Naffe tunaafuna endwadde okuva mu mulembe gwaffe? (Obusika obufuga (Autosomal Dominant & Recessive Inheritance)) Mu ngeri ennyangu

Naawe osanga wategeezeddwa awaka nti, "Amaaso gano galinga ga maama," "Enviiri zange ziringa eza taata," oba "Obusungu buno bulinga obwa jjajja." Mu butuufu, tufuna ebintu bingi okuva mu bazadde baffe, gamba ng’endabika yaffe, obuwanvu bwaffe, langi y’olususu, n’engeri enviiri gye zifaanana. Kino tukiyita busika. Naye obadde okimanyi nti endwadde ezimu n’embeera z’obulamu nazo zisobola okusikira okuva ku mulembe okudda ku mulala? Leero, ka twogere ku busika buno obw’obuzaale kye ki n’engeri endwadde gye ziyisibwamu okuva ku mulembe okudda ku mulala.

Okusooka, ka tutegeere emboozi eno ey’obusika bw’obuzaale.

Kino okusobola okukitegeera, tulina okwogera ku bimu ku bintu ebikulu ebikwata ku mibiri gyaffe. Lowooza ku mibiri gyaffe ng’etterekero ly’ebitabo eddene.

• Chromosomes: Ebitabo ebiri mu tterekero lino biyitibwa chromosomes. Mu buli katoffaali k’omuntu mulimu ebitabo bino 46. Ku zino 23 zisikira ku maama ate endala 23 zisikira ku taata.
• Ensengekera y’obuzaale: Ensengekera y’obuzaale ze nkola eziwandiikiddwa munda mu bitabo ebyo. Enkola emu ekubuulira langi y’enviiri gy’ogenda okuba nayo, endala ekubuulira langi y’amaaso gy’ogenda okuba nayo, endala ekubuulira obuwanvu bw’onooba... Waliwo enkumi n’enkumi z’enkola nga zino.
• DNA: Ennukuta eziwandiika enkola z’okufumba ziyitibwa DNA. Ennukuta zino eziyitibwa DNA zikwatagana ne zikola obuzaale, ate obuzaale ne bukwatagana ne bukola chromosomes.

Kale, okuva bwe kiri nti buli emu ofuna chromosomes 23 okuva ku maama wo ne kitaawo, ofuna kkopi bbiri eza buli gene. Ekimu kiva ku maama wo, ekirala okuva ewa kitaawo. Obuzaale buno bwe busalawo buli kimu mu mubiri gwo.

Kati, ekigambo ‘Autosomal’ kitegeeza ki? Ku chromosomes 46 eziri mu mubiri gwaffe, bbiri ze zisalawo ekikula kyaffe. Ziyitibwa ensengekera z’ekikula (sex chromosomes) (X ne Y). Chromosomes 44 ezisigadde (22 pairs) ziweereddwa ennamba. Autosomal kitegeeza nti gene entongole esangibwa ku emu ku chromosomes zino 22 ezirina ennamba.

Engeri enkulu ebbiri endwadde gye zisikira (Autosomal Dominant & Recessive) .

Obuzaale obukyusiddwa obuleeta obulwadde buyisibwa okuva ku mulembe okudda ku mulala mu ngeri bbiri enkulu. Ka tulabe engeri zino ebbiri ezisobola okwanguyirwa okuzitegeera.

Autosomal Dominant: Ensengekera y’obutonde emu, amaanyi mangi!

Mu ngeri ennyangu, Dominant kitegeeza ‘dominant’ oba ‘strong’. Mu nkola eno, obuzaale obukyusiddwa obuleeta obulwadde buno buba bwa maanyi nnyo. Kale, omwana ne bw’asikira obuzaale okuva ku muzadde omu yekka, kiba kimala omwana okufuna obulwadde.

N’olwekyo, singa omuntu mu maka aba n’obulwadde bwa Autosomal Dominant, bulabibwa bulungi okuva ku mulembe okudda ku mulala. Singa maama oba taata alina, buli mwana alina akabi ka bitundu 50%.

Eby’okulabirako by’endwadde ezisikira mu ngeri ya autosomal dominant:

• Obulwadde bwa Huntington: Obulwadde obutoffaali bw’obusimu mu bwongo bwe bufa mpolampola.
• Marfan syndrome: Embeera ekosa ebitundu ebiyunga omubiri, ekivaako omubiri omuwanvu era omugonvu, ebitundu by’omubiri ebiwanvu n’engalo.
• Achondroplasia: Ekisinga okuvaako obulwadde bwa dwarfism.

Autosomal Recessive: Yeetaaga obuzaale bubiri, esobola okukwekebwa!

Recessive kitegeeza ‘okusirika’ oba ‘okubeera wansi’. Mu mbeera eno, obuzaale obukyusiddwa obuleeta obulwadde tebuba bwa maanyi nnyo. Okusobola okuba n’ekikolwa, obuzaale buno bulina okusikira okuva ku maama ne taata. Singa obuzaale bwombi bugattibwa wamu omwana y’ajja okufuna obulwadde buno.

Teebereza abazadde bombi balamu bulungi. Naye bombi bayinza okuba "abatambuza" b'obuzaale buno obukyusiddwa (recessive gene). Ekyo kitegeeza nti balina obuzaale obulungi n’obuzaale obuleeta obulwadde buno. Naye olw’okuba obuzaale obulamu bwe businga, tebulaga bubonero bwonna. Kiba ng’okuteeka ettondo lya langi ya bbululu mu baketi ya langi enjeru. Langi tegenda kukyuka nnyo.

Naye abazadde babiri abasitula nga bano bwe bafuna omwana, bino bye biyinza okubaawo:

• Waliwo emikisa 25% nti omwana ajja kufuna obuzaale bwombi obulungi okuva ku maama ne taata era nga mulamu bulungi ddala.
• Waliwo emikisa 50% nti omwana ajja kuba mutambuze atalina bubonero, okufaananako n’abazadde.
• Waliwo emikisa 25% nti omwana ajja kusikira obuzaale obuleeta obulwadde okuva ku maama ne taata bombi n’afuna embeera eno.

N’olwekyo, ne bwe kiba nti tewali muntu yenna mu maka alina obulwadde buno, omwana ayinza okufuna obulwadde mu bwangu. Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga abazadde basitula mu butamanya.

Eby’okulabirako by’endwadde ezisikira mu ngeri ya autosomal recessive:

• Cystic fibrosis: Obulwadde obukosa amawuggwe n’enkola y’okugaaya emmere olw’okugonza kw’omusulo (amazzi ng’omusulo) mu mubiri.
• Obulwadde bwa sickle cell disease: Obulwadde bw’okukendeera kw’omusaayi obuva ku nkyukakyuka mu nkula y’obutoffaali obumyufu.
• Obulwadde bwa Tay-Sachs: Obulwadde obutta abantu obusaanyaawo obutoffaali bw’obusimu mu bwongo n’omugongo.

Enkyukakyuka zibeera zitya mu buzaale?

Oluusi, obutoffaali bwaffe bwe bwawukana, ensobi entonotono zibaawo mu kukoppa DNA. Kiba ng’ebbaluwa etambula ng’okoppa ekitabo. Zino tuziyita enkyukakyuka z’obuzaale. Bino si bibi bulijjo, era ebimu ku byo tebirina kye bikola n’akatono. Naye enkyukakyuka ezimu zisobola okukyusa engeri obuzaale gye kikola ne zireeta endwadde.

Waliwo ebika by’obulema ebikulu ebiwerako:

• Okukyusa: Okukyusa ennukuta emu mu koodi ya DNA n’essaamu endala.
• Okuyingiza: Okwongerako ennukuta ey’enjawulo ku koodi ya DNA.
• Okusazaamu: Okuggya ennukuta mu koodi ya DNA.

N’enkyukakyuka eno entono esobola okukyusa ddala enkola ya puloteyina ekolebwa obuzaale n’ereeta endwadde.

Kiki ky’osaanidde okukola singa oba olina okubuusabuusa ku nsonga eno?

Singa omuntu mu maka gammwe alina obulwadde bw’obuzaale, oba nga muli bafumbo nga muteekateeka okuzaala omwana ne muwulira nti muli mu kabi, ekisinga obulungi ky’oyinza okukola kwe kwogera n’omusawo ku nsonga eno.

Ensangi zino waliwo empeereza ng’okukebera obuzaale n’okubudaabuda obuzaale.

• Okukebera obuzaale:Bino bisobola okuzuula enkyukakyuka yonna mu buzaale bwo, chromosomes, oba proteins zo. Ebigezo bino biyamba okuzuula oba olina obuzaale obukyusiddwa obuleeta obulwadde, oba oli mutwale.
• Okubuulirira ku buzaale: Omukugu mu kubuulirira ku buzaale asobola okukuyamba okutegeera ebyava mu kukeberebwa kuno, okwogera ku kabi akali mu maka go, n’okuteekateeka ebiseera eby’omu maaso.

Tusobola okukuuma obulamu bwa DNA yaffe?

Wadde nga tetusobola kukyusa buzaale bwe tusikira okuva mu bazadde baffe, waliwo ebintu ebiwerako bye tuyinza okukola okukendeeza ku kwonooneka kwa DNA yaffe mu bulamu bwaffe bwonna n’okukuuma obulamu bwayo.

• Lya emmere ennungi. Emmere erimu ebiriisa eyamba okukuuma obutoffaali bwaffe nga bulamu bulungi.
• Dduyiro buli kiseera. Dduyiro alongoosa obulamu bw’omubiri okutwalira awamu.
• Weewale ddala okunywa sigala. Eddagala eriri mu taaba liyinza okwonoona butereevu DNA.
• Kkomya ku kunywa omwenge. Okunywa omwenge ekisusse nakyo kya bulabe eri obutoffaali.
• Noonya abasawo okwekebejjebwa mu budde n’okubuulirirwa. Kikulu nnyo okuzuula ekizibu kyonna nga bukyali.

Ebintu bino bisobola okukuuma obulamu bwaffe okutwalira awamu nga bulungi.