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Tsis txhob ntshai cov qog pituitary hauv lub taub hau, cia peb tham txog lawv.

Tsis txhob ntshai cov qog pituitary hauv lub taub hau, cia peb tham txog lawv.

Hauv qab peb lub hlwb, muaj ib lub qog me me, tab sis tseem ceeb heev. Peb hu nws ua Pituitary Gland. Txawm hais tias nws me me, nws ua haujlwm zoo li tus thawj coj loj ntawm peb lub cev. Nws tswj ntau yam tseem ceeb heev, xws li peb txoj kev loj hlob, lub plawv dhia, thiab lub peev xwm muaj menyuam. Nws kuj yog qhov uas qhia rau lwm cov qog hauv lub cev, "Okay, tam sim no ua koj cov tshuaj hormones." Yog vim li ntawd peb thiaj hu nws ua "Master Gland."

Yog li, thaum cov hlwb pituitary gland no pib loj hlob tsis zoo thiab tsis tswj tau, peb hu nws ua qog pituitary. Tab sis qhov uas ntau tus neeg ntshai ntawm no yog seb nws puas yog mob qog noj ntshav. Qhov tseeb, feem ntau cov qog pituitary tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav. Mob qog pituitary tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov qog no tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj vim lawv qhov loj me (cov qog loj) lossis vim lawv tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntxiv uas lub cev tsis xav tau (cov qog ua haujlwm). Qhov no feem ntau kho nrog kev phais, tshuaj, lossis kev kho mob hluav taws xob.

Vim li cas cov qog pituitary no thiaj tshwm sim?

Qhov tseeb, cov kws kho mob tseem tsis tau paub meej tias yog dab tsi ua rau cov qog no. Qee zaum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov hlwb pituitary, tab sis nws zoo li tshwm sim yam tsis tau npaj tseg.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam mob caj ces uas ua rau cov neeg uas muaj cov mob no muaj feem yuav mob qog pituitary ntau dua. Ib txhia ntawm cov mob no suav nrog:

  • Carney complex: Qhov no yog ib qho mob caj ces tsis tshua muaj uas ua rau muaj ntau cov qog nqaij hlav uas tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav hauv lub cev.
  • Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA): Qhov no kuj yog ib qho mob tsis tshua muaj. Nws ua rau lub cev loj dua li qub.
  • Tus kab mob acromegaly hauv tsev neeg raug cais tawm: Qhov no zoo ib yam li FIPA.
  • McCune-Albright syndrome: Tus mob no tsis tshua muaj ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pob txha thiab daim tawv nqaij.
  • Mob qog nqaij hlav endocrine ntau yam, hom I thiab hom IV (MEN1, MEN4): Cov mob no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qog nqaij hlav hauv cov qog ntawm lub cev.

Cov tsos mob ua rau mob qog loj hlob

Lub qog pituitary nyob hauv ib qho chaw me me hauv qab lub hlwb, ze heev rau cov hlab ntsha optic uas nqa cov lus ntawm lub qhov muag thiab lub hlwb. Yog li, thaum ib lub qog loj loj hlob hauv qhov chaw me me no, nws pib thawb rau ntawm cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig nws. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam tsos mob.

Hais yooj yim xwb, qhov teeb meem hauv paus yog tias thaum lub qog loj hlob tuaj, nws nias cov kab mob tseem ceeb nyob ib puag ncig nws, tsim kom muaj chaw tsawg dua.

Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj qhov kev txhaws no yog:

  • Mob taub hau: Mob taub hau ntau zaus, qee zaum mob hnyav.
  • Teeb meem pom kev:Tej yam xws li tsis pom kev zoo thiab pom ob sab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum saib ncaj nraim rau pem hauv ntej.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, yog tias qhov mob qog no nias rau ntawm lub qog pituitary nws tus kheej, cov tshuaj hormones uas lub qog tsim tawm yuav txo qis. Tom qab ntawd, cov tsos mob zoo li no yuav tshwm sim:

  • Rau cov txiv neej: kev loj hlob ntawm lub mis, poob plaub hau ntawm lub ntsej muag, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev sib deev.
  • Rau cov poj niam: tsis tu ncua lossis tsis muaj hli, tsis pub mis niam yam tsis muaj menyuam.
  • Rau cov menyuam yaus: Kev loj hlob qeeb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev.
  • Feem ntau: txo qis kev ntshaw kev sib deev, ntuav, mob plab, hloov pauv qhov hnyav, thiab txias txhua lub sijhawm.

Cov tsos mob ua los ntawm cov qog tsim cov tshuaj hormones

Qee cov qog nqaij hlav (cov qog nqaij hlav ua haujlwm) tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntxiv uas lub cev tsis xav tau. Cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim ces nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj hormones twg raug tsim ntau dhau. Cia peb saib seb qhov ntawd ua haujlwm li cas.

Cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim tawm ntau tshaj plaws Mob thiab cov tsos mob
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Qhov no tswj cov tshuaj hormone cortisol. Thaum ACTH nce ntxiv, muaj ib qho mob hu ua Cushing's syndrome tshwm sim.
Cov tsos mob: Mob qhov muag yooj yim, ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib ntau, cov cim ncab xim av lossis xim liab, lub ntsej muag puag ncig heev, cov leeg tsis muaj zog, ceg nyias nyias thiab lub ntsej muag, caj dab, thiab lub cev loj.
Cov Tshuaj Hormone Loj Hlob Qhov no tswj lub cev txoj kev loj hlob, qab zib, thiab kev siv roj. Yog tias qhov no nce ntxiv:
Cov Menyuam: Loj hlob siab dua li qub ( Gigantism )
Cov Neeg Laus: Kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub ntsej muag, tes, thiab taw ( Acromegaly )
Lwm cov tsos mob: kab mob plawv, ntshav qab zib ntau, mob pob qij txha, hws ntau dhau.
ProlactinQhov no ua rau cov poj niam tsim cov kua mis. Yog tias qhov no nce ntxiv:
Rau cov poj niam: Cov kua mis tawm thaum tsis cev xeeb tub lossis tsis tau yug menyuam, txo qis kev xav sib deev, tsis muaj hli, nyuaj rau cev xeeb tub.
Rau cov txiv neej: txo cov phev thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev sib deev.
Cov tshuaj hormones txhawb nqa thyroid (TSH) Qhov no qhia rau lub qog thyroid kom tsim cov tshuaj hormones. Cov no tswj kev loj hlob, kub, thiab lub plawv dhia. Yog tias TSH siab:
Cov tsos mob: Lub plawv dhia ceev lossis tsis xwm yeem, tso quav ntau zaus, teeb meem pw tsaug zog, tshee hnyo, tawm hws ntau dhau, poob phaus.

Koj nrhiav tau qhov no li cas, Kws Kho Mob?

Thaum koj mus ntsib kws kho mob uas muaj cov tsos mob no, nws yuav nug koj txog koj cov tsos mob thiab keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd, lawv yuav kuaj koj lub cev.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws muaj peev xwm ua cov kev ntsuam xyuas xws li:

  • Kev kuaj qhov muag: Xyuas seb qhov qog puas tau cuam tshuam rau koj qhov muag pom kev.
  • Kev kuaj mob hlwb: Saib seb koj lub hlwb, tus txha caj qaum, thiab cov hlab ntsha ua haujlwm li cas.
  • Kev kuaj ntshav thiab zis: Xyuas koj cov tshuaj hormones kom pom tseeb tias lawv yog dab tsi.
  • Kev Thaij Duab: Txhawm rau kom paub tseeb tias puas muaj qog nqaij hlav los ntawm kev saib sab hauv lub cev. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav nrog CT scan , thiab qee zaum yuav ua tau MRI scan .

Cov kev kho mob rau qhov no yog dab tsi?

Feem ntau cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub qog pituitary tsis tas yuav kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj cov qog nqaij hlav xav tau kev kho mob, txoj kev xaiv yuav nyob ntawm hom qog nqaij hlav, nws qhov loj me, thiab koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.

Kev phais mob

Qhov no yog kev kho mob uas siv ntau tshaj plaws. Tsuas yog tias nws tsis yog qog uas tsim cov prolactin, feem ntau lwm cov qog yuav raug phais tshem tawm. Txhawm rau ua qhov kev phais no, tus kws kho mob yuav ua qhov phais los ntawm lub qhov ntswg, los ntawm qhov phais saum daim di ncauj sab saud, lossis los ntawm qhov phais hauv lub taub hau. Kev phais feem ntau yog ua los ntawm lub taub hau rau cov qog loj dua lossis rau cov qog uas tau kis mus rau hauv txoj kev nyuaj.

Kev Kho Mob Hluav Taws Xob

Txoj kev kho mob no siv cov duab hluav taws xob X-rays muaj zog heev los rhuav tshem cov qog nqaij hlav. Txoj kev kho mob no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias phais tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav tag, lossis yog tias cov qog nqaij hlav rov qab los. Muaj ntau hom kev kho mob hluav taws xob sib txawv, xws li kev kho mob ib zaug xwb (stereotactic radiosurgery) mus rau kev kho mob tsawg uas muab ntau zaus hauv ib lub lim tiam rau 4-6 lub lis piam.

Tshuaj kho mob

Nyob ntawm seb koj muaj hom qog nqaij hlav li cas, koj tus kws kho mob yuav sim siv tshuaj ua ntej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj lub qog nqaij hlav tsim cov prolactin, tshuaj tuaj yeem txo qhov kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntawd thiab pab kom lub qog nqaij hlav me dua. Cov tshuaj kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov qog nqaij hlav uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob thiab rau kev tswj cov mob xws li Cushing's syndrome thiab acromegaly.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Feem ntau cov qog pituitary tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav, yog li tsis txhob ntshai heev.
  • Tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tsos mob xws li mob taub hau thiab pom kev tsis meej nyob ntawm seb qhov qog loj npaum li cas. Tej zaum kuj yuav muaj tej yam tsos mob vim yog tej yam hloov hauv cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub cev.
  • Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob sai li sai tau.
  • Muaj cov kev kho mob zoo rau qhov no, xws li phais, kho mob hluav taws xob, thiab tshuaj.
  • Tham txog tej lus nug uas koj muaj txog koj tus mob thiab kev kho mob nrog koj tus kws kho mob.

Cov qog pituitary, cov qog pituitary, teeb meem hormonal, mob taub hau, teeb meem pom kev, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 1 + 6 =
Tsis txhob ntshai cov qog pituitary hauv lub taub hau, cia peb tham txog lawv.

Tsis txhob ntshai cov qog pituitary hauv lub taub hau, cia peb tham txog lawv.

Hauv qab peb lub hlwb, muaj ib lub qog me me, tab sis tseem ceeb heev. Peb hu nws ua Pituitary Gland. Txawm hais tias nws me me, nws ua haujlwm zoo li tus thawj coj loj ntawm peb lub cev. Nws tswj ntau yam tseem ceeb heev, xws li peb txoj kev loj hlob, lub plawv dhia, thiab lub peev xwm muaj menyuam. Nws kuj yog qhov uas qhia rau lwm cov qog hauv lub cev, "Okay, tam sim no ua koj cov tshuaj hormones." Yog vim li ntawd peb thiaj hu nws ua "Master Gland."

Yog li, thaum cov hlwb pituitary gland no pib loj hlob tsis zoo thiab tsis tswj tau, peb hu nws ua qog pituitary. Tab sis qhov uas ntau tus neeg ntshai ntawm no yog seb nws puas yog mob qog noj ntshav. Qhov tseeb, feem ntau cov qog pituitary tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav. Mob qog pituitary tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias cov qog no tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav, lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj vim lawv qhov loj me (cov qog loj) lossis vim lawv tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntxiv uas lub cev tsis xav tau (cov qog ua haujlwm). Qhov no feem ntau kho nrog kev phais, tshuaj, lossis kev kho mob hluav taws xob.

Vim li cas cov qog pituitary no thiaj tshwm sim?

Qhov tseeb, cov kws kho mob tseem tsis tau paub meej tias yog dab tsi ua rau cov qog no. Qee zaum muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov hlwb pituitary, tab sis nws zoo li tshwm sim yam tsis tau npaj tseg.

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qee yam mob caj ces uas ua rau cov neeg uas muaj cov mob no muaj feem yuav mob qog pituitary ntau dua. Ib txhia ntawm cov mob no suav nrog:

  • Carney complex: Qhov no yog ib qho mob caj ces tsis tshua muaj uas ua rau muaj ntau cov qog nqaij hlav uas tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav hauv lub cev.
  • Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA): Qhov no kuj yog ib qho mob tsis tshua muaj. Nws ua rau lub cev loj dua li qub.
  • Tus kab mob acromegaly hauv tsev neeg raug cais tawm: Qhov no zoo ib yam li FIPA.
  • McCune-Albright syndrome: Tus mob no tsis tshua muaj ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov pob txha thiab daim tawv nqaij.
  • Mob qog nqaij hlav endocrine ntau yam, hom I thiab hom IV (MEN1, MEN4): Cov mob no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qog nqaij hlav hauv cov qog ntawm lub cev.

Cov tsos mob ua rau mob qog loj hlob

Lub qog pituitary nyob hauv ib qho chaw me me hauv qab lub hlwb, ze heev rau cov hlab ntsha optic uas nqa cov lus ntawm lub qhov muag thiab lub hlwb. Yog li, thaum ib lub qog loj loj hlob hauv qhov chaw me me no, nws pib thawb rau ntawm cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig nws. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau yam tsos mob.

Hais yooj yim xwb, qhov teeb meem hauv paus yog tias thaum lub qog loj hlob tuaj, nws nias cov kab mob tseem ceeb nyob ib puag ncig nws, tsim kom muaj chaw tsawg dua.

Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb uas ua rau muaj qhov kev txhaws no yog:

  • Mob taub hau: Mob taub hau ntau zaus, qee zaum mob hnyav.
  • Teeb meem pom kev:Tej yam xws li tsis pom kev zoo thiab pom ob sab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum saib ncaj nraim rau pem hauv ntej.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, yog tias qhov mob qog no nias rau ntawm lub qog pituitary nws tus kheej, cov tshuaj hormones uas lub qog tsim tawm yuav txo qis. Tom qab ntawd, cov tsos mob zoo li no yuav tshwm sim:

  • Rau cov txiv neej: kev loj hlob ntawm lub mis, poob plaub hau ntawm lub ntsej muag, thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev sib deev.
  • Rau cov poj niam: tsis tu ncua lossis tsis muaj hli, tsis pub mis niam yam tsis muaj menyuam.
  • Rau cov menyuam yaus: Kev loj hlob qeeb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib deev.
  • Feem ntau: txo qis kev ntshaw kev sib deev, ntuav, mob plab, hloov pauv qhov hnyav, thiab txias txhua lub sijhawm.

Cov tsos mob ua los ntawm cov qog tsim cov tshuaj hormones

Qee cov qog nqaij hlav (cov qog nqaij hlav ua haujlwm) tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntxiv uas lub cev tsis xav tau. Cov tsos mob uas tshwm sim ces nyob ntawm seb cov tshuaj hormones twg raug tsim ntau dhau. Cia peb saib seb qhov ntawd ua haujlwm li cas.

Cov tshuaj hormones uas tsim tawm ntau tshaj plaws Mob thiab cov tsos mob
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Qhov no tswj cov tshuaj hormone cortisol. Thaum ACTH nce ntxiv, muaj ib qho mob hu ua Cushing's syndrome tshwm sim.
Cov tsos mob: Mob qhov muag yooj yim, ntshav siab, ntshav qab zib ntau, cov cim ncab xim av lossis xim liab, lub ntsej muag puag ncig heev, cov leeg tsis muaj zog, ceg nyias nyias thiab lub ntsej muag, caj dab, thiab lub cev loj.
Cov Tshuaj Hormone Loj Hlob Qhov no tswj lub cev txoj kev loj hlob, qab zib, thiab kev siv roj. Yog tias qhov no nce ntxiv:
Cov Menyuam: Loj hlob siab dua li qub ( Gigantism )
Cov Neeg Laus: Kev loj hlob ntawm cov pob txha ntawm lub ntsej muag, tes, thiab taw ( Acromegaly )
Lwm cov tsos mob: kab mob plawv, ntshav qab zib ntau, mob pob qij txha, hws ntau dhau.
ProlactinQhov no ua rau cov poj niam tsim cov kua mis. Yog tias qhov no nce ntxiv:
Rau cov poj niam: Cov kua mis tawm thaum tsis cev xeeb tub lossis tsis tau yug menyuam, txo qis kev xav sib deev, tsis muaj hli, nyuaj rau cev xeeb tub.
Rau cov txiv neej: txo cov phev thiab kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm kev sib deev.
Cov tshuaj hormones txhawb nqa thyroid (TSH) Qhov no qhia rau lub qog thyroid kom tsim cov tshuaj hormones. Cov no tswj kev loj hlob, kub, thiab lub plawv dhia. Yog tias TSH siab:
Cov tsos mob: Lub plawv dhia ceev lossis tsis xwm yeem, tso quav ntau zaus, teeb meem pw tsaug zog, tshee hnyo, tawm hws ntau dhau, poob phaus.

Koj nrhiav tau qhov no li cas, Kws Kho Mob?

Thaum koj mus ntsib kws kho mob uas muaj cov tsos mob no, nws yuav nug koj txog koj cov tsos mob thiab keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv ua ntej. Tom qab ntawd, lawv yuav kuaj koj lub cev.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws muaj peev xwm ua cov kev ntsuam xyuas xws li:

  • Kev kuaj qhov muag: Xyuas seb qhov qog puas tau cuam tshuam rau koj qhov muag pom kev.
  • Kev kuaj mob hlwb: Saib seb koj lub hlwb, tus txha caj qaum, thiab cov hlab ntsha ua haujlwm li cas.
  • Kev kuaj ntshav thiab zis: Xyuas koj cov tshuaj hormones kom pom tseeb tias lawv yog dab tsi.
  • Kev Thaij Duab: Txhawm rau kom paub tseeb tias puas muaj qog nqaij hlav los ntawm kev saib sab hauv lub cev. Qhov no feem ntau ua tiav nrog CT scan , thiab qee zaum yuav ua tau MRI scan .

Cov kev kho mob rau qhov no yog dab tsi?

Feem ntau cov qog nqaij hlav hauv lub qog pituitary tsis tas yuav kho mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj cov qog nqaij hlav xav tau kev kho mob, txoj kev xaiv yuav nyob ntawm hom qog nqaij hlav, nws qhov loj me, thiab koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv tag nrho.

Kev phais mob

Qhov no yog kev kho mob uas siv ntau tshaj plaws. Tsuas yog tias nws tsis yog qog uas tsim cov prolactin, feem ntau lwm cov qog yuav raug phais tshem tawm. Txhawm rau ua qhov kev phais no, tus kws kho mob yuav ua qhov phais los ntawm lub qhov ntswg, los ntawm qhov phais saum daim di ncauj sab saud, lossis los ntawm qhov phais hauv lub taub hau. Kev phais feem ntau yog ua los ntawm lub taub hau rau cov qog loj dua lossis rau cov qog uas tau kis mus rau hauv txoj kev nyuaj.

Kev Kho Mob Hluav Taws Xob

Txoj kev kho mob no siv cov duab hluav taws xob X-rays muaj zog heev los rhuav tshem cov qog nqaij hlav. Txoj kev kho mob no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias phais tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov qog nqaij hlav tag, lossis yog tias cov qog nqaij hlav rov qab los. Muaj ntau hom kev kho mob hluav taws xob sib txawv, xws li kev kho mob ib zaug xwb (stereotactic radiosurgery) mus rau kev kho mob tsawg uas muab ntau zaus hauv ib lub lim tiam rau 4-6 lub lis piam.

Tshuaj kho mob

Nyob ntawm seb koj muaj hom qog nqaij hlav li cas, koj tus kws kho mob yuav sim siv tshuaj ua ntej. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj lub qog nqaij hlav tsim cov prolactin, tshuaj tuaj yeem txo qhov kev tsim cov tshuaj hormones ntawd thiab pab kom lub qog nqaij hlav me dua. Cov tshuaj kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov qog nqaij hlav uas tsim cov tshuaj hormones loj hlob thiab rau kev tswj cov mob xws li Cushing's syndrome thiab acromegaly.

Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev

  • Feem ntau cov qog pituitary tsis yog mob qog noj ntshav, yog li tsis txhob ntshai heev.
  • Tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam tsos mob xws li mob taub hau thiab pom kev tsis meej nyob ntawm seb qhov qog loj npaum li cas. Tej zaum kuj yuav muaj tej yam tsos mob vim yog tej yam hloov hauv cov tshuaj hormones hauv lub cev.
  • Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob zoo li no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob sai li sai tau.
  • Muaj cov kev kho mob zoo rau qhov no, xws li phais, kho mob hluav taws xob, thiab tshuaj.
  • Tham txog tej lus nug uas koj muaj txog koj tus mob thiab kev kho mob nrog koj tus kws kho mob.

Cov qog pituitary, cov qog pituitary, teeb meem hormonal, mob taub hau, teeb meem pom kev, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly
⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.

Ntxiv koj cov lus

Thov xam: 1 + 6 =