaʻōlelo 'Polyclonal Antibodies'? Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kahi kauka e ʻōlelo ana, a ua heluhelu paha ʻoe iā ia ma kahi puke a nūpepa paha ma kekahi wahi. ʻOiai paha he ʻano ʻepekema a paʻakikī kēia huaʻōlelo e hoʻomaopopo, he mea nui loa ia no ke olakino o ko mākou kino a no ka pale ʻana iā mākou mai nā maʻi. No laila, i kēia lā e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ke ʻano o kēia mau polyclonal antibodies, pehea lākou e hana ai i loko o ko mākou kino, pehea lākou e pono ai no mākou, a he aha ko lākou mau pono a me nā hemahema, me he mea lā e haʻi aku ana mākou i kahi hoaaloha maikaʻi a ʻohana paha. Ua mākaukau?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he aha kēia mau antibodies polyclonal?

ʻAe, e hoʻomaopopo mua kākou i ke ʻano o kēia mau Polyclonal Antibodies. Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei ʻoe, i ka wā e maʻi ai ko kākou kino, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā e komo mai ai kahi mea e like me ka germ, loaʻa iā kākou nā ʻāpana kūikawā i loko o ko kākou kino e hakakā ana iā ia. ʻO ia ka mea a kākou e kapa nei he antibodies. Ua like kēia me nā kiaʻi liʻiliʻi, a i ʻole nā ​​​​koa, i loko o ko kākou kino. Hana ʻia kēia mau protein i kapa ʻia he antibodies e ko kākou kino e hakakā i nā maʻi a me nā germs a pale iā kākou.

I kēia manawa, hele mai kēia mau antibodies mai kahi ʻano kikoʻī o ke kelepona i kapa ʻia ʻo `(Plasma B cells)`. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo ``polyclonal'' ʻo ia hoʻi ``mai nā ʻano like ʻole'' (poly = nui, clonal = lineages/types). ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole like kēia mau antibodies polyclonal, ʻaʻole lākou mai ka ʻōmole like. He hōʻiliʻili lākou o nā antibodies e hele mai ana mai nā lineages cell plasma B like ʻole (`lineages`), a he ʻokoʻa iki kekahi i kekahi. E noʻonoʻo e like me kahi hui o nā koa mai nā regiments like ʻole o ka pūʻali koa hoʻokahi.

A laila ʻike kēlā me kēia o kēia mau antibodies, a i ʻole nā ​​​​koa like ʻole, i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka antigen hoʻokahi. I kēia manawa ke nīnau nei ʻoe, "He aha ka antigen?" E noʻonoʻo iā ia he 'lepili' liʻiliʻi a i ʻole 'hae' ma luna o kahi germ, pollen, a i ʻole kekahi protein ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia e komo i loko o ko mākou kino. Ma ka nānā ʻana i kēia lepili, ʻike kā mākou ʻōnaehana pale, ka ʻōnaehana pale o ko mākou kino, inā ʻo ia ko mākou iho (`ʻuhane`) a i ʻole he ʻenemi haole (`ʻaʻole ʻuhane`). Ua like ia me ke kapa komo o ka ʻenemi, a i ʻole ka hae o kahi pūʻali koa ʻenemi.

No laila, ʻo kēia mau antibodies polyclonal he mau koa like ʻole (antibodies) hiki ke ʻike i nā hōʻailona like ʻole, nā ʻano like ʻole (kapa mākou i kēia mau mea ʻepekema he `epitopes` ) ma ke kapa a i ʻole ka hae o ka ʻenemi like (antigen). Maopopo iā ʻoe? Ua like ia me kahi hui o nā koa akamai e hiki ke hoʻouka i ka ʻenemi like mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.

Ke maʻi nā kānaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke loaʻa iā lākou kahi maʻi, hana maoli ʻia kēia mau antibodies polyclonal i loko o ko lākou kino. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa pinepine nā antibodies polyclonal i hoʻohana ʻia i ka noiʻi lapaʻau a me kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau mai nā mammals e like me nā lāpaki, nā hipa, a me nā kao. I kekahi manawa, loaʻa pū lākou mai ke koko o ka poʻe i hoʻōla ʻia mai kekahi mau maʻi.

Pehea e hana maoli ai kēia mau antibodies polyclonal?

I kēia manawa, e nānā kākou pehea e hana ai kēia mau antibodies polyclonal i loko o ko kākou kino, pehea lākou e hakakā ai. Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi maʻi, bacteria, a i ʻole kekahi germ (pathogen) i loko o kou kino, hana kāu ʻōnaehana pale i nā antibodies e hakakā iā lākou.

Loaʻa i kēia mau germs nā antigens a mākou i kamaʻilio ai ma mua ma ko lākou ʻili. Hoʻomaopopo nā antibodies (ko mākou mau koa) i kēia mau antigens a hoʻopaʻa iā lākou. Hoʻopaʻa kēlā me kēia antibody i hoʻokahi antigen kikoʻī wale nō. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, kūpono kēlā me kēia kī i hoʻokahi laka kikoʻī wale nō. Ke hoʻopaʻa kahi antibody i kahi antigen, hoʻouna ia i kahi hōʻailona i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana pale, e ʻōlelo ana, "Eia kahi ʻenemi, e luku iā ia i kēia manawa."

Akā, ʻoiai no hoʻokahi antigen, hiki ke loaʻa kekahi mau wahi e hoʻopili ai ka antibody, e like me ka puka kī o kahi honu. Kāhea mākou i kēia mau wahi hoʻopaʻa kikoʻī ʻo '(epitopes)'. No laila, ʻo nā antibodies polyclonal i loko o kou koko, a i ʻole i loko o nā hopena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ('serums') i hāʻawi ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, he hōʻiliʻili o nā antibodies like ʻole. Hiki i kēlā me kēia o kēia mau antibodies ke ʻike a hoʻopaʻa i nā '(epitopes)' like ʻole (nā wahi hoʻopaʻa like ʻole) ma kēlā antigen. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua like ia me kekahi mau hui koa like ʻole e hana ana i ka manawa like e hopu i ka ʻenemi like.

E noʻonoʻo, aia kekahi ʻenemi nui. Inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hopu i kēlā ʻenemi ʻaʻole wale ma kahi hoʻokahi, akā ma nā wahi he nui i ka manawa hoʻokahi, e like me kona lima, wāwae, poʻo, a me ke kola, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā manawa kūpono e kāohi a hoʻopau i ka ʻenemi. Pēlā ka hana a nā antibodies polyclonal. Hāʻawi nā ʻano antibodies like ʻole (`lineages`) i ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā manawa he nui e ʻike ai, hoʻouka, a hopu i nā germs. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o nā pale o ko mākou kino.

He aha kā mākou e hoʻohana ai i nā antibodies polyclonal no?

Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau antibodies polyclonal, a mākou e hana maoli ai i loko o ko mākou kino, i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no nā kumu koʻikoʻi he nui. E nānā kākou i ke ʻano o lākou:

• Ke ʻike ʻana i ka maʻi: Aia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua hale hana āu i lohe ai, e like me ka hoʻāʻo ELISA a me ka hoʻāʻo Immunohistochemistry. Hoʻohana kēia mau hoʻokolohua i nā antibodies polyclonal e ʻike i nā maʻi lele like ʻole (e like me HIV, hepatitis) a me ke kanesa. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike inā loaʻa i kahi hāpana koko kahi antigen e pili pono ana i ka maʻi.

• Noiʻi ʻepekema: Hoʻohana nā kānaka noiʻi i kēia mau antibodies polyclonal e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o ko mākou kino, pehea e hana ai nā ʻano cell like ʻole, pehea e hoʻopilikia ai nā maʻi iā mākou, a e ʻimi i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou. Ua like lākou me nā mea hana e kōkua ai i nā kānaka ʻepekema e "ʻike" i nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia.

• Ke mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi lele a me kekahi mau kūlana olakino:Hiki i nā antibodies polyclonal ke mālama a, i kekahi mau hihia, pale aku i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau nui, nā nahu nahesa ʻawaʻawa, a me kekahi mau maʻi pili koko.

He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻohana ʻia me nā antibodies polyclonal?

E nānā pono kākou i kekahi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻohana ana i nā antibodies polyclonal:

• Loaʻa i kekahi mau antivenoms nā antibodies polyclonal. Hana ʻia kēia mau mea ma ke komo ʻana i nā liʻiliʻi o ka venom nahesa i loko o nā holoholona, ​​e like me nā lio, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā antibodies i hana ʻia e kēlā mau holoholona. Ke nahu ka nahesa iā ʻoe, hele nā ​​antibodies i loko o ka antivenom a hoʻopau i ka venom.

• Plasma hoʻōla: Ua lohe paha ʻoe i kēia i ka wā o ka maʻi ahulau COVID-19. I ka wā o nā maʻi ahulau koʻikoʻi, hāʻawi ʻia ka plasma (ka ʻāpana wai o ke koko) i lawe ʻia mai ke koko o ka poʻe i hoʻōla ʻia mai kēlā maʻi i nā maʻi. No ka mea, aia i loko o kēlā plasma nā antibodies polyclonal i hana ʻia e ko lākou kino e kūʻē i kēlā maʻi. Ke komo kēia mau antibodies i ke kino o ka mea maʻi, kōkua lākou i ke kaua ʻana i ka maʻi.

• ʻO ka Digoxin immune fab: He lāʻau pale kēia i hāʻawi ʻia inā loaʻa i kekahi ka overdose i ka lāʻau digoxin no ka puʻuwai. Loaʻa pū kekahi i loko o ia mea nā antibodies polyclonal i hana ʻia e kūʻē i ka molekole digoxin.

• ʻO ka Rho(D) immune globulin: Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo 'RhIG', a hiki paha iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā ia i kākau ʻia ʻo 'Rh 0 (D)'. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia i nā makuahine hāpai me ke ʻano koko 'Rh-negative'. ʻO ke kumu o kēia, inā he 'Rh-negative' ke koko o ka makuahine a he 'Rh-positive' ke koko o ka pēpē, hiki i ke kino o ka makuahine ke hoʻomohala i nā antibodies e kūʻē i ke koko o ka pēpē. ʻOiai ʻaʻole paha kēia e hoʻopilikia i ka pēpē mua, i ka wā e hānau ʻia ai kahi pēpē 'Rh-positive' ʻelua, hiki i kēlā mau antibodies ke hōʻeha i ka pēpē. Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻo '(Rhesus isoimmunization)' (Rhesus incompatibility). ʻO kēia ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka lāʻau pale 'Rho(D)' e pale aku ai. Hāʻawi ʻia hoʻi ia ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau no '(Chronic immune thrombocytopenia)' a i ʻole '(ITP)', kahi kūlana e hoʻemi ʻia ai nā platelets i loko o ke koko.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā antibodies polyclonal a me monoclonal?

ʻAe, i kēia manawa he nīnau iki paha kāu. Aia kekahi ʻano i kapa ʻia ʻo 'Monoclonal Antibodies', he aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia a me kēia mau antibodies polyclonal? He mau antibodies nā mea ʻelua, a he mau antigens i kuhikuhi ʻia. Akā aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi.

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi:

• Nā Antibodies Polyclonal: Loaʻa kēia mau mea mai nā ʻano like ʻole o nā cell B. No laila hiki iā lākou ke ʻike a hoʻopaʻa i nā `(epitopes)` like ʻole (nā wahi hoʻopaʻa) ma ka antigen like. Ua like ia me kahi hui o nā koa me nā ʻano kūikawā like ʻole a me nā mea kaua like ʻole. Hoʻouka lākou i ka ʻenemi like mai nā kihi like ʻole.

• Nā Antibodies Monoclonal: ʻO kēia nā "kope pololei" o kahi antibody hoʻokahi. ʻO ia hoʻi, hana ʻia lākou e kahi hanauna cell B hoʻokahi. No laila, ʻike lākou a hoʻopaʻa i hoʻokahi "epitope" wale nō. E like me nā koa cloned e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano mea kaua like, hoʻouka wale i hoʻokahi pahuhopu.

No nā kumu lapaʻau, loaʻa pinepine nā antibodies polyclonal mai ke koko o nā holoholona e like me nā lāpaki, nā kao, a me nā hipa. I kekahi manawa loaʻa pū kekahi mai nā kānaka (e laʻa, ka plasma o nā maʻi i hoʻōla ʻia). Loaʻa mua nā antibodies monoclonal mai ke koko o nā holoholona a laila hana hou ʻia i loko o kahi lab. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā antibodies monoclonal ma mua o nā antibodies polyclonal i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā maʻi e like me ke kanesa, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī o kā lākou kuhikuhi ʻana.

He aha nā pōmaikaʻi o nā antibodies polyclonal?

No laila he aha nā pono o kēia mau antibodies polyclonal? No ke aha mākou e hoʻohana mau nei iā lākou?

• He haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana. ʻOi aku ka makepono o ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea ma mua o ka hana ʻana i nā monoclonal antibodies.
• Hiki i kēia ke ʻike i nā antigens i loko o kahi hāpana ma nā pae haʻahaʻa loa, ʻoiai inā aia lākou ma nā pae haʻahaʻa loa. Ma muli o ka hana pū ʻana o nā antibodies like ʻole, ʻoiai inā hala kekahi, aia kahi manawa kiʻekiʻe e hopu ʻia ai kekahi.
• Kiʻekiʻe ka hiki ke ʻike i kahi antigen. No ka mea, he nui nā antibodies e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā "epitopes" like ʻole, kiʻekiʻe ka hiki ke ʻike i kahi antigen, ʻoiai inā ʻokoʻa iki kona ʻano.

Aia kekahi mau hemahema?

Aia nā pono a me nā hemahema o kēia mau antibodies polyclonal. He mea maikaʻi ke ʻike i ke ʻano o lākou.

• No ka mea, mai ke kumu kūlohelohe kēia mau mea (ʻo ke koko kanaka a holoholona paha), ʻaʻole like ko lākou ʻano a me ke ʻano mai kekahi pūʻulu a i kekahi, ʻaʻole like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hana ʻia ma kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, aia paha he ʻokoʻa iki ma waena o ka hui antibody i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa a me ka hui i hana ʻia i kekahi manawa. No laila, hiki ke ʻokoʻa iki ka pono.
• Me nā antibodies monoclonal, aia kahi pilikia kiʻekiʻe o ka cross-reactivity. ʻO ia hoʻi, aia kahi manawa kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopaʻa ai ka antigen i manaʻo ʻia i kahi antigen ʻē aʻe (kahi a mākou e makemake ʻole ai). Hiki i kēia ke hana i nā pilikia i nā hoʻokolohua a i ʻole ka noiʻi. No ka laʻana, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena wahaheʻe. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i kahi kanaka i loaʻa ʻole ka maʻi ke loaʻa kahi hopena e like me ka maʻi iā lākou. No laila, inā loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi, e like me nā maʻi lele koʻikoʻi, pono paha nā kauka e hana i nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe e hōʻoia iā ia.
• Ke hoʻohana ʻia nā antibodies polyclonal mai nā holoholona no ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o nā hopena alerika a i ʻole nā ​​​​hopena ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai he malihini kēia mau protein holoholona i ko mākou kino.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea nui e pono ai ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo

No laila, ua maopopo paha iā ʻoe i kēia manawa he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi loa nā antibodies polyclonal o ka ʻōnaehana pale o ko mākou kino, a he mea nui ia i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau no ka noiʻi, ka hōʻailona ʻana, a me kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau kikoʻī.

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea no ka noiʻi a me nā hoʻokolohua diagnostics. Eia nō naʻe, inā hāpai ʻoe a he ʻano koko Rh-negative kou (e haʻi aku kāu kauka iā ʻoe e pili ana i kēia), inā he maʻi lele koʻikoʻi kou (e like me ka diphtheria), inā ua nahu ʻia ʻoe e ka nahesa, a inā he maʻi kou e like me ka chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia iā ʻoe kahi lāʻau lapaʻau e loaʻa ana nā polyclonal antibodies.

Inā he mau nīnau a hopohopo paha kāu e pili ana i kēia, mai kānalua e nīnau i kāu kauka a kahu maʻi paha. E wehewehe lākou i kēia mau mea iā ʻoe me nā kikoʻī hou aku. No ka mea, ʻo ka ʻike ʻia e pili ana i kou olakino a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau āu e loaʻa ai kekahi o nā ʻanuʻu maikaʻi loa e noho olakino a hauʻoli!

Nā Antibodies Polyclonal, Nā Antibodies, ʻŌnaehana Palekana, Antigen, Epitope, Hōʻike Manaʻo, Lapaʻau Lapaʻau