Ke ʻike nei ʻoe iā ʻoe iho e hoʻoneʻe ana i kou kino me ka makemake ʻole? E kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ka Tardive Dyskinesia!

Ke manaʻo nei ʻoe i kekahi manawa e neʻe wale ana nā ʻāpana o kou kino, e like me ka lima a i ʻole ka wāwae, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano helehelena, me ke kāohi ʻole ʻia? A i ʻole ua loaʻa i kekahi āu i ʻike ai kēia mau hōʻailona ʻē ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau? Inā ua lohe ʻoe i ia mea, a laila ʻo ke ʻano a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā, i kapa ʻia ʻo Tardive Dyskinesia, he mea nui ia iā ʻoe. ʻOiai he huaʻōlelo lōʻihi iki ia, e hoʻomaopopo wale kākou i ke ʻano o ia mea.

He aha ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, ʻo Tardive Dyskinesia (TD) kahi maʻi neurological, a i ʻole ka hōʻiliʻili o nā hōʻailona, ​​​​kahi e neʻe ai nā ʻiʻo o kou kino me ka makemake ʻole, me kou kaohi ʻole. E like me ka ʻūlū ʻana o ka lima a i ʻole ka loli koke ʻana o ka helehelena.

ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia ʻano, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau no ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, ʻoiai nā lāʻau antipsychotic hanauna mua (neuroleptics). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole wale kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ke hana i kēia. Hiki i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe ke hana i kēia.

ʻO ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo "Tardive" ʻo ia hoʻi "hoʻopaneʻe" a i ʻole "lohi." ʻO "Dyskinesia" ʻo ia hoʻi nā neʻe ʻana o nā ʻiʻo i kāohi ʻole ʻia. No laila, i kēia kūlana, ʻike ʻia kēia mau neʻe ʻana ma hope o kou hoʻomaka ʻana e lawe i ka lāʻau no kekahi manawa, i kekahi manawa he mau makahiki. Eia nō naʻe, i kekahi manawa hiki ke hana ʻia kēia kūlana ma hope o ka lawe ʻana i ka lāʻau no ka manawa pōkole. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kēia kūlana i ka poʻe ma luna o 65 mau makahiki, ʻoiai me ka hoʻohana pōkole ʻana i ka lāʻau.

Pehea ka maʻamau o kēia kūlana?

Wahi a nā kānaka noiʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi he 20% o ka poʻe e lawe ana i nā antipsychotics hanauna mua e loaʻa i ka tardive dyskinesia. ʻAʻole i aʻo ʻia ka nui o kēia ʻano me nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe, no laila he paʻakikī ke hāʻawi i kahi helu pololei.

He aha nā hōʻailona o Tardive Dyskinesia?

Hiki i ka Tardive dyskinesia ke hana i nā neʻe ʻana i nā wahi e like me kēia āu e hiki ʻole ai ke kaohi:

• ʻO nā ʻiʻo ma kou alo
• ʻAlelo
• ʻĀʻī
• Nā ʻiʻo o ke kino
• Nā lālā

Nā neʻe ʻana o ka maka me ka makemake ʻole:

• Ka pā lehelehe a i ʻole nā ​​neʻe omo.
• ʻUmiʻumi a ʻūmiʻumi paha me ke kumu ʻole.
• Ke kīkoʻo ʻana i ke alelo i waho a i ʻole ke kaomi ʻana i ke alelo i loko o ka papālina.
• Nā neʻe nau ʻana.
• Nā papālina e pehu ana.
• ʻAimo wikiwiki o nā maka / blepharospasm. E noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻonāukiuki inā e ʻaimo wale ʻoe i kou mau maka.

Nā neʻe ʻē aʻe me ka makemake ʻole:

• Nā neʻe ʻana o nā manamana lima, e like me ka hoʻokani piano.
• Ke hoʻokuke nei a hoʻoluliluli paha i kou pelvis.
• Ke hele nei me ke ʻano he ʻiole.
• ʻO ka hiki ʻole ke noho mālie, kahi manaʻo mau o ka hoʻomaha ʻole (akathisia). Hiki i kēia ke lilo i mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole loa.

He palupalu loa paha kēia mau hōʻailona a ʻike ʻole ʻia no kekahi poʻe, akā no kekahi poʻe hiki ke koʻikoʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā a hiki i kahi hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia .

Hiki i nā kauka ke hoʻohana i nā huaʻōlelo e like me kēia e wehewehe i kēia mau hōʻailona:

• Dystonia: Nā ʻūlū ʻiʻo i kāohi ʻole ʻia.
• Myoclonus: Ka uē koke ʻana o kahi ʻiʻo no ka manawa pōkole.
• Nā neʻe ʻana o ke alelo a me ka waha: Nā neʻe hana hou e pili ana i ka waha a me ke alelo.
• Nā Tics: Nā ʻūmiʻi maʻamau o nā ʻiʻo, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka maka.

He aha nā kumu o ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

ʻAʻole ʻike maopopo nā kānaka noiʻi i ke kumu o kēia. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo nui , hiki ke hana ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo "dopamine antagonists" e ālai ana i nā mea loaʻa no ka neurotransmitter "dopamine" i loko o ka lolo. Hiki ke hana ʻia kēia inā ʻoe e lawe i kēia mau lāʻau no ka manawa pōkole a i ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pilikia ke lawe ʻoe iā lākou no ka manawa lōʻihi. I kekahi manawa, hiki ke hana ʻia ʻo TD ma hope o ka hoʻōki ʻana i kēia mau lāʻau, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui, a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana.

E noʻonoʻo, ke lawe ʻoe i nā lāʻau pale dopamine receptor no ka manawa lōʻihi, lilo nā receptor dopamine i loko o ka lolo (ʻoi aku ka poʻe ma ka basal ganglia, kahi ʻāpana o ka lolo e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana) i mea ʻoi aku ka naʻau. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hana ʻia kēia neʻe ʻana i kāohi ʻole ʻia e ka nui o ka dopamine a i ʻole nā ​​receptor e lilo i mea naʻau nui loa.

Ma waho aʻe o ka dopamine, ua manaʻo ʻia hoʻi e pili ana nā mea loaʻa neurotransmitter ʻē aʻe, e like me ka serotonin, acetylcholine, a me GABA. ʻO ia paha ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ʻo TD e nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe ma mua o nā antipsychotics.

He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻoulu ai i ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

Hiki ke hana ʻia ka Tardive dyskinesia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau penei:

• Nā lāʻau lapaʻau antipsychotic / neuroleptics: ʻO kēia ke kumu nui.
• ʻO Metoclopramide a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe e hoʻēmi ai i ka nausea.
• ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau antidepressants .

ʻAʻole pinepine, hiki i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau ke hana i ka TD:

• Litiuma.
• Nā lāʻau lapaʻau antiseizure.
• ʻO nā antihistamines, ʻoiai ka hydroxyzine.
• ʻO nā lāʻau antimalarial nā lāʻau i hāʻawi ʻia no ka malaria.

Nā lāʻau lapaʻau antipsychotic a me TD

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lāʻau antipsychotic (neuroleptics) e mālama i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo e like me ka schizophrenia. ʻO kēia mau lāʻau ke kumu maʻamau o TD.

Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o nā antipsychotics hanauna mua ("typical") i ke kumu o ka TD ma mua o nā antipsychotics hanauna ʻelua ("atypical").

ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā antipsychotics hanauna mua:

• ʻO Chlorpromazine `(Chlorpromazine)`
• ʻO Fluphenazine `(Fluphenazine)`
• Haloperidol `(Haloperidol)`
• ʻO Perphenazine `(Perphenazine)`
• ʻO Prochlorperazine `(Prochlorperazine)`
• ʻO Thioridazine `(Thioridazine)`
• ʻO Trifluoperazine `(Trifluoperazine)`

ʻO Metoclopramide a me ka dyskinesia tardive

He lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Metoclopramide i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka reflux acid chronic (GERD), kahi ʻano gastritis koʻikoʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia nō hoʻi ia e mālama i ka gastroparesis e pili ana i ka maʻi diabetes.

Aia kahi pilina ikaika ma waena o metoclopramide a me TD. ʻO nā kumu pilikia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka TD ma muli o kēia lāʻau lapaʻau:

• ʻOiai he 65 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha.
• ʻOiai he wahine.
• Loaʻa i ka maʻi diabetes.
• Ke lawe nei i ka metoclopramide no 12 mau pule a ʻoi aku paha.

Nā lāʻau hoʻohaʻahaʻa kaumaha a me TD

Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau antidepressants e mālama i nā kūlana e like me ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, a me ka maʻi obsessive-compulsive. ʻO kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka TD i nā poʻe ma luna o 65 mau makahiki. ʻO kēia no ka mea e loli ka lolo me ka makahiki. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia ma mua o ka TD i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā lāʻau antipsychotic.

ʻO kēia mau antidepressants e pili ana i ka `(TD)`:

• ʻO Trazodone (he mea hoʻololi serotonin kēia).
• ʻO Amitriptyline, clomipramine, a me doxepin (he mau antidepressants tricyclic kēia).
• ʻO Fluoxetine a me sertraline (ʻo ia nā SSRI).
• ʻO Phenelzine lāua ʻo rasagiline (he mau MAOI kēia).
• Ua pili ʻia ʻo Selegiline (he MAOI hoʻi) i ka TD i ka wā i lawe ʻia me ka levodopa.

Lithium a me TD

He lāʻau lapaʻau ka Lithium i hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka maʻi bipolar. Ua pili pū ia me TD. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻoe e lawe i ka lithium me kahi lāʻau antipsychotic, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kou pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o TD.

Nā lāʻau lapaʻau antiseizure a me TD

Hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau antiseizure e pale a kāohi i nā hopu ʻana. Pili ʻia ʻo Carbamazepine lāua ʻo lamotrigine me TD, akā ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻoulu i ka TD. Ua pili pū ʻia ʻo Phenytoin me TD.

Nā Antihistamine a me TD

Kōkua nā antihistamines i nā hōʻailona allergy. ʻO Hydroxyzine, ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ua pili i ka TD inā hoʻohana lōʻihi.

ʻO ka poʻe ma luna o 65 mau makahiki i hoʻohana mua i nā phenothiazines (nā antipsychotics maʻamau) e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka TD i ka wā e lawe ai i ka hydroxyzine.

Nā lāʻau antimalarial a me TD

ʻO nā lāʻau antimalarial e like me chloroquine a me amodiaquine e pili ana i ka TD.

He aha nā kumu pilikia no ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

Hiki i kekahi mau kumu ke hoʻonui i kou pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka tardive dyskinesia. ʻO kekahi o lākou:

• Makahiki: ʻOi aku ka nui o ka poʻe ma luna o 40 mau makahiki e loaʻa iā lākou ka TD. ʻOi aku ka pilikia o ka poʻe ma luna o 65 mau makahiki ma muli o nā loli i loko o ka ʻōnaehana nerve e kū mai ana me ka ʻelemakule.
• Kāne: ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o nā wahine i ka loaʻa ʻana o TD. ʻO nā wahine postmenopausal e lawe ana i nā lāʻau antipsychotic no kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki he 30% kiʻekiʻe aʻe ko lākou pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o TD.
• Lāhui: Ua hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka poʻe ʻeleʻele ʻAmelika e loaʻa i ka TD ma mua o nā keʻokeʻo. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka poʻe o ka lāhui Pilipino a me ʻAsia e loaʻa i ka TD ma mua o ka poʻe o ka lāhui Caucasian. (Pono nā noiʻi kūloko hou aʻe e hoʻoholo ai pehea e pili ai kēia iā Sri Lanka.)
• Maʻi bipolar: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka poʻe me ka maʻi bipolar i ka TD ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka wā e lawe ai i nā lāʻau antipsychotic.

Ke aʻo nei nā kānaka noiʻi i nā kumu genetic e hoʻonui a hoʻemi paha i ka pilikia o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka TD.

He aha nā pilikia e hiki ke loaʻa mai ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

Hiki i nā neʻe ʻana i kāohi ʻole ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka tardive dyskinesia ke lilo i mea ʻoluʻolu ʻole loa. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopilikia i kou nohona pili kanaka a me ka naʻau. Hiki i kēia ke loaʻa ka hopena nui i kou olakino noʻonoʻo. Hiki iā ia ke paʻakikī i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā.

ʻAʻole maʻamau ka maʻi make o TD. Eia naʻe,He mea kākaʻikahi loa, inā lilo ka TD i mea koʻikoʻi a hoʻopilikia i ka larynx (kahi i loaʻa ai nā kaula leo - laryngospasm) a me ka diaphragm (ka ʻiʻo e kōkua iā ʻoe e hanu), hiki iā ia ke hoʻopilikia i ka hanu ʻana a hoʻoweliweli i ke ola.

Pehea e ʻike ʻia ai ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

E nīnau kāu kauka e pili ana i kāu mau hōʻailona, ​​​​mōʻaukala olakino, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Manaʻo paha kāu kauka i ka tardive dyskinesia (TD) inā ʻoe e lawe ana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻike ʻia e hoʻoulu ai i ka tardive dyskinesia. E hana lākou i kahi hoʻokolokolo kino a me kahi hoʻokolokolo neurological. Hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia ʻoe i kahi loea, e like me ka neurologist, ka loea maʻi neʻe, a i ʻole psychiatrist.

Hoʻohana nā kauka i ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) e ʻike ai i ka tardive dyskinesia. Wahi a ka DSM-5 , i mea e ʻike ʻia ai me ka tardive dyskinesia, pono e mau nā hōʻailona no hoʻokahi mahina ma hope o ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Inā he 40 ou makahiki a ʻoi aʻe paha, pono ʻoe e lawe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no ʻekolu mahina ma ka liʻiliʻi, a inā ʻoi aku ʻoe ma mua o 40, pono ʻoe e lawe i ka lāʻau lapaʻau no hoʻokahi mahina.

Hiki i kāu kauka ke kauoha i nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe e hōʻoia i ka TD a i ʻole e kāpae i nā kūlana ʻē aʻe me nā hōʻailona like, e like me ka maʻi Huntington. Hiki i kēia ke komo pū me nā hoʻokolohua hale hana a me nā hoʻokolohua kiʻi, e like me ka CT scan a i ʻole MRI o ka lolo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka TD ka maʻamau he hōʻailona lapaʻau. ʻO ia hoʻi, hana nā kauka i ka hōʻailona ma muli o ka mōʻaukala lapaʻau piha a me ka hoʻokolokolo kino piha, me ka ʻole o nā hoʻokolohua hou aʻe.

He aha nā lāʻau lapaʻau no ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka tardive dyskinesia i nā hopena like ʻole. Hōʻike kekahi mau haʻawina e hoʻomaikaʻi nā hōʻailona ke hoʻemi ʻia a hoʻōki ʻia paha ka nui o ka lāʻau antipsychotic. Hōʻike kekahi ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa.

Inā hiki, hiki i kāu kauka ke ʻōlelo aku e hoʻōki i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻoulu ai i kou TD. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana mau ʻia kēia. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i ka hoʻōki ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ke hoʻonui i ke kūlana kumu i kaohi ʻia e ka lāʻau lapaʻau.

Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka TD i ka wā e lawe ana i ka antipsychotic hanauna mua, hiki i kāu kauka ke hoʻololi iā ʻoe i kahi antipsychotic hanauna lua.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻōki ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā antipsychotics, ʻo ka hōʻike ikaika loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka TD i loaʻa i kēia manawa no kahi papa o nā lāʻau i kapa ʻia ʻo VMAT inhibitors. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Deutetrabenazine lāua ʻo valbenazine i palekana a pono. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka TD waena a koʻikoʻi e hoʻopilikia nei i kou ʻano ola, hiki i kāu kauka ke ʻōlelo i kēia mau lāʻau.

Hiki ke ho'ōla ʻia ʻo Tardive Dyskinesia? (Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia?)

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hihia o ka tardive dyskinesia he mau loa ia, ʻo ia hoʻi he lōʻihi ko lākou mau. ʻOiai hiki i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ke kōkua i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā hōʻailona, ​​​​ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ho'ōla piha a hoʻohuli paha i ke kūlana.

He aha kaʻu e manaʻo ai inā loaʻa iaʻu ʻo Tardive Dyskinesia?

ʻAʻole like ka hopena o ka Tardive dyskinesia i nā kānaka a pau. Hiki i nā hōʻailona ke ʻano like ʻole mai ka ʻoluʻolu a i ka ʻino. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ke kōkua nei ka lāʻau lapaʻau i kekahi poʻe e hoʻokele i kā lākou mau hōʻailona, ​​ʻaʻole paha no kekahi. E hana pū kāu kauka me ʻoe e ʻimi i ka hoʻolālā lapaʻau maikaʻi loa. Hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi o ka mea e manaʻo ai.

Hiki ke pale ʻia ka Tardive Dyskinesia?

He kūlana paʻakikī ke wānana i ka Tardive dyskinesia. ʻAʻole nā ​​​​kānaka a pau e lawe ana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau e loaʻa iā ia.

Inā he mau kumu pilikia kou e hoʻonui ai i kou pilikia i ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia maʻi, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka. Hiki paha iā ʻoe ke pale aku i ka tardive dyskinesia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau ʻokoʻa. No ka hōʻemi ʻana i kou pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o TD, e kuhikuhi kāu kauka i ka lāʻau lapaʻau antipsychotic haʻahaʻa loa no ka manawa pōkole loa.

Inā ʻoe e lawe ana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻike ʻia e hoʻoulu ai i ka TD, e kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hoʻokolohua maʻamau no nā maʻi neʻe. Hiki i ka ʻike mua ʻana i nā hōʻailona TD ke kōkua i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ko lākou koʻikoʻi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia mau hoʻokolohua i loko o ʻekolu a ʻeono mahina o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau e hiki ke hoʻoulu ai i ka TD.

Pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke mālama iaʻu iho inā loaʻa iaʻu ʻo Tardive Dyskinesia?

E hana pū kāu kauka me ʻoe e hoʻoponopono i kāu hoʻolālā lapaʻau e like me ka mea e pono ai. Eia kekahi mau ʻanuʻu ʻē aʻe hiki iā ʻoe ke hana e mālama i ka TD:

• E hana i kahi loiloi hōʻailona maʻamau me kāu kauka i kēlā me kēia ʻekolu a ʻeono mahina.
• E mālama i kahi moʻolelo o kāu mau hōʻailona. Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe nā hōʻailona hou, e hoʻomaopopo i kāu kauka.
• E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mālama ponoʻī, me ka hana kino. Hiki i ka hoʻoikaika kino ke kōkua i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i kekahi mau hōʻailona o ka neʻe ʻana.
• E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i kāu mau hana o kēlā me kēia lā a me ke ʻano o ke ola.
• Inā pili kou olakino noʻonoʻo a me kou olakino pili kanaka i ka TD, e ʻimi i ke kōkua mai kekahi kākāʻōlelo olakino noʻonoʻo .

Āhea wau e hele ai i ka lumi pilikia?

Inā pilikia ʻoe i ka hanu ʻana ma muli o ka tardive dyskinesia, e kelepona koke i ka 911 (1990 ma Sri Lanka) a i ʻole e hele i ka lumi pilikia kokoke loa.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, nā mea e hoʻomanaʻo ai (Leka Lawe-Home)

ʻOkoʻa ka hopena o ka Tardive dyskinesia (TD) i nā kānaka. No kekahi poʻe, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ko lākou ola maikaʻi. Akā e hoʻomanaʻo, e hana pū kāu kauka me ʻoe e nānā a hoʻokele i kāu TD. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻōlelo a hoʻololi i kahi hoʻolālā lapaʻau e kūpono i kāu mau pono, a hāʻawi i nā hoʻolālā mālama ponoʻī e hiki ke kōkua. Mai ho'ōki i ka lawe ʻana i kāu lāʻau lapaʻau a hoʻololi paha i ka dosage me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a kāu kauka. E kamaʻilio me kāu kauka e pili ana i nā nīnau a hopohopo paha āu e loaʻa ai.

ʻO ka dyskinesia Tardive, nā neʻe ʻana me ka makemake ʻole, nā hopena ʻaoʻao o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā antipsychotics, nā neuropathies, dopamine, nā mea hoʻopaʻa VMAT