Koj puas tau muaj ib qho o ntawm koj lub noob qes lossis thaj chaw ib puag ncig nws? Qhov no yuav nyuaj me ntsis rau tham txog, tab sis nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Peb hu qhov no ua scrotal lymphedema. Tsis txhob txhawj, qhov no tsis yog ib yam dab tsi uas koj muaj xwb. Cia peb tham txog nws hauv txoj kev yooj yim uas txhua tus tuaj yeem nkag siab.
Scrotal Lymphedema yog dab tsi?
Hais yooj yim xwb, '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' yog ib qho mob uas cov nqaij mos hauv koj lub noob qes, tshwj xeeb yog cov kua hu ua lymph, o. Qhov o no tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam rau lub noob qes xwb tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ib puag ncig, xws li tus qau. Raws li koj paub, lub noob qes yog ib lub hnab tawv nqaij nyob hauv qab thiab tom qab tus qau, thiab yog qhov chaw uas cov noob qes feem ntau nyob.
Qhov no yog ib hom mob ntev hu ua '(Lymphedema). Qhov mob no tshwm sim thaum lub cev lymphatic hauv peb lub cev raug puas tsuaj lossis raug thaiv. Peb lub cev lymphatic yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws pab tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov tshuaj lom tawm ntawm lub cev thiab tswj kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov kua dej hauv lub cev. Feem ntau, lub cev lymphatic no tuaj yeem raug puas tsuaj vim yog kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, phais, ib yam kab mob hu ua lymphatic filariasis , lossis qee yam kev tsis zoo ntawm lub cev tso zis uas muaj thaum yug los.
Txawm hais tias tus mob no pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws zoo li Sri Lanka vim yog tus kab mob Barawa, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws zoo li Asmeskas, "Scrotal Lymphedema" yog ib qho mob tsis tshua muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws nyuaj rau cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws tshawb fawb hais tias muaj pes tsawg tus neeg raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tus kab mob no.
Cov feem twg ntawm lub cev lymphatic koom nrog rau qhov no?
Muaj ntau yam kab mob sib txawv hauv peb lub cev lymphatic, tab sis cov no yog cov feem uas feem ntau koom nrog rau hauv qhov mob ntawm Scrotal Lymphedema:
- Lymph: Qhov no yog cov kua dej ntshiab, huv. Nws yog yam uas mus ncig thoob plaws lub cev lymphatic. Nws muaj cov qe ntshav dawb, tshwj xeeb yog cov lymphocytes . Nws pab tshem tawm cov khoom pov tseg, cov kab mob, thiab cov protein ntau dhau ntawm cov nqaij.
- Cov hlab ntsha lymph: Zoo li cov hlab ntsha me me, cov no yog cov uas nqa cov kua lymph thoob plaws lub cev.
- Cov qog ntshav: Cov no khaws cov qe ntshav dawb thiab lim cov kua qaub ntshav. Muaj cov qog ntshav thoob plaws peb lub cev. Feem ntau cov neeg muaj li kaum cov qog ntshav hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub puab tais (cov qog ntshav inguinal) .
Cov tsos mob ntawm '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' yog dab tsi?
Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb thiab pom tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm tus mob no yog qhov o ntawm lub noob qes.Lub noob qes tuaj yeem loj dua li qub ntau zaus. Xav txog seb, rau qee tus neeg qhov o no tuaj yeem loj dua, zoo li txiv kab ntxwv loj, qee zaum loj npaum li lub pob tawb. Cov kws kho mob hu hom o no tias '(giant scrotal lymphedema)'.
Tej zaum yuav muaj lwm cov tsos mob:
- Thaum xub thawj, lub noob qes thiab cov nqaij nyob ib puag ncig yuav mos zoo li hmoov nplej vim muaj dej sib sau ua ke. Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, thaum cov nqaij caws pliav tsim (fibrosis) , cov no yuav nyuaj dua.
- Tej zaum yuav muaj mob ntev rau thaj chaw uas raug mob.
- Cov kab mob rov tshwm sim dua.
- Nyuaj siab taug kev , qee zaum txawm tias tsis muaj peev xwm taug kev li.
- Nyuaj siab tso zis (tso zis) .
- Muaj teeb meem hauv kev sib deev .
Qee zaum mob hnyav, scrotal lymphedema tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob hu ua tus qau faus . Qhov no yog thaum tus qau npog los ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm lub scrotum vim yog o ntau dhau (edema). Tus qau yuav zoo li zais lossis ploj lawm.
Dab tsi ua rau qhov no?
Hauv cov teb chaws zoo li Sri Lanka, qhov ua rau mob scrotal lymphedema yog tus kab mob hu ua lymphatic filariasis . Qhov no kis tau los ntawm cov yoov tshaj cum.
Tiam sis nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws zoo li Asmeskas, qhov mob no feem ntau yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev thaiv lossis kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov lymphatic system hauv thaj chaw mos. Tom qab ntawd, cov kua lymph tsis ntws tawm ntawm thaj chaw mos kom zoo. Kev kho mob qog noj ntshav (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev kho mob hluav taws xob), kev phais, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem ua rau qhov no.
Qhov no puas yog '(Scrotal Lymphedema') kis tau?
Tsis yog, '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' tsis yog ib yam kab mob sib kis. Nws kuj tsis yog ib yam kab mob sib kis los ntawm kev sib deev '(STI)' thiab. Yog li ntawd, tsis txhob ntshai nws.
Leej twg muaj feem yuav muaj qhov teeb meem no ntau dua?
Tej zaum koj yuav muaj feem yuav mob no ntau dua yog tias:
- Yog tias koj tau txais kev kho mob kom kho tau mob qog noj ntshav, uas yog, yog tias koj tau txais kev kho mob hluav taws xob lossis phais .
- Yog koj qhov Body Mass Index (BMI) ntau tshaj 30, nws txhais tau tias koj rog dhau lawm.
Tej yam teeb meem uas yuav muaj tau ntawm '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' yog dab tsi?
Muaj ntau yam teeb meem uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm tus mob no, uas nws yog qhov zoo kom paub txog:
- Rov tshwm sim dua ntawm tus mob hu ua 'cellulitis' . Qhov no yog kev o ntawm cov nqaij mos sib txuas hauv qab daim tawv nqaij. Qhov no tuaj yeem ua rau daim tawv nqaij poob nws qhov elasticity.
- Kab mob ntxhw (ib yam mob zoo ib yam li kab mob ntxhw): Hauv qhov mob no, daim tawv nqaij yuav loj tuaj, tuab zuj zus, thiab tawv.
- `erysipelas`:Qhov no yog ib qho kab mob uas cuam tshuam rau cov txheej sab saud ntawm daim tawv nqaij. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau kub taub hau tam sim ntawd, daim tawv nqaij hloov xim (liab, ntshav, xim av, dub), thiab o.
- Kev kho qhov txhab qeeb: Cov qhov txhab nyob ib puag ncig thaj chaw ntawm lub cev yuav siv sijhawm ntev dua los kho.
- Cov teebmeem ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws: Scrotal Lymphedema yog ib qho mob ntev uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo nkauj thiab ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev taug kev. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau tsis muaj kev ntseeg tus kheej , kev ntxhov siab tsis tuaj yeem tswj tau , kev nyuaj siab thiab kev ntxhov siab . Qhov no yog ib txwm muaj, yog li peb yuav tsum txhawj xeeb txog qhov no thiab.
Cov kws kho mob kuaj mob li cas?
Yuav kom kuaj tau tus kab mob scrotal lymphedema, tus kws kho mob yuav xub kuaj lub cev thiab nug txog koj keeb kwm kev kho mob . Tsis tas li ntawd, tej zaum yuav muaj kev kuaj duab . Cov no tuaj yeem pab txiav txim seb qhov lymphatic system blockage loj npaum li cas. Lawv kuj tseem tuaj yeem pab tshem tawm lwm yam mob uas tuaj yeem ua rau o hauv lub scrotum. Cov kev kuaj no feem ntau yog ua rau:
- Lymphoscintigraphy: Hauv qhov kev kuaj no, tus kws kho mob txhaj me me ntawm cov khoom siv radioactive (radiotracer) rau hauv koj. Tom qab ntawd, siv lub tshuab scanner los taug qab cov khoom thaum nws mus ncig los ntawm koj lub cev lymphatic. Yog tias muaj kev thaiv hauv lub cev lymphatic, cov khoom siv radioactive yuav tsis mus dhau qhov ntawd, thiab qhov chaw tseeb ntawm qhov kev thaiv tuaj yeem pom.
- Kev Siv Duab Xam Xaj Sib Nqus (MRI): Qhov no kuj yog ib qho kev kuaj uas thaij duab. Nws pab nrhiav seb puas muaj kev thaiv hauv cov hlab ntsha lymphatic. Nws siv lub hlau nplaum loj, cov nthwv dej xov tooj cua, thiab lub khoos phis tawj los thaij duab kom ntxaws ntawm cov nqaij mos ntawm thaj chaw mos.
- Kev Siv Computer Tomography (CT): Kev siv CT scan siv ntau cov duab X-rays los thaij cov duab ntxaws ntxaws ntawm thaj chaw mos thiab tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas qhov twg cov qog ntshav raug thaiv.
Puas kho tau Scrotal Lymphedema kom zoo tag nrho?
Yog hais qhov tseeb, tam sim no tsis muaj tshuaj kho tau tus kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema. Tab sis tsis txhob txhawj. Muaj cov kev kho mob uas tuaj yeem pab txo koj cov tsos mob thiab tiv thaiv kom qhov o tsis txhob loj zuj zus.
Qhov no kho li cas?
Feem ntau cov kws kho mob pom zoo kom siv kev kho mob hu ua complex decongestive therapy (CDT) rau mob scrotal lymphedema. Qhov no pab txo qhov o me me mus rau nruab nrab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum pib mob. Kev kho mob no suav nrog:
- Ua kom daim tawv nqaij huv si: Siv xab npum tua kab mob, dej sov, thiab tshuaj ntxuav daim tawv nqaij (piv txwv li, iodine lossis isopropyl alcohol).
- Kev ntxuav cov kua qaub ncaug tes: Qhov no yog ua los ntawm tus kws kho mob lymphedema uas tau kawm tshwj xeeb. Nws yuav maj mam zaws thaj chaw ntawd, tshem cov kua qaub ncaug tawm ntawm thaj chaw o thiab coj nws mus rau cov qog ntshav uas ua haujlwm zoo.
- Hnav cov khaub ncaws tshwj xeeb uas nias: Cov khaub ncaws no txo cov kua dej uas sib sau ua ke thiab pab coj cov kua lymph mus rau cov qog lymph uas nws ua haujlwm.
- Kev Ua Si: Tus kws kho mob lymphedema yuav tsim ib txoj kev npaj ua si uas haum rau koj. Cov kev ua si no pab cov kua lymph txav mus los ntawm cov hlab ntsha lymph.
Yog tias muaj mob lymphedema loj heev uas tsis teb zoo rau kev kho mob decongestive uas nyuaj, tus kws kho mob yuav pom zoo kom phais . Kev phais no suav nrog kev tshem tawm cov qog thiab cov nqaij uas raug mob thiab hloov nws nrog daim tawv nqaij noj qab haus huv (tawv nqaij graft) . Pawg phais feem ntau suav nrog tus kws kho mob urologist thiab tus kws phais yas . Thaum lub sijhawm phais, pawg kho mob feem ntau ua cov hauv qab no:
- Koj yuav raug muab tshuaj loog rau koj . Ces koj yuav tsis hnov mob thaum lub sijhawm phais, koj yuav tsaug zog.
- Ib lub raj yas nyias nyias thiab yoog tau (catheter) raug ntxig rau hauv koj lub qhov zis. Qhov no tiv thaiv lub qhov zis thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm thiab tseem pab kom tus qau ruaj khov.
- Tus qau raug cais tawm ntawm cov nqaij ntshiv testicular uas tawv (fibrotic), thiab daim tawv nqaij thiab cov nqaij uas puas lawm (lymphedematous) raug tshem tawm.
- Yog tias tsim nyog, yuav muaj kev phais "liposuction" . Qhov no txhais tau tias yuav muaj kev txiav me me rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub cev thiab cov roj ntsha yuav raug nqus tawm los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej phais.
- Yog tias tsim nyog, yuav ua ib qho 'panniculectomy' . Qhov no tshem tawm cov tawv nqaij thiab cov rog ntau dhau 'pannus' nyob ib puag ncig thaj chaw mos.
- Yog tias tsim nyog, yuav ua ib qho 'escutcheonectomy' . Qhov no yuav tshem tawm cov rog txheej saum cov pob txha pubic (chaw pubic).
- Cov tawv nqaij uas puas lawm raug hloov nrog cov tawv nqaij noj qab nyob zoo uas tau los ntawm lwm qhov ntawm lub cev (feem ntau yog lub duav).
Tej yam teeb meem lossis tej yam tshwm sim tom qab phais mob yog dab tsi?
Feem ntau cov neeg teb tau zoo rau kev phais mob Scrotal Lymphedema. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum muaj teeb meem tshwm sim, xws li:
- Kev o
- Mob
- Txo qhov rhiab heev hauv lub scrotum, qhov chaw mos, lossis thaj chaw ib puag ncig
- Kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev cog tawv nqaij
Kuv yuav zoo dua sai npaum li cas tom qab kho tas?
Nws nyob ntawm seb koj tus mob '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' hnyav npaum li cas thiab kev kho mob uas pom zoo. Nrog 'Kev kho mob Complex decongestive', qhov o yuav pib txo qis li ib lossis ob lub lis piam. Yog tias koj phais, koj yuav tsum rov zoo li qub li rau lub lis piam.
Nyob ntawm koj tus mob, koj tus kws kho mob yuav qhia rau koj txog lub sijhawm uas koj xav tias yuav rov zoo.
Puas muaj tej yam uas kuv ua tau kom kuv tus kheej zoo siab dua?
Kev noj zaub mov kom zoo yuav pab tswj tau qhov mob scrotal lymphedema. Thaum koj noj ntau yam txiv hmab txiv ntoo, zaub, cov protein uas tsis muaj roj ntau, thiab cov nplej tag nrho, koj lub cev lymphatic yuav ua haujlwm tau zoo dua. Nws kuj yog ib lub tswv yim zoo rau:
- Txo koj cov ntsev noj. Ntshav tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev khaws cov kua dej ntau ntxiv. Koj tuaj yeem siv cov tshuaj ntsuab tshiab, qej, oregano, hmoov kua txob, thiab hmoov mustard los ua kom koj cov zaub mov qab.
- Haus dej ntau ntau. Kev ua kom koj lub cev muaj dej txaus pab kom cov ntshav ncig tau zoo. Nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem ua kom cov kua qaub ncaug ntws tau zoo dua. Sim haus 8 khob dej (kwv yees li 2,000 ml) ib hnub.
- Tham nrog kws kho mob. Kev kho mob qog noj ntshav feem ntau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj '(Scrotal Lymphedema)'. Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj tab tom kho mob qog noj ntshav, nug koj tus kws kho mob qog noj ntshav txog qhov ua tau tias '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev kho mob ntawd.
Kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema yog ib yam mob uas kuj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau koj txoj kev noj qab haus huv ntawm lub hlwb. Nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo los tham txog koj txoj kev xav nrog tsev neeg thiab cov phooj ywg uas koj ntseeg siab. Koj tuaj yeem nug koj tus kws kho mob yog tias lawv puas tuaj yeem pom zoo tus kws kho mob lossis pab pawg txhawb nqa rau cov neeg uas muaj kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema.
Yog tias kuv muaj '(Scrotal Lymphedema)', kuv yuav tsum xav li cas?
Tam sim no tseem tsis tau muaj ib txoj kev kho mob twg uas yuav kho tau qhov puas tsuaj rau lub cev lymphatic uas ua rau muaj Scrotal Lymphedema. Qhov no txhais tau tias Scrotal Lymphedema yog ib qho mob uas yuav mob mus ntev. Tab sis tsis txhob txhawj. Yog koj kho tau zoo, koj yuav txo tau koj cov tsos mob, ua rau koj lub neej zoo dua, thiab tswj tau nws.
Kuv yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob thaum twg?
Yog tias koj muaj cov tsos mob ntawm '(Scrotal Lymphedema),' tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj tab tom kho mob qog noj ntshav, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum mus ntsib kws kho mob. Yog tias tsis kho, qhov mob tuaj yeem hnyav zuj zus thiab ua rau muaj lwm yam teeb meem.
Thaum koj mus ntsib kws kho mob, koj tuaj yeem nug cov lus nug no:
- Koj paub li cas tias kuv muaj '(Scrotal Lymphedema)'?
- Yog tias kuv tsis muaj '(Scrotal Lymphedema)', kuv yuav muaj lwm yam mob dab tsi ntxiv?
- Kuv tus mob '(Scrotal Lymphedema)' hnyav npaum li cas?
- Koj pom zoo kom kho li cas?
- Kuv yuav tsum hloov pauv dab tsi hauv kuv txoj kev ua neej?
- Koj puas tuaj yeem pom zoo tus kws kho mob hlwb, pab pawg txhawb nqa, tus kws noj zaub mov, lossis tus kws kho mob lymphedema?
Kuv yuav tsum mus rau Chav Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Xwm Ceev (ETU) thaum twg?
Yog tias koj muaj Scrotal Lymphedema, mus rau chav kho mob ceev ze tshaj plaws yog tias koj muaj cov cim qhia txog kev kis kab mob no:
- Yog tias qhov kub taub hau siab tshaj 38 degrees Celsius (100.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
- Yog tias qhov mob nce ntxiv.
- Yog tias thaj chaw ntawd kub heev.
- Cov xim tawv nqaij tau hloov pauv lawm, tshwj xeeb yog tias nws zoo li cov kab txaij tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawd.
Puas tiv thaiv tau tus kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema?
Kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema, uas yog los ntawm kev kho mob qog nqaij hlav, tej zaum yuav tsis tiv thaiv tau tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho mob kom zoo tuaj yeem pab txo qhov o thiab txo cov teeb meem. Cov lus qhia no tuaj yeem pab txo koj qhov kev pheej hmoo:
- Nco ntsoov paub txog koj lub cev. Qhia rau kws kho mob sai li sai tau thaum koj pom thawj cov cim qhia ntawm '(Scrotal Lymphedema)'. Yog tsis kho, lossis pib kho lig dhau, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj uas koj tswj tsis tau.
- Saib xyuas koj daim tawv nqaij kom zoo. Khaws koj daim tawv nqaij kom huv thiab noo noo kom tiv thaiv kev kis kab mob. Thaum cov dej noo sib sau ua ke, nws yooj yim dua rau cov kab mob loj hlob.
- Hu rau kws kho mob thaum pom thawj zaug tias muaj kab mob. Cov tsos mob ntawm kev kis kab mob suav nrog daim tawv nqaij hloov xim (liab, ntshav, xim av), mob, o, kub taub hau, lossis pom cov kab txaij hloov xim hauv qab daim tawv nqaij.
- Cia koj cov kua dej hauv koj lub cev txav tau yooj yim. Tsis txhob muab kev nias rau ntawm koj lub plab qis thiab thaj tsam ntawm koj lub qhov ncauj. Qhov no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov kua dej ntws. Tsis txhob siv cov khaub ncaws nruj, cov ntaub qhwv roj hmab, thiab lwm yam.
- Txwv lossis tsis txhob cia koj qhov chaw mos raug cua sov ntau dhau. Qhov no suav nrog tej yam xws li da dej kub thiab saunas. Cua sov ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm scrotal lymphedema.
- Ua ib qho kev tawm dag zog qeeb qeeb, ua tib zoo tswj. Ua raws li txoj kev npaj tawm dag zog uas tus kws kho mob lymphedema tsim rau koj.
- Tswj koj qhov hnyav kom zoo thiab haum rau koj. Kws kho mob lossis kws noj zaub mov tuaj yeem pab koj tsim ib txoj kev npaj noj zaub mov kom zoo.
Nco ntsoov tias, Scrotal Lymphedema tuaj yeem ua rau tsis xis nyob me ntsis, thiab txawm tias txaj muag, vim nws cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw rhiab heev ntawm lub cev. Tab sis, koj tsis yog tib leeg xwb. Nrog kev kho mob kom zoo thiab kev hloov pauv hauv lub neej, koj tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov tsos mob no thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam uas lawv muaj rau koj lub neej.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Coj Mus Tsev
Zoo, yog li cia peb rov hais dua cov yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas peb tau tham txog txog '(Scrotal Lymphedema):'
- Qhov no yog ib qho mob uas cov kua dej lymph sib sau ua ke hauv thiab ib puag ncig cov noob qes thiab ua rau o.
- Qhov no tuaj yeem tshwm sim thaum lub cev lymphatic raug puas tsuaj los ntawm tej yam xws li kev rog dhau, kev kho mob qog noj ntshav, lossis kev phais.
- Qhov no tsis yog ib yam kab mob sib kis tau.
- Cov tsos mob tseem ceeb yog qhov o ntawm lub noob qes tsis zoo li qub. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuj tseem yuav mob, nyuaj taug kev, thiab nyuaj tso zis.
- Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev kho mob tag nrho los xij, kev kho mob tuaj yeem tswj cov tsos mob.`Kev Kho Mob Txo Qhov Ntswg (CDT) uas Nyuaj Heev` thiab, thaum mob hnyav, phais yog cov kev kho mob tseem ceeb.
- Koj tuaj yeem pab koj tus kheej los ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo, haus dej ntau, thiab ua kom koj daim tawv nqaij huv.
- Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tsum nrhiav kev pab kho mob sai li sai tau thaum koj pom muaj cov tsos mob. Kev kho mob sai npaum li cas, qhov teeb meem yuav tsawg dua.
- Yog tias koj xav tias muaj kev nyuaj siab rau koj lub hlwb vim yog qhov xwm txheej no, tsis txhob yig los tham txog nws thiab nrhiav kev pab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij yog tias tsim nyog.
Yog koj muaj lus nug ntxiv txog qhov no, tsis txhob yig nrog kws kho mob tham. Nws yuav muab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev txhawb nqa rau koj.
` Kab mob Scrotal Lymphedema, Scrotal Lymphedema, Scrotal Lymphedema, Lymphatic System, Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Rau Txiv Neej, Kab Mob Scrotal











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Tsis muaj lus teb tau muab tso tawm. Ntxiv koj cov lus tawm ntawm no thawj zaug.
Ntxiv koj cov lus