Kia ako tātou mō ngā electrolytes, he mea tino nui ēnei mō te tinana!

Kua rongo kē koe i te kupu 'electrolytes' i mua? Kua rongo pea koe i tēnei kupu i a koe e werawera ana i muri i te whakakori tinana, i te wā rānei e mate ana tetahi, e maroke ana hoki. He aha tonu ēnei electrolytes? He aha i hiahiatia ai ēnei e ō tātou tinana? Me kōrero tātou mō tēnei mea, he tino māmā noa iho.

He aha ngā electrolytes? He māmā noa iho...

Whakaarohia, he mea ririki ngā irahiko, ina rewa ki te wai, ka hangaia he utu hiko iti (he mea rite ki te iahiko iti). Ko ētahi o ēnei mea ka whiwhi i te utu pai (+), ko ētahi ka whiwhi i te utu kino (-). Ko ō tātou tinana, mō te pakeke, he 60% wai. Ko te tikanga kei roto i ia pūtau o te tinana, tata ki ia wai, ēnei irahiko. Koinei ngā mea e āwhina ana i ngā tauhohenga matū o tō tātou tinana kia haere tika, kia taurite ai ngā wai i roto, i waho hoki o ngā pūtau, ā, he maha atu anō ngā mea e mahia ana.

Ka whiwhi tātou i ēnei irahiko mai i ngā kai e kainga ana e tātou, e inu ana hoki. Ka tukuna e ō tātou whatukuhu ngā irahiko taikaha mā te mimi. Ka ngaro hoki ngā irahiko mai i ō tātou tinana ina werawera tātou.

He māmā noa iho mēnā ka maumahara koe ki ēnei kupu!

He torutoru ngā kupu e rangona pinepinetia ana e tātou ina kōrero ana mō ēnei electrolytes. Ki te mārama noa koe ki ēnei kupu, ka taea e koe te mārama ki ngā kōrero a te tākuta.

• Hyper- : Ina puta mai tēnei kupu i mua i a ia, ko tōna tikanga he nui rawa te mea. Hei tauira, ki te nui rawa te konutai, ka kiia ko te 'Hypernatremia'.
• Hypo- : Ina puta tuatahi mai tēnei kupu, ko tōna tikanga he hapa kei roto i tētahi mea. Hei tauira, ko te iti o te konutai e kiia ana ko te 'Hyponatremia'.
• Āiona : E pā ana tēnei ki tētahi ngota he utu hiko tōna. He rite ki tētahi pākahiko iti.
• Ngā kationa : Ko ēnei ngā kationa he utu hiko pai (+).
• Ngā Anion : Ko ēnei ngā ion he utu hiko kino (-).
• pH (pH) : Mā tēnei ka ine mēnā he waikawa (pērā i te waikawa), he taketake (pērā i te hopi), he kūpapa rānei (pērā i te wai). Ko te 'pH' noa o ō tātou toto me noho i waenga i te 7.36 me te 7.44.
• Waikawa : Mena he iti iho te pH i te 7.
• Kūpapa : Mena he 7 tonu te uara `pH`.
• Taketake/Kawakore : Mena he nui ake te uara `pH` i te 7. Ka kiia hoki te taketake ko te "kawakore".

He aha te pānga o ngā electrolytes ki ō tātou tinana?

Ka whakamahia e ngā pūtau o tō tinana ēnei irahiko hei whakahaere i ngā utu hiko. Ko ēnei utu hiko te mea e whakakorikori ai, e totoro ai ō uaua. Whakaarohia, ina nekehia tō ringa, ina katia ō kanohi, ina pā te manawa – he mea tino nui ēnei irahiko mō ēnei mea katoa.

Ehara i te mea koinā anake, engari ka āwhina anō hoki ēnei utu hiko i ngā tauhohenga matū. Ina koa, he mea nui ngā irahiko mō te kaha o te tinana ki te mimiti i te wai (wai) me te pupuri i te taurite i waenga i te nui o te wai i roto me waho o ngā pūtau.

Hei tauira māmā, tangohia te wai tote. Ka rere te hiko i roto i te wai tote, tika? Ko te take o tēnei, he mea hanga te tote i te konutai (he utu pai) me te haurore (he utu kino). Ina honoa ēnei e rua, ka taurite ngā utu. Engari ina rewa te tote ki te wai, ka wehe ngā ngota konutai me te haurore ka huri hei iona me ngā utu pai me ngā utu kino anō. Kātahi ka rere te hiko i waenganui i ēnei iona konutai me te haurore, ehara i te mea i waenganui i ngā ngota wai.

Koia anō te mea e tupu ana i roto i ō tātou tinana. Ka āwhina ngā irahiko ki te neke i ngā matū ki roto, ki waho hoki i ō tātou pūtau. Arā, he rite ngā irahiko ki ngā toa ririki e pupuri ana i te taurite o ō tātou tinana.

He aha ngā matū hiko tino nui mō tō tātou tinana?

He maha ngā āhuatanga matua hei pupuri i ngā taumata electrolyte tika i roto i ō tātou tinana. Me titiro tātou ki ēnei āhuatanga matua, me te aha ka puta mēnā ka tino teitei (Hyper-) ka tino iti rānei (Hypo-) i roto i te tinana.

Konutai (+)

He matū tino nui te konutai e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te nui o te wai i roto i ngā pūtau. Ka āwhina anō hoki i ngā pūtau ki te mimiti i ngā matūkai. Ko te konutai te katote irahiko tino nui i roto i ō tātou tinana.

• Hypernatremia : Ka raru pea tēnei, ka rerekē ngā whanonga, ka ngaro te mana whakahaere uaua, ka haurangi , tae atu ki te koma.
• Te korenga o te konutai (Hyponatremia) : Ka taea hoki e tēnei te whakapoauau, te riri, te ngoikore o te uaua, te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, te haurangi , tae noa ki te koma.

Konupora (+)

Ka āwhina te konupūmā i ngā pūtau ki te huri i ngā matūkai hei pūngao. He mea nui te konupūmā kia pai ai te mahi a tō roro me ō uaua.

• Hypermagnesemia : Tērā pea ka puta he koretake o te manawa o te ngakau (Arrhythmias), he ngoikore o te uaua, he uaua ki te manawa, me te aukati o te ngakau.
• Te korenga o te konupūmā (Hypomagnesemia) : Ka pā pea te ngoikore o te uaua, te mamae o te puku, te ngaronga o te mana whakahaere, me te koretake o te ngakau (arrhythmias). He maha ngā wā ka pā tēnei me te korenga o te konupūmā me te pāhare pāporo.

Pāhare pākawa (+)

Ka whakamahia e ngā pūtau te pāhare pākawa me te konutai. Ina uru te iona konutai ki roto i te pūtau, ka puta te iona pāhare pākawa. Koia te āhua. He mea nui te pāhare pākawa mō te mahi a tō ngākau. Mēnā he nui rawa, he iti rawa rānei, ka pāngia te ngākau e ngā mate kino.

• Te nui haere o te pāhare pāporo (Hyperkalemia)Tērā pea ka puta te kore ora, te kore e taea te neke i ngā uaua, te ngaro o te māramatanga, me te koretake o te ngakau (arrhythmias).
• Te iti o te pāhare pākawa (Hypokalemia) : Ko ngā tohu ko te ngoikore o te uaua, te mamae o te tuara, te mimi pinepine, te whanoke i te tū, me te hemo. Mēnā ka nui rawa tēnei, ka tīmata te pakaru o te kiko uaua (he āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te rhabdomyolysis, ka pā kino ki te whatukuhu) me ngā raruraru morearea o te manawa o te ngakau (arrhythmias).

Konupūmā (+)

Ina whakaaro tātou ki te konupūmā, ka whakaarohia e tātou he mea hei whakapakari i ngā niho me ngā wheua. He pono tēnā. Engari he maha atu ngā mea e hiahiatia ana te konupūmā i tua atu i tēnā. He mea nui hoki te konupūmā mō ngā mea pēnei i te whakahaere i ngā uaua, te tuku karere mā roto i ngā io, me te whakahaere i te manawa o te ngākau. Ahakoa he nui, he iti rānei te konupūmā i roto i te toto, ka puta he maha ngā tohu e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha rerekē o te tinana.

Te nui haere o te konupūmā (Hypercalcemia)

• Roro : Mamae upoko, ngenge, kore hiahia, pōhēhē.
• Pūnaha nakunaku : mate pāwera, mamae puku, ruaki.
• Ngā whatukuhu : Te mimi pinepine, ngā kohatu whatukuhu, te ngoikore o te whatukuhu.
• Manawa : Ngā koretake o te manawa o te manawa (Arrhythmias) (ko ētahi ka kino rawa atu).
• Pūnaha uaua-angiwi : Te mamae o ngā wheua me ngā hononga.

Te iti o te konupūmā (Hypocalcemia)

• Roro : Ngā raruraru o te hinengaro, ngā huringa whanonga.
• Uaua : Te kikī o ngā uaua, te ngaronga o te mana whakahaere, te mamae o ngā uaua, te uaua ki te kōrero me te manawa nā te kikī o ngā uaua o te korokoro.

Hauhāora (-)

Ko te pūhaumāota (te ingoa i hoatu ki te iona pūhaumāota) te tuarua o ngā iona tino nui i roto i te tinana. He mea tino nui hoki mō te pupuri i te taurite wai i roto me waho o ngā pūtau. Ka āwhina hoki ki te pupuri i te taurite 'pH' tūturu o te tinana.

• Hyperchloremia : Ka puta he āhuatanga e kiia nei ko te acidosis (te pikinga o te waikawa i roto i te toto). Ka puta te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, te ngenge, te manawa tere, te manawa hohonu, me te pōhēhē. He maha ngā wā ka hono atu tēnei ki te pikinga, te hekenga rānei o te pāhare pāporo.
• Mena e pā ana ki te nui haere o te pāhare pāporo: Tērā pea ka pāngia koe e ngā raruraru whatukuhu kino, e te ngoikore rānei o tō whatukuhu.
• Ka taea e te korenga o te pāhare pāporo te hono atu ki te mate korere, te turuturu wai o te repeure, me ētahi atu mate urutā kino o te ara mimi.
• Te Hauātanga o te Korokoroemia : Ka nui rawa te kawakore o te toto (alkalosis). I te nuinga o te wā ka puta tēnei me te hauātanga o te korokoroemia, te ruaki rānei. Ko ngā tohu pea ko te koretake o te manawa, te pōhēhē, te koretake o te manawa, te wiri o te uaua, te ngaro rānei o te mana whakahaere.

Phosphate (-)

He ngota kei roto te phosphate. He mea nui mō te kawe i ngā matū me ngā ngota i waho o ngā pūtau. Ka āwhina i ngā pūtau ki te tukatuka i ngā matūkai. He wāhanga matua anō hoki o ngā ngota e kiia nei ko ngā nucleotides e hanga ana i tō tātou DNA.

• Hyperphosphatemia : Ka puta tēnei i te nuinga o te wā me te hypocalcemia, i te mea ka ngana te tinana ki te whakamahi i te konupūmā hei utu mō te phosphorus. Kāore pea e puta ngā tohu tae noa ki te tino kino. Ka puta pea ngā tohu o te korenga o te konupūmā me tēnei. Tērā pea ka hono atu te rakuraku nui ki tēnei.
• Hypophosphatemia : Ko te tohu tuatahi o tēnei ko te ngoikore o te uaua. I te kino haere o te āhua, ka puta pea ngā tohu kino atu pērā i te rhabdomyolysis (te pakaru o te uaua, ka kino pea te whatukuhu), te haurangi , te ngoikore o te mahi a te ngākau, me te uaua ki te manawa (nā te ngoikore o te uaua).

Paikāponate (-)

Kāore te hauhā waro katoa e whakaputaina ana e ō tātou tinana e haere ana ki ngā pukahukahu ka tukuna ki waho. Ko ētahi ka whakamahia anō hei hanga paikāponate. Ko tēnei paikāponate te mea e āwhina ana ki te pupuri i te pH o ō tātou toto.

• Te waikawa : Ki te heke te taumata o te paikāpōnate, ka waikawa te toto. Ka pā mai pea te ngenge, te whakapairuaki, te ruaki, te manawa tere, te manawa hōhonu, me te pōhēhē.
• Te kawakawa : Ki te piki ake ngā taumata o te paikāpōnate, ka kawakawa te toto. Ka puta pea tēnei i te pōhēhē, te kore aro, te koretake o te ngakau (arrhythmias), me te mamae o ngā uaua.

He aha ngā whakamātautau ka āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā raruraru electrolyte?

He maha ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga ka taea te whakamahi hei tātaritanga i ngā kore taurite o te electrolyte. Ko te whakamātautau tuatahi e mahia ana ko te whakamātautau whānui, pērā i te panel metabolic. Mena he rerekē ngā hua, ka tono pea tō tākuta i ētahi atu whakamātautau motuhake. He mea nui ēnei whakamātautau nā te mea ka taea e rātou te āwhina ki te whakatau i te take o te kore taurite o te electrolyte me te whakarato i te maimoatanga tika.

Ngā whakamātautau whānui

Koinei ngā whakamātautau toto:

• Paewhiri Pūnaha Pūnaha Taketake (BMP) : E titiro ana tēnei ki ngā tukanga rerekē i roto i te tinana.
• BUN (Hauota Urea Toto). Ka taea e tēnei te whakaatu i te mahi a ngā whatukuhu me te matewai.
• Te taurite wai me ngā taumata electrolytes pērā i te konutai, te pāhare pāporo, te hauhā waro, me te pūhaumāota.
• Te taumata huka toto. Ki te mahia i te wā e nohopuku ana, he tohu pea tēnei mō te mate huka, te mate huka rānei.
• Paewhiri Pūnaha Whakaora Pūnaha Whānui (CMP) : He rite tēnei ki te `BMP`, engari he nui ake ngā raraunga ka kohia.
• Ngā taumata konupūmā.
• Ngā taumata o te albumin (he pūmua i hangaia e te ate).
• Ngā taumata pūmua toto katoa.
• Bilirubin (he matū e hangaia ana i roto i te ate).
• Ko ngā taumata whākōkī e kiia nei ko te aspartate aminotransferase (AST) me te alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (e pā ana ēnei ki te mahi a te ate).
• Papa Irahiko : He rite tēnei ki ngā 'Papa Irahiko' kua whakahuatia ake nei, engari ko ngā irahiko anake ka tirohia e tēnei. Ka tātarihia te konutai, te pūhaumāota, te pāhare pākawa, me te paikāpōnate.

Ngā whakamātautau motuhake ake

Ko ētahi whakamātautau motuhake ake mō ngā raruraru electrolyte:

• Whakamātautau toto Aldosterone: Ka whakamātauhia tēnei mō tētahi homoni motuhake i hangaia e ngā whatukuhu.
• Whakamātautau toto āputa anion: Ka whakataurite i ngā taumata o ngā irahiko hiko kua utua pai me ngā irahiko hiko kua utua kino.
• Whakamātautau Homoni Antidiuretic (toto) / Whakamātautau ADH: Ka whakamātauhia tēnei homoni mō ngā taumata.
• Whakamātautau toto hauhāora: Ka ine i te nui o te hauhāora i roto i te toto.
• He whakamātautau toto me te mimi motuhake mō ngā momo irahiko (hauora, konupora, whākōkī, konutai).
• Whakamātautau osmolality toto: Ka mahia tēnei mēnā kei te whakapaetia he matewai, he nui rawa te wai, he paihana rānei.
• Whakamātautau osmolality mimi: Ka tirohia te taurite wai.
• Whakamātautau kukū mimi: Ka whakamātauhia e tēnei te mahi a ngā whatukuhu.

He aha te āhua o te pūrongo whakamātautau ka riro mai i ahau?

He maha ngā pūrongo taiwhanga kei roto he "awhe tohutoro" me ō hua. He rohenga runga, he rohenga raro hoki tēnei. Mena kei waenganui i ēnei rohenga e rua tō hua, ka kiia he hua "noa".

Ko te tikanga ka tukuna ēnei hua i runga i te "rahi o te matū e pā ana ki tēnei kei roto i tētahi tauira".

• Milimore (mmol/L) : Koinei te waeine e whakamahia whānuitia ana.
• Ngā Mirietairite (mEq/L) : Ka whakamahia anō hoki tēnei i ētahi wā.
• Ngā mirikaramu mō ia teririta (mg/dL) : E whakamahia ana tēnei mō ētahi ngota ngota nunui.

Ahakoa te āhua uaua o ēnei waeine ine, ka mārama pai tō tākuta ki a rātou. Ko te mea nui ko te mea kei roto i te awhe noa, kei waho rānei i te awhe noa ō hua.

He aha ngā awhe noa mō ngā taumata electrolyte?

He awhe noa kei ia irahiko mō te toto me te mimi. Ka rerekē pea ēnei awhe i ia taiwhanga. Ka rerekē anō hoki i runga i tō tau me tō hauora. Nō reira, he pai ake te kōrero ki tō tākuta kia tika ai te pānui o ō hua.

He pai katoa ngā mea mēnā he hua noa te putanga? He raruraru tonu rānei te hua rerekē?

He pātai tino nui tēnei. Kāore e rite te katoa. I ētahi wā, tera pea ka paku rerekē ō hua i te awhe noa, engari kāore pea he raruraru mōu. I ētahi wā, ahakoa he noa ngā hua, tera pea ka tohu ō tohu me ētahi atu whakamātautau he raruraru hauora tōu.

Whakaarohia tētahi i roto i tētahi whakaaturanga e takahuri ana i tētahi pereti i runga i tētahi pou. Ki te piko rawa te pereti ki tētahi taha, ka hinga. He mea tino nui te taurite. Ko ō taumata electrolyte me ngā hua whakamātautau e whakawhirinaki ana ki taua momo taurite. Kei te ngana tonu ō tātou tinana ki te pupuri i tēnei taurite i te mea pai rawa atu. I ētahi wā, ka taea e te tinana te āwhina i tētahi pūnaha mā te āwhina i tētahi atu, ā, ka taea te huna i tētahi raruraru kia kore ai e puta ki te mata. Ka whakahaerehia e te tākuta he raupapa whakamātautau hei tirotiro mēnā kei te huna te tinana i tētahi raruraru, ā, kei te hanga i tētahi atu.

Āhea ahau ka mōhio ai ki ngā hua o te whakamātautau?

Ka taea e tō tākuta, e āna kaimahi rānei, te kī atu ki a koe kia pēhea te roa o te wā e puta ai ngā hua o tō whakamātautau. Ka tere te puta o ngā hua i ētahi whakamātautau, ko ētahi ia ka roa pea mō ētahi rā.

Āhea ahau me waea atu ki taku tākuta?

• Ki te kore koe e mārama ki ngā hua o tō whakamātautau.
• Mena kei waho o te awhe noa te hua, he pātai, he āwangawanga rānei āu mō taua mea.
• Mena ka pāngia koe e te huringa ohorere o ngā tohu e pā ana ki ō taumata electrolyte.

I roto i tēnei āhuatanga , he mea whakaaro nui te kōrero ki te tākuta, kaua e moumou taima.

Karere Tangohia ki te Kāinga

He mea nui ngā irahiko mō te mahi a ō tātou tinana. Ka pāngia ngā mea katoa mai i te mimiti o te wai ki te pā o te manawa. Ka āwhina hoki ngā whakamātautau irahiko i ngā tākuta ki te tautuhi i ngā mate me ngā raruraru hauora.

Nō reira, mā te mōhio ki ngā irahiko me ngā raruraru ka puta mai i aua mea ka āwhina i a koe ki te tiaki i a koe anō me te karo i ngā raruraru hauora a meake nei. Pērā ai, ka taea e koe te pupuri i ō taumata irahiko me te noho ora. Kei te mārama koe? Mena he pātai anō āu mō tēnei, kaua e wehi ki te pātai ki tō tākuta.

Ngā irahiko, te konutai, te pāhare pākawa, te konupūmā, te konupora, ngā wai o te tinana, te utu hiko