DNA, Genes & Chromosomes te hi eng nge ni? A awlsam zawngin sawi ila!

Eng thilin nge i nihna ang taka siamtu che tih i ngaihtuah ngai em? Engtin nge i sam rawng, i mit rawng, i san zawng, i taksa pianzia, heng zawng zawng hi a tichiang? A chhânna chu tûn laia kan sawi tûr thilte, DNA , genes, leh chromosomes -ah te a awm a ni. Science lam thumal tlemte angin ri mah se, hengte hi hriatthiam awlsam tak a ni. I han en teh ang.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) chu eng nge ni? A awlsam zawngin...

I taksa pum pui hi zirtirna bu lian tak angin ngaihtuah rawh. Chu lehkhabu chuan i taksa peng tin hnathawh dan tur te, i hmel lan dan tur te, leh i hmel lan dan tur te a hrilh che a ni. Chu thupek set chu `DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) an ti a.` I taksa cell tinah a awm a. A awlsam zawngin DNA hi i nihna blueprint a ni.

DNA hi eng atanga siam nge ni?

DNA pawhin he instruction book ziah nan hian tawng hrang hrang a nei ve bawk. Chu tawng chuan hawrawp pali a nei a. Anni chu:

• Adenine (A) a ni.
• Cytosine (Cytosine – C) te hi a awm a.
• Thiamine (Thymine – T) tih a ni.
• Guanine (Guanine – G) tih a ni.

Heng chemical base palite hi i instruction book-a “thumal” awmte siamtu chu a ni a, a hnuaia mi ang hian a awm dan tur a ni. Kan Sinhala letter te hi thumal siam nan kan dah khawm ang bawkin. Ngaihtuah teh, mihring taksaah hian heng base hi tluklehdingawn 3 vel a awm! 99% chu mi tin tan a inang vek a ni. Chu 1% la awm chu midang aiin a danglam bik che a, nangmah ngei pawhin i mi danglam bik a ni. Mak a ni lo’m ni?

DNA hian a copy a siam reng a ni. Chu chu i taksa instruction manual copy a siam a, kutziak copy ang maiin a siam tihna a ni. Chu base-te chu inzawmkhawma siam chhuah thumalte chu a hmang a ni.

Chuti a nih chuan genes hi eng nge ni?

Genes hi a bul berah chuan i taksa siamtu ang a ni . Gene thenkhat chuan protein siam dan tur thupek an pe thin. Protein hnathawh chu i taksain eng taksa mizia nge i neih duh tih hriattir hi a ni. Entirnan, i sam rawng leh i mit rawng ang chi thil. Gene thenkhat chuan `RNA (Ribonucleic acid) an tih thil an encode a, chu chuan hna dang a thawk a ni.

Engtin nge genes kan hmuh theih ang?

Heng genes te hi gene store atang hian i lei thei lo. I nu leh i pa hnen atangin i hmu thin. A dik tak chuan i nu egg aṭangin i genes copy khat i hmu a, i pa sperm aṭangin copy khat i hmu bawk . Gene pahnih i neih hnu chuan, chu gene-te chu an inṭhen a, anmahni copy an siam a, i instruction book zawng zawng an luah khat vek thlengin an thawk a ni. Ngaihtuah teh, i taksaah hian gene 20,000 leh 25,000 inkar a awm!

Tunah chuan chromosomes chu eng nge ni tih i lo en ang u.

Chromosomes hi thread ang chi a ni. Cell lairil, nucleus-ah an awm a. Chromosome-ah hian DNA leh protein a awm a. Size hrang hranga awm an ni. Protein bik `Histones` an tih atanga siam an ni a, chu chuan nucleus chhungah compact leh spaced out a siam a ni. Ngaihtuah teh, chutiang histones te chu awm lo se chuan kan chromosome te pawh hi kan ang bawkin a sang ngei ang! Chromosomes hi i cell-te’n an dawn dan dik tak, i danglam bik leh danglam bikna a ni.

Mihring hian chromosome engzat nge kan neih?

A tlangpuiin mi hrisel chuan chromosome pahnih 23 (a vaiin 46) a nei tur a ni. Heng chromosome te hi number nei pahnih (`autosomes` an tih) leh sex chromosome pahnih (`X` leh `Y` chromosome) ah then an ni. I nu hnen atangin pair pakhat i hmu a, i pa hnen atangin pakhat i hmu bawk.

Mahse, a tlem hle a, cell-te an inthen a, copy an siam hian tihsual a awm thei. Chutiang a nih chuan mi thenkhat chuan pair-ah chromosome extra an nei thei a (`Trisomy` an tih condition) emaw, pair-ah chromosome pakhat a awm lo thei bawk (`Monosomy` an tih condition).

DNA, genes leh chromosomes te hi eng inzawmna nge ni? Engtin nge hna an thawh?

Heng element pathum - DNA, genes, leh chromosomes te hi an inzawm khawm a, i nihna tur siam turin an thawk ho a ni.

• Chromosomes hi cell chhunga DNA phurtu a ni.
• DNA hian i mihring structure siam leh enkawltu a ni.
• Genes hi i DNA-a i taksa pianphung danglam bik petu leh midangte aia danglam bikna siamtu che a ni.

A awlsam zawngin, heng zawng zawng hi a inzawm khawm chuan i taksa chuan i cell-te awm dan tur tichiangtu thupek kimchang tak a dawng a ni.

DNA hi khawiah nge a awm? Engtin nge a lan?

DNA hi i taksa cell tinah a awm vek a. A tam zawk chu cell tin nucleus (center)-ah a awm a ni. Mitochondria (cell chhunga organelle te tak te, chakna siamtu) ah pawh DNA engemaw zat a awm bawk.

DNA lan dan erawh chu a hmaa kan sawi tawh chemical base pali adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T), leh guanine (G) atanga siam a ni. Heng base pair te hi pahnih in an inzawm khawm a; A hian T nen a inpair fo thin a, C hian G nen a pair fo thin a, heng base pair te hian sugar molecule leh phosphate molecule (`nucleotide` an tih) te nen hian spiral staircase ang chi (`double helix` an ti bawk) an siam a. Base pair te hi staircase rung ang a ni a, sugar leh phosphate te chu handrail ang a ni.

Chromosome te hi engtin nge an lan?

Chromosome te hian thread ang maia siam an nei a. Chromosomal proteins (a chunga kan sawi tawh `histones`) te hian DNA chu an khuh a, thread spool-a thread inkhuh ang maiin, DNA chu cell chhunga awm turin a te tein an compress a ni. Ngaihtuah teh, chromosomes te hian chutiang chuan DNA chu an khuh lo a nih chuan i DNA chu a tawp atanga a tawp thlengin feet 6 vel a sei ang!

Genetic Conditions hi eng nge ni?

Genetic condition chu gene dik lo avanga natna lo awm a ni. Genetic mutation chu cell inthen darh laia a copy dik loh gene a ni. Chu chu a sequence emaw, a pianzia emaw chu taksa chhunga gene dangte nen a danglam tihna a ni. Genetic mutation i neih chuan i taksa chu a thang lian thei lo va, a thawk tha thei lo bawk.

A châng chuan he gene mutation hi i nu leh pate aṭangin i rochun thei bawk. A châng chuan i taksaah hian gene mutation hi a lo awm thei bawk a, i chhungte zingah tu mahin he mutation emaw genetic condition emaw hi an lo nei tawh lo. Hetiang hi genetic condition sang tam tak a awm a.

Engtin nge genetic mutations hi a lo awm?

Genetic mutations hi i cell te an inthen a, cell thar an siam hian a thleng thin. Cell-te an inthen chuan i taksa instruction manual original version kut chhuak ang mai a ni. Hetiang kawngah hian tihsual theihna hmun a tam hle. Lehkhabu i chhiar laiin phek emaw, bung khat emaw skip ang mai a ni. I tihsual (genetic mutation) chuan i instruction manual hian i taksaah instruction dik lo a pe thei a ni. A chang chuan mutation hian i taksa hnathawh dan a tidanglam lo. Mahse a chang chuan mutation hian hnathawh dan pangngaiah a tikhawlo thei che a ni. Chu gene chuan eng ang thil nge a coding tih ah a innghat vek.

Ka genes hriselna dinhmun enfiah thei tur test a awm em?

Ni e, genetic test tam tak a awm. Chûngte chuan i thisen, i vun, i sam emaw, i naupai a nih chuan amniotic fluid emaw sample an hmang a ni. Heng test-te hian i gene, chromosome, a nih loh leh protein-a inthlâk danglamnate chu a hriat theih a ni. Heng test te hian genetic condition bik leh mutated genes te chu a finfiah thei a ni. Tin, fa neih i beisei a nih chuan heng test te hian genetic condition nei fa neih theihna tur hlauhawmna a hriat theih nan a pui thei bawk che a ni.

Engtin nge ka DNA hriselna hi ka tihchangtlun theih ang?

I DNA hriselna tihchangtlun tur chuan i taksa i enkawl that a ngai a ni. A chhan chu i DNA hian i thanlen dan leh i hnathawh danah mawhphurtu a ni. I hriselna pum pui chu hetiang hian i tichangtlung thei ang:

• Ei leh in inthlau tak ei rawh .
• Insawizawi.
• I taksa rihna hrisel tak vawng reng rawh.
• Meizial zu leh zuk leh hmuam hman loh tur.

Homologous Chromosome tih hi eng nge ni?

Homologous chromosome chu chromosome pahnih a ni a, pakhat chu nu atanga lo chhuak a ni a, pakhat chu pa atanga lo chhuak a ni. An pahnih hian genetic information inang an nei tur a ni a, hmun inangah an nei tur a ni. Chromosome te hi nonhomologous an ni thei bawk. Chumi awmzia chu an genetic information awmte chu a danglam a, a nih loh leh hmun hrang hrangah a awm tihna a ni.

A tawp berah chuan hriat reng tur (Take-Home Message) .

I DNA, genes leh chromosomes te hi i nihna siamtu pawimawh ber pawl an ni. Mit hmuh theih loh khawpa te ni mah se, an chanvo hi a mak a, a lian hle bawk. Chuvangin, nunphung hrisel zawm tur leh i DNA, genes leh chromosomes te chu a thawk tha reng tur a ni. I inhmangaih a nih chuan i taksa chhunga heng ṭhian te te hi ngaihtuah la. An dam that phawt chuan i dam thei ang.