Zirna lama harsatna nei chungchanga i hriat tur: I fa hian he harsatna hi a nei em?

I fa hian sikul hna a buaipui em? Naupang dangte aiin thil hriatthiam harsa zawk niin a lang em? Nge letter leh number lamah harsatna tlem a nei niin i hria em? A châng chuan nu leh pa angin heng thilte hi kan hmuh hian kan buai phah ṭhin. Mahse lungngai suh , hei hi finna tlakchhamna a ni lo. Vawiin hian heng zirlai harsatna chi hrang hrang, a nih loh leh damdawi lam atanga thlir chuan ‘Learning Disabilities’ kan sawi dawn a ni.

Zirna lama harsatna chu eng nge ni?

A awlsam zawngin, learning disability (LD) chu i thluak in information a process dan a inthlak danglam tihna a ni. Computer ``software`` tihdanglamna tlemte ang mai a ni. Chuvangin hei hi thil thar a ni:

• Thu hriat tur nei rawh
• Thu hriatte buatsaih rawh
• Thu hriatte chu vawng reng rawh
• Thu hriatte hriatthiam
• Thu hriatte hmang rawh

Tlem a harsa deuh mai thei.

Heng rualbanlote hian tawngkam leh tawngkam ni lo thiamna a nghawng thei a ni. Lehkhabu chhiar, ziak leh chhiar thiamna an nghawng tam ber. A natna hi a na lo atanga a nasat thlengin a awm thei.

Hetah hian hriat tur pawimawh tak chu zirlai lama harsatna nei hian naupang chu rilru lama harsatna nei tihna a ni hauh lo. Intellectual disability nen chuan a danglam vek a ni. Naupang zirlai lama harsatna nei te hian intelligence quotient (IQ) chu average emaw a aia sang emaw an nei thei. Zirna kawngah harsatna bik an nei mai mai a ni.

Mi tam tak chuan he natna hi sikul an kal lai atang tawhin an hre thei a, mahse mi thenkhat chu tleirawl lai emaw, naupan lai emaw pawhin an hmuchhuak thin.

"Learning Disability" leh "Learning Disorder" hi a danglamna a awm em?

Tunah chuan ‘Learning Disability’ leh ‘Learning Disorder’ hi thumal hrang pahnih nge pakhat nge tih i ngaihtuah mai thei. Heng thumal pahnih hi inthlak danglamin kan hmang fo nain, technical lama danglamna tlem a awm.

• Learning Disorder: Hei hi doctor-te, a bik takin psychologist-te’n tehfung bik hmanga natna hriat theihna atana an hman thin thumal a ni. Hei hi rilru lam natna thliar hranna kaihhruaina Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR)-ah chiang takin a lang a ni.
• Learning Disability: Hei hi ram thenkhatah chuan dan anga hman a ni (e.g., United States-ah chuan Individuals with Disabilities Education Act - IDEA hnuaiah). Chumi awmzia chu naupang chu sikul pakhatin chutiang anga a hriat chuan chu naupang chuan Individualized Education Plan (IEP) ang chi thil a nei thei tihna a ni. Kan ramah hian hmanraw hman dan chu a danglam deuh mai thei a, mahse a bulpui ber chu naupang mamawh bik puihna pek hi a ni.

A awlsam zawngin, "disorder" hi damdawi lama hriatchhuahna a ni a, "disability" erawh chu zirna leh dan lam hawia inzawm thei thil a ni thung. Mahse, nitin thusawiah chuan an pahnih hian inthlak danglamin an hmang a ni.

Heng zirlai harsatna bikte hi engte nge ni?

DSM-5-TR-in a tarlan dan chuan, "Specific Learning Disorder" hi neurodevelopmental disorder a ni a, thil lian pathum zinga pakhat tal chu persistent impairment a awm a ni:

• Chhiar
• Ziak
• Mathematics (Math) lam a ni.

Zirna lama harsatna bik (specific learning disorder) awm fo thin thenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

Dyslexia - Lehkha chhiar harsatna

Ngaihtuah teh, naupang ṭhenkhat chuan lehkha chhiar harsa an ti a, thumal a inzawm khawm a, lehkhabu chu a zuang kual ang maiin a lang. Thumal awlsam tak tak lam thiam te, hawrawp hriat thiam te, hla thu sawi te, mahni chauha thu thar chhiar te pawh an harsat hle. A châng chuan lehkhate chu skip emaw, a hnunglam hawia chhiar emaw a ni. Hetiang dinhmun hi dyslexia kan ti a. Hei hi zirlai lama harsatna awm tam ber a ni. Hei hi thluak in thu ziak a process dan a inthlak vang a ni.

Dysgraphia - Thuziak harsat

Naupang \henkhat chuan zirna \ha tak chang tawh pawh ni se, an rilrua thil awmte ziak chhuah an harsat \hin. An ziak fel thei lo va, pen mumal taka vawn harsa an ti a, thumal an ziak dik lo fo va, an ziak zawi hle a, grammar lamah pawh dik lo an nei fo bawk. Hei hi dysgraphia an ti a. A châng chuan an rilruah ngaihtuahna tam tak nei mah se, lehkhaa ziah chu a harsa hle.

Dyscalculia - Mathematics lama harsatna nei

Naupang number hmanga hnathawh harsa leh chhut harsa tak tak an awm. Number chhiar chhuah, rilru lama chhut dan awlsam tak tih te, multiplication table hriat reng te, math problems buatsaih te, hun sawi te, sum hman dan te an harsat hle. Hetiang dinhmun hi dyscalculia an ti a.

Nonverbal Learning Disorder chungchang pawh kan zir tur em ni?

Thumal hmang lova thil tih, chu chu:

• Buaina chinfel dan
• Diagram leh distance ang chi thil hriatthiamna (Visual-spatial tasks) .
• Midang hmel lan dan leh nungchang hriatthiamna (Recognizing social cues) .

Zirna lama harsatna nei, thil hrang hrang tichhe thei: Hengte hi nonverbal learning disorders an ti a. DSM-5-TR-ah hian zirlai harsatna bik anga la chhiar ni lo mah se, zirchianna atanga a lan dan chuan zirlai harsatna nei zinga 5% vel chuan heng harsatna hi an nei a ni.

Chûngte chuan hetiang hi a nghawng thei a ni:

• Khawtlang nun thiamna: Midang nena kan inbiaknaah tawng hman (e.g. slang), hmel lan dan leh taksa hman dan hriatthiam harsa.
• Executive functioning: Ruahmanna siam, inbuatsaih leh rilru put hmang thunun harsa.
• Visual-spatial awareness: Hei hian inremnaah harsatna a thlen thei.
• Math thiamna: A bik takin math concept buaithlak tak tak hriatthiam harsa.

Heng zirlai lama harsatnate hi engtiang chiahin nge an awm?

Zirna lama harsatna nei hi a tam hle. United States ang ramah chuan zirchiangtute chuan mi 10% velin an dam chhungin pakhat an vei dawn niin an chhut. Khawvel pumah sikul kal thei naupang 5% vel chuan zirlai harsatna an nei a ni.

Heng zingah hian dyslexia hi a tam ber a ni. Zirna lama harsatna nei zinga 80% vel chu dyslexia-ah an dah a ni.

Zirna lama harsatna nei chhinchhiahnate chu engte nge ni? Engtin nge i hriat chian?

Okay, chuti a nih chuan engtin nge hetiang thil hi a awm tih kan hriat theih ang? A chhinchhiahna ber chu naupang zirna lama a theihna leh sikula a thiamna a lantir inkarah hian inthlauhna lian tak a awm tih hi a ni.

Zirna lama harsatna nasa ber berte hian naupan laiah zirlai harsatna chhinchhiahna a lantir thei a ni. Mahse, zirlai lama harsatna na zawk emaw, a hniam zawk emaw chu naupangin sikul a tan hnuah (kum 5 hnuah) leh sikul hnathawh chungchangah harsatna a awm hunah chauh nu leh pa leh zirtirtuten an hre thei lo. Thil na tak tak thenkhatah pawh naupang sikul a kal hma chuan hriat chian a ni lo thei.

Zirna lama harsatna chi hrang hrangte hian mizia danglam bik an nei a, mahse a tlangpuiin, harsatna i hmuh theih ṭhenkhat chu hetiang hi a ni:

• Letter, number, color leh mathematics symbol hriat harsa.
• Chhiar harsa.
• Thumal tihpun harsat.
• Poetry ang chi thil rhyme harsa.
• Chhiar laiin thumal ri chhuah harsa.
• Assignment buatsaih, tan leh tihfel harsa.
• I rilruah i sawi duh chu buatsaih leh sawi chhuah harsa.
• Hun rei lote emaw hun rei tak emaw chhunga hriatrengna lama harsatna awm thei.
• Pencil chu uluk taka vawn harsat.
• Chiang taka ziak thiam lohna.
• Thuziak pakhat chu a hnuaia mi ang anga sawi nawn leh harsat.
• Hna pakhatah ngaihtuahna seng reng harsa.
• Thupek zawm harsat.
• Taksa inrelbawlna lama harsatna.
• Concept hriatthiam harsa, harsatna chinfelna atana information buatsaih, leh a chhehvel khawvel hriatthiam harsa.

Hengte hi entirnan tlemte chauh a ni. Naupangin heng symptoms a neih vang mai mai hian zirlai harsatna a nei tihna a ni lo. Chutiang chu professional chauhin a ti thei. I fa hian heng symptoms hi eng emaw zat a nei thei a, pakhat emaw pahnih emaw a nei thei bawk. I fa hian zirlai lama harsatna chi khat aia tam a nei thei a ni.

Nungchang lama natna lan chhuah dan

Learning disability hian naupangin mahni inngaihhlutna leh sikul lama a rilru put hmang a nghawng thei a ni. Naupang dangte anga an ṭhat loh avangin an lungawi lo mai thei. Heng ang nungchang mizia hi zirlai lama harsatna chhinchhiahna a ni thei bawk:

• Sikul kal duh lohna.
• Naupang dangte hmaa chhiar chhuah duh lohna emaw, math tih duh lohna.
• Zirtirtu chungchangah phunnawi, an grade a tlak hniam chuan mawhpuh.
• Nu leh pate hnena sikul hnathawh entir duh lohna.
• Assignment pek loh tur.
• Acting out, sikul emaw, khawtlang nunah emaw pawh nise.
• Vawikhatmah thinrim, beih.
• "Ka â," "Engmah ka ti thei lo" tih ang chi self-critical thusawi.

I fain hetiang harsatna a tuar a nih chuan biak a, tanpuina zawn a pawimawh hle.

Engvangin nge heng zirlai lama harsatnate hi a lo awm?

Zirchiangtute chuan zirlai harsatna leh a chhan hrang hrang an la zir nasa hle. Tunah hian genetic leh environmental factors inzawmkhawm avanga lo awm nia ngaih a ni . Zirna lama harsatna hi taksa hriatna lama harsatna, mit hmuh that loh emaw, hriatna tha lo emaw avanga lo awm a ni lo tih hre reng ang che.

Zirna hrang hrangah chuan a hnuaia risk factors te hian zirlai harsatna a thlen thei tih hmuhchhuah a ni:

• Chhungkaw member (biological family) zirlai harsatna nei neih.
• Hun hmaa nau neih.
• Nausen piang chhunga nuin zu emaw ruihhlo dang emaw a tawrh.
• Thusawi leh tawng hmasawnna lama tihkhawtlai neih.
• Ei leh in lama harsatna (malnutrition) a awm.
• Lead ang chi environment toxins nena inzawmna.
• Naupan laia thil tawn \ha lo (ACEs).
• Thluak hliam natna (TBI) .

Vawi tam tak chu zirlai harsatna hi harsatna dang nen pawh hmuh theih a ni. Entir nan:

• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) a awm a, a rilru a hah lutuk a, a rilru a buai em em bawk a.
• Hlauhthawnna
• Bipolar disorder a ni
• Lungngaihna
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) tih a ni a, a rilru a buai em em a, a rilru a hah em em bawk a.
• Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) a ni a, a rilru a hah lutuk a, a rilru a buai em em bawk a.

Zirchianna thenkhatah chuan rilru lam natna nei naupang 20% ​​atanga 70% inkar te pawhin zirna lama harsatna an nei bawk.

I fa hian zirlai harsatna a nei nia i hriat chuan an sikul kaltlangin formal assessment i dil thei ang. A tlangpuiin school-te chuan naupang (kum 3-21 inkar)-ah zirlai harsatna an rinhlelh chuan endik tur a ni.

Engtin nge zirlai lama harsatna i neih leh neih loh i hriat chian theih ang?

Naupangin sikul a kal tan hian nu leh pa leh zirtirtuten zirlai harsatna an neih rinhlelh hmasa ber an ni fo thin. Naupangin he natna hi a nei em tih dik taka hriat theih nan hian special assessment leh test engemaw zat neih a ngai a ni. Hemi kawngah hian i fa naupang doctor leh school psychologist emaw child psychologist emaw an tel dawn a ni.

Learning disorder hi psychologist-in a hmuchhuak tih hre reng ang che. I fa sikul chuan zirlai harsatna a nei tih a hmuchhuak thei a, assessment a nei thei a, zirna ruahmanna a siam thei bawk. Psychological diagnosis siam dan hi state thenkhatah chuan legal diagnosis process (e.g., IDEA) nen a danglam deuh hlek a ni. Mahse an vai hian a hnuaia mite hi an inzawm khawm vek a ni:

• Enfiahna hrang hrang
• Interview neih a ni
• Assessment hrang hrang neih a ni
• Damdawi lam leh chhungkaw chanchin
• School report a ni

Hemi chhung hian i fate sikul leh zirna lama mithiamte nen thawhhona tha tak i neih a ngai dawn a ni.

Zirna lama harsatna nei test te

Zirna lama harsatna nei te hriatchhuahna atana hman tur assessment chi hrang hrang (test hrang hrang nei ve ve) chu:

• Medical evaluation: A hmasain, i fa naupang enkawltu doctor chuan i fate zirlai harsatna chhan bulpui (underlying medical cause) a awm leh awm loh hriat nan taksa enfiahna leh thluak lam enfiahna a nei ang. Thisen test leh scan te pawh an order thei bawk.
• Educational assessment leh performance evaluation: Naupang zirtirtuten classroom-a naupang nungchang an enfiah a, a zirna lama a thiamnate an ennawn thin. Naupangin lehkha chhiar, ziak leh chhiar thiamna chu an kum azirin an test a, report an pe thin.
• Cognitive evaluation: Hei hian a tlangpuiin verbal leh nonverbal intelligence (IQ) testing a huam tlangpui. Hei hi school psychologist emaw child psychologist emaw ten an ti thin. Naupangin information a process dan duhzawng (e.g., hmuh theih emaw, hriat emaw) a en thei bawk.
• Psychological evaluation: Hei hian ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, lungkhamna, lungngaihna, leh mahni inngaihsakna chungchangte hriatchhuahna kawngah a pui thei a ni. Chungte chu zirlai lama harsatna nei te nen an awm dun fo a, mahse dinhmun hrang hrang an ni. Naupang rilru lam thiam (Child psychologist) chuan naupang chu sikul lama a rilru put hmang te, zir duhna te, a \hiante nena a inlaichinna te, leh mahni inngaihhlutna te a zirchiang ang.
• Neuropsychological assessment: He test hian thluaka thil awm dan thenkhatin naupang nungchang leh hriatna thiamna (naupangin thluak a hman dan) a nghawng dan a en thin. Hei hi neuropsychologist-in a ti thin. Hei hi naupang central nervous system-a chhiatna emaw natna nei emaw tan a tangkai hle a, a chhan chu an thluaka zirlai chakna leh chak lohna nena inzawm hmunte a hriat theih avangin.

Zirna lama harsatna nei naupang chu engtin nge kan tanpui ang? Engtin nge kan enkawl ang?

Zirna lama harsatna nei te hian zir tur hian tanpuina hrang hrang emaw, tanpuina dang emaw an mamawh a ni. He tanpuina – emaw management – ​​hi zirlai lama harsatna chi hrang hrang leh a nasat dan azirin a danglam thei. Nang leh i fate hian an tan zirlai ruahmanna tha ber zawng turin professional engemaw zat nen in thawh dun a ngai dawn a ni. He team hian:

• Zirtirtu te an ni
• Zirna lama siamthatna lama mithiamte
• Psychologist te pawh an awm
• Zirna bik rawngbawlna
• Healthcare provider te chu occupational therapist leh physical therapist te an ni.

A tlangpuiin, zirna lama hmalaknate hi heng level-ah hian a tla a ni:

• In luah tur: Naupang chuan core curriculum inang chiah a hmu thei a, mahse zirna thupui tihdanglam ngai lovin, lehkhabu lian tak tak ang chi additional emaw supportive resources emaw hmangin a hmu thei a ni.
• Modification: Naupang sikul hian naupang thil tum leh thil tum a thlak danglam a, zirlai harsatnain a nghawng tihziaawmna turin service a pe bawk. Entîr nân, naupangin test pakhat chu ziak chhuah ai chuan ṭawngkam hmanga chhân phalsak.
• Remediation: Naupang sikul chuan zirlai harsatna nasatzia tihziaawmna turin intervention bik a pe a.

I fa chu special education services dawng thei tura tling a nih chuan Individualized Education Program (IEP) a dawng ang. (Kan ramah chuan chutianga koh ni lo mah se, chutiang ruahmanna bik chu a awm thei a ni.) He mimal zirna ruahmanna hi:

• Naupang zirna lama thil tumte tarlan a ni.
• Naupangin eng service nge a dawn dawn tih a tarlang a ni.
• Naupang nena thawk ho specialist te a tarlang.

Naupang ṭhenkhat chuan hmun khatah chauh zirtîrna bik an mamawh laiin, class pangngai an kal chhunzawm zêl a ni. Naupang dangte chuan zirna program hran, intensive zawk an mamawh mai thei. Danin a phut angin (ram thenkhatah chuan naupang zirlai harsatna nei te chu chutiang rualbanlote nei lo an rualpuite nen a theih ang anga class-ah an tel ve tur a ni.

I fate tâna hmanraw ṭha ber zawng tûr chuan hun engemaw chen a ngai mai thei a, mahse i fate ṭanpui nâna i thawhrimna chu a hlu hle tih hre reng ang che.

Ka fa hian zirlai harsatna a neih chuan eng nge ka beisei theih ang?

Naupangte hian zirlai lama harsatnate chu "outgrow" lo mah se, anmahni nena insiamrem dan leh an thiamna tihhmasawn an zir thei a ni. Naupang hriat hmasak leh hma lama inrawlhna dawng te hian mahni inhriatthiamna tha tak an nei thei a, harsatna pawh an hneh zawk thin.

Zirna lama harsatna nena lo awm mimal chakna te pawh an siam thei bawk. Entirnan, dyslexia vei te hi thil siam chhuah thiam tak an ni fo thin. Zirna lama harsatna nei naupangte chu puitling thawk tha, hlawhtling tak an ni thei.

Zirna lama harsatna nei hian harsatna a nei thei em?

I fa hian zirlai lama harsatna a neih chuan mahni inngaihsakna (self-esteem issues) a nei thei a, a fing lo ang maiin a inhria thei bawk. Tin, rilru lam hriselna lama harsatna, lungkhamna emaw, lungngaihna emaw an neih theihna chance a sang zawk bawk.

Nu leh pate, zirtîrtute, leh ṭhiante hnên aṭanga ṭanpuina ṭha tak chuan naupang chu chûng harsatnate hneh tûrin a ṭanpui thei a ni. Mahse, rilru lam hriselna lama counselor hnen atangin tanpuina zawng hreh suh .

Zirna lama harsatna hi eng chen nge a awm?

Zirna lama harsatna nei hi dam chhung zawng a ni. Hei hian puitling pawhin zirlai lama harsatna an nei thei tihna a ni. Naupangte hi an vei tih hmuhchhuah hmasak ber an ni tlangpui a, mahse mi thenkhat chuan puitling an nih hma chuan zirlai harsatna an nei tih an hre lo.

Zirna lama harsatna awmte hi ven theih a ni em?

Learning disability hi ven theih a ni lo va, mahse strategy hrang hrang hmanga enkawl theih a ni fo. Hei hi i fain a hmaa intervention a dawn chuan a hlawkpui ber. A hnuaia mite hi i ti tur a ni:

• Zirna lama harsatna i neih hmaa i hriat chuan healthcare provider nen inbia ang che.
• I fate sikul nen thawk ho la, Individualized Education Plan (IEP) siamnaah tanpui rawh.

Ka fate ṭanpui nân eng nge ka tih theih ang?

I fain an zirlai harsatnaah tanpuina a dawn ngei ngei tur a ni. Hei hian a huam thei ang:

• I fate hmasawnna chu enfiah la, an IEP hian an thiamna tihhmasawn kawngah hma a sawn tawk em tih enfiah rawh. School administrator-te hnenah an IEP hian a pui lo nia i hriat chuan hrilh rawh.
• Pawn lam specialist te, school staff te leh naupang naupang enkawltu te inkarah inbiakpawhna tha tak siam rawh.
• In lamah fuihna leh thlawpna boruak siam rawh.
• I fain zirlai harsatna avanga harsatna a tawh emaw , nungchang lama harsatna a neih emaw chuan rilru lam hriselna lama mithiam hnenah hruai rawh .
• Nangmah pawh in enkawl ve bawk ang che. I fa mamawh phuhruk tum chu hahthlak tak a ni thei. I rilru hriselna enkawl la, i hmangaih tak takte hnen atangin tanpuina zawng rawh.

I fa tana tha ber tur i duh a ni. Chuvangin, sikulah a buai lai hmuh a harsa khawp mai. Zirna lama harsatna hi a awm fo tih hre reng ang che – i fa mamawh bik ang zela siam theih tur intervention engemaw zat a awm bawk. I fate sikul, psychologist, leh healthcare provider te chuan i kalna apiangah an awmpui ang che.

Thupui tawi leh Take-Home Message

Chuvangin, zirlai harsatna chungchanga kan sawi tawh thenkhat kha han thlir leh ila:

• Hei hi finna tlakchhamna a ni lo: zirlai lama harsatna chu thluak in information a process dan inthlak danglamna mai a ni.
• Thil awm dan tlangpui: Naupang tam tak chuan hetiang hian harsatna an nei thei. Nangmah chauh i ni lo.
• Hriat hmasak a pawimawh: I fate zir danah inthlak danglamna i hmuh chuan professional tanpuina zawng nghal rawh.
• Manageable: Naupangte hian tanpuina dik tak an neih chuan heng harsatnate hi an hneh thei a, an hlawhtling thei bawk.
• I ṭanpuina chu a hlu hle: I fate chu hmangaihna, fuihna leh dawhtheihna nêna enkawl chu an mahni inrintawkna tipungtu lian tak a ni.
• Specialist tanpuina a ngai a ni: naupang enkawltu, rilru lam thiam, leh zirna lama mithiamte chuan hei hi an pui ang.

Learning disability hi naupang zinkawng tlemte tidanglam thei thil mai a ni. Chu zinkawng chu a hlawhtlin theih nan tanpui turin i thawk ho vek ang u. I fa hian heng symptoms te hi a neih chuan doctor thurawn lak hreh suh.

` Zirna lama harsatna, Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Dyscalculia, Zirna lama harsatna, Naupang zirna, Psychology