Virus chungchang zawng zawng - kan hmuh theih loh hmelma te te - awlsam takin!

Virus kan hre vek tawh a ni lawm ni? A bik takin tun hnaia `(COVID-19)` nen hian virus tih thumal hi kan nunah a lo lut ta a ni. Mahse, virus chu eng nge ni tak tak? Engtin nge min tih nat tir? Ngaihtuah buai suh, vawiinah hian heng zawng zawng hi awlsam tak leh chiang takin kan sawi dawn a, kan thianpa nen kan inbia ang maiin.

Virus chu eng nge ni? (Virus chu eng nge ni?)

A awlsam zawngin, virus hi hrik tenau tak a ni . An te em em a, kan mit pawh kan hmu thei lo, invader te tak te ang mai an ni. Heng virus te hian mihring, rannung, thing leh mau chauh ni lovin, bacteria leh fungi te pawh a kai thei a ni. Mahse thil danglam bik pakhat a awm a, virus zawng zawng hian mi zawng zawng a nghawng vek lo. Anmahni tan "in" remchang an hmuh chauhvin an kai thin. Hei hi host specificity kan ti a ni .

Virus taksaa a luh chuan a chang chuan natna nei lo tak tak a ni thei. Mahse a chang chuan a pawi hle thei. Virus-in a thlen theih natna chi hrang hrangte chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Thâwk harsatna thlentu natna (e.g. khawsik, flu) .
• Pum natna, luak chhuak, luak chhuak
• Mipat hmeichhiatna hmanga kai theih natna (STI) .
• Vun natna (e.g., chickenpox, warts) .

Hetiang hian han ngaihtuah teh: virus chu genetic information tlemte "package" tlemtea khuh ang mai a ni. He package, a nih loh leh venhimna shell hi capsid . Virus hi cell atanga siam a ni lo. Chuvangin anmahni chauhin virus tam zawk an siam thei lo. An tih tur chu an thupekte chu la in, keini ang host cell chhungah an lut a, chu cell chhunga hmanrua awmte chu anmahni copy siam nan an hmang a ni.

I kitchen-a mi pakhatin a rawn luhchilh a, anmahni recipe rawn kengin, i bêl, i bêl leh i stove hmanga i chaw siam ang mai a ni. Vanduaithlak takin an tih zawh chuan kitchen an ti buai ta tawp mai!

Virus hi a chang chuan "virions" an ti thin.

Virus-te ziarang tlanglawn tak takte chu engte nge ni?

Virus zawng zawng deuhthaw hian mizia inang tlemte an nei vek a. En teh:

• Genetic material (RNA emaw DNA emaw) leh a chhehvela protective protein coat (capsid) atanga siam an ni.
• Virus thenkhat chuan he capsid chungah hian pawn lam khuh an nei a. Hei hi envelope an ti a . Chutiang khuhna nei lo virus chu "naked virus" an ti a.
• Virus te hi parasite ang mai an ni . An pian chhuah theih nan host cell an mamawh tak zet a ni. Host pawnah hian hun engemaw chen an dam thei a, mahse capsid a chhe hma loh chuan an dam thei a ni.
• Kan taksa chhunga cell awmte aiin a let 100 atanga 1000 velin a te zawk . Ngaihtuah thiam a har khawp mai, a dik em?

Virus chi hrang hrangte chu engte nge ni?

Doctor leh scientist te chuan virus te hi an pianzia (a lian leh te, an pianzia) leh an genetic material chi hrang hrang a zirin an thliar hrang thin. Chhungkaw hrang hrangah an inthen a, hnam ang maiin an inthen a ni. Virus chi hrang hrang i hriat tawh thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

Virus chi hrang hrang kan hriat fo thin thenkhat

• Influenza virus: Hengte hi common cold (flu) thlentu an ni. Heng influenza virus te hian bird flu leh swine flu (H1N1) ang chi thil te pawh an thlen bawk.
• Mihring herpesvirus: Hei hi virus chhungkaw lian tak a ni. Natna hrang hrang thlentu an ni a, chung zingah chuan oral leh genital herpes, chickenpox, herpes zoster (shingles), Epstein-Barr virus, leh cytomegalovirus (CMV) te pawh an tel.
• Coronavirus: Tunah chuan he hming hi mi zawng zawngin an hre vek tawh a ni lawm ni? He chhungkaw member zingah hian COVID-19 thlentu virus hi a lar ber a ni. Mahse he chhungkaw khata virus thenkhat hian common cold ang chi natna tenau te pawh an thlen bawk.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Hengte hi natna hrik (warts) thlentu an ni. HPV chi thenkhat chuan cancer a thlen thei bawk.
• Enteroviruses: Heng virus te hian kan intestines ah infection a thlen thin. Polio leh kut, ke, leh hmui natna ang chi thil thlentu an ni.
• Flaviviruses: He virus pawl hi rulhut atanga kai darh tam ber a ni. Dengue fever, Zika, West Nile ang chi natna an thlen thin.
• Orthopoxviruses: Heng virus te hian vun rawng hring (blistering skin rashes) a siam thin. Mpox leh smallpox te hi he virus chi hrang hrang entir nan an hmang a ni.
• Hepatitis virus: Heng virus te hi chhungkaw khata awm lo mah se, kan thin (liver) a nghawng vek a ni. Hepatitis A, B, leh C te hi a tam ber.

Virus chi hrang hrang

Virus chi hrang hrang dang pawh a awm bawk:

• Retrovirus: Hengte hi RNA virus an ni. An RNA chu DNA-ah an chantir nan protein bik an hmang thin. Chu DNA chu kan cell DNA-ah an dah lut ta a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan kan cell-te chuan anmahni thupek ang maiin virus DNA chu an chhiar tan ta a ni. HIV ( AIDS thlentu virus) leh HTLV-1 te hi chutiang retrovirus entir nan an hmang a ni.
• Oncovirus: Hei hi cancer thlen thei virus an ni. Virus HPV, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, hepatitis B leh C, HTLV-1, leh human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) te hi cancer chi thenkhat nen an inzawm tih hmuhchhuah a ni.
• Satellite virus: Heng virus te hi anmahniin an lo piang chhuak thei lo. "helper" virus an mamawh a ni. Hengte hi thlaiah a tam ber.
• Bacteriophages te hi: 1.1.Chungte chu a tawi zawngin "phages" an ti bawk. Heng virus te hian bacteria bik an kai thin. Tunah hian scientist-te chuan antibiotics laka invenna bacteria infection enkawlna atan bacteriophage therapy hi an zirchiang mek a ni.

Engtin nge virus hi kan taksaah a luh?

Virus hi kan taksaah hian kan mucous membrane kaltlangin a lut tlangpui. Chu chu mit, hnar, hmui, serh, serh, leh hnute ang chi hmun tihna a ni. Virus thenkhat chu vun a break atang emaw, rulhut emaw, rulhut emaw atang pawhin taksaah an lut thei bawk.

Engtin Nge Virus te hian hna an thawk?

Virus hian cell pakhat a kai a, a copy siam nan step engemaw zat a zawm a ni.

1. Attachment: Virus hian host cell a attachment hmasa ber a.

2. Entry: Tichuan cell chu a lut ta a.

3. Replication: Cell hian a chhunga a genetic material leh protein awmte chu copy a siam thin.

4. Assembly: A pian tharte chu an inzawm khawm a, virus kimchang tak an siam a ni.

5. Release: Virus thar hian cell a chhuahsan a, cell dang a kai zui ta a ni.

Cell pakhata luh

Virus te hian cell chhunga luh nan hian kawng pathum vel an hmang a:

• Receptor binding: Kan cell te hian pawn lamah receptor an nei a, chungte chu "gate" ang maiin an thawk a ni. Virus thenkhat chuan heng cell te hi luh phalna nei anga ngaihin an bum a, heng gate atang hian an lut thin.
• Direct fusion: Virus thenkhat chu direct-in host cell-ah an inzawm a, an lut bawk.
• Bacteriophages hi virus an ni a, an genetic material chauh bacteria cell chhungah an inject thin. Virus pumpui hi luh a ngai lo.

Logging in hnuah eng nge thleng? (Copy siam) .

Virus emaw, a genetic material emaw chu cell-ah vawi khat a luh chuan, a copy siam nan kawng hnih a hmang a ni. Virus thenkhat chuan a chang chuan a pahnih hian an hmang thin.

• Lytic cycle: He cycle-ah hian virus hian host cell-a resources ( kitchen utensils ang chi) hmangin a copy tam tak a siam thin. Viral particle te chu an inzawm khawm a, chu genetic material chu capsid chhungah a lut ta a ni. Hetiang hian cell chhungah virus copy tam tak siam a nih chuan a tawpah chuan cell chu a puak darh ta a ni. Tichuan virus thar a lo chhuak a, cell tam zawk a kai ta a ni.
• Lysogenic cycle: Virus thenkhat chuan "quiet" emaw "hidden" period an nei thin. Cell-ah an lut a, chutah chuan rei vak lo an awm a, engmah an ti lo. I kitchen-a luhchilh a, chaw siam ai chuan i recipe book-a an recipe ziah ang mai a ni. Cell hian a chhungah virus a awm tih a hre lo va, chuvangin cell chu a inthen darh a, a pung zel a, a pangngaiin a pung ta a ni. Cell thar lo piang apiang hian chu virus copy an nei vek a. Tichuan, stress, chemical thenkhat emaw, temperature inthlak danglam emaw ang chi thil avang hian latent virus chu a thawk chhuak a, cell-ah a puak darh a, virus particle te chu taksa pum puiah a darh ta a ni.

Virus chi hrang hrang

Virus hi a nihna hrang hrang hmangin sawifiah theih a ni:

• An hmel (shape leh size) dan.
• An genome property te hi a ni.
• Structural protein leh envelope awm leh awm loh.

Virus chi hrang hrang (shapes) te

Virus te hi an hmel a danglam thei hle. Scientist-te chuan an pianzia a zirin an thliar hrang a:

• Icosahedral emaw polyhedral emaw: Hei hi geometric shape a ni a, a sir tam tak a awm a, football ang mai a ni. Mihring hrik kaitu virus tam zawk hian he pianzia hi an nei a ni.
• Helical: He virus hi cylinder ang maia siam a ni. A genetic information chu a chhungah spring ang maiin a coiled a ni.
• Spherical: Spherical virus chu virus, a chhehvela envelope nei, spiral emaw multi-layered emaw a ni. Ball ang deuhin an insiam a ni.
• Complex: Complex virus te hi an inkawp chuan pianzia pakhat aia tam an nei a. Bacteria kai thei virus te hian "lu" layer hrang hrang leh "taksa" spiral an nei a.

Virus lian tham tak a ni

Virus zawng zawng hi an te hle – microscope chak tak tel lo chuan hmuh theih loh khawpin an te hle. A teh chuan a tam zawk hi 20 nanometer (nm) leh 400nm inkar an ni. Ngaihtuah teh, chu chu sand grain khat aiin a let 2000 velin a te zawk ! Kan taksa chhunga cell awmte aiin a let 100 atanga 1000 velin an te zawk.

Mahse an lian leh te pawh a inang lo thei hle. Entirnan, measles virus hi Zika virus aiin a let nga velin a lian zawk a ni.

Virus te hi genetic information a ni

Virus-a information dahkhawm – a genetic material – chu `(DNA)` emaw `(RNA)` emaw a ni. `(DNA)` hi virus siam dan tur hrilhtu instruction bu ang a ni. `(RNA)` hi cell machinery-in a chhiar a, protein siam thei tawnga a letling dan tur thupek ang a ni. Virus chu hetiang hian `(DNA)` emaw `(RNA)` emaw a ni thei:

• Linear emaw circular emaw a ni thei .
• Positive-sense emaw negative-sense: Positive-sense RNA hi step dang tih belh ngai lovin direct-a virus particle siam theihna tur thupek atan hman theih a ni. Negative-sense RNA virus te hian virus copy an siam hmain positive-sense RNA siam turin enzyme bik an mamawh a ni.
• Single-stranded emaw double-stranded emaw: DNA virus hian an genetic material chu single strand (ssDNA) emaw, strand pahnih inzawm (dsDNA) emaw angin an nei thei. (Mihring DNA hi double-stranded a ni). RNA virus hi a tlangpuiin single-stranded an ni a, mahse double-stranded RNA virus thenkhat an awm bawk.

Virus hi nung nge nung lo?

Hei hi zawhna ngaihnawm deuh a ni. Scientist-te chuan virus hi thil nungah an ngai tlangpui lo.Hei hi thil nungte tih \henkhat, ei leh in chakna (metabolism)-a chantir te hi an tih theih loh vang a ni. Tin, host cell tel lo chuan an dam thei lo va, an piang thei lo bawk.

Mahse a lehlamah chuan host cell tling chhungah an insiam thar thei a, hun kal zelah an inthlak (evolve) thei a, an dam khawchhuah theih nan. Chu mai ni lovin, chutiang karah chuan host cells te pawh an tichhe thei a, an tichhia thei bawk. Chuvang chuan mi tam tak chuan virus hi gray area-a awm, nung leh nung lo ramri-a awm angin an ngai a ni.

Virus avanga natna awmte chu engte nge ni?

Kan sawi tawh ang khan virus hian natna chi hrang hrang a thlen thei a. Viral infection tam ber thenkhat chu:

• Khawsik tlangpui
• Flu `(Influenza)` tih a ni
• Covid-19 `(COVID-19)`
• Thluak lam syncytial virus `(RSV)`
• Vawk natna (Chickenpox) a awm
• Measles natna a ni
• HIV/AIDS vei vang a ni
• Mihring papillomavirus/genital warts (HPV/genital warts) 1. A rilru a hah lutuk chuan a rilru a buai em em a.
• Mipat hmeichhiatna lama herpes (HSV) .
• Polio natna a awm
• Rabies natna a ni
• Mpox `(Mpox)` tih a ni
• Zika a ni
• Hepatitis natna a ni

Kan hriat reng tur thil (Take-Home Message) .

Tunah chuan virus hi eng nge a nih tih i hre chiang tawh tur a ni. Virus hi thil te tak te, a pianzia leh a lian zawng zawnga awm a ni tih hre reng ang che. Min kai tur host an mamawh a ni. Mahse virus zawng zawng hian min ti na lo. Dik tak chuan, scientist-te chuan kan taksa chhungah hian virus tluklehdingawn tam tak a awm thei a, a tichhe lo thei lo niin an sawi!

Amaherawhchu, natna min thlentu virus te hi kan in lama mikhual duh loh lo kal ang mai an ni. Chuvangin, thianghlim taka awm te, kut sil fo te, natna thenkhat vaccine lak te hian heng Viral infection lakah hian kan inveng thei a ni. Natna eng emaw i neih chuan Damdawi lam thurawn lak theihnghilh suh. Hrisel takin awm rawh!

` Virus, virus infection, virus chi hrang hrang, natna, hriselna, immunity, natna