Tiyeni tiphunzire za mayeso a PCR mosavuta, monga momwe timachitira ndi mnzanu!

Mungakumbukire kuti panthawi ya mliri wa Covid-19, tonse tinakambirana za mayeso a PCR . Anthu ena ayenera kuti anali ndi mantha pang'ono, poganizira za ndodo yomwe inalowetsedwa m'mphuno? Koma kodi mayeso a PCR amenewa ndi otani kwenikweni? Kodi angangozindikira Covid-19? Ayi, PCR ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yoyesera mu zamankhwala yomwe imathandiza pazinthu zambiri. Tiyeni tikambirane zonsezi lero, mwachidule komanso momveka bwino, ngati kuti tikulankhula ndi bwenzi lathu lapamtima.

Kodi PCR ndi chiyani? Kodi mungandifotokozere pang'ono?

Mwachidule, PCR ndi chidule cha Polymerase Chain Reaction . Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira zinthu za majini m'thupi lathu, kaya DNA kapena RNA . Tangoganizirani chitsanzo chaching'ono chomwe chatengedwa kuchokera kwa inu, chingakhale dontho la magazi, kapena swab yochokera mkati mwa mphuno yanu. Kachidutswa kakang'ono ka DNA kapena RNA mu chitsanzocho kamatengedwa ndipo makope mamiliyoni, mwina mabiliyoni, amapangidwa mu labu. Izi ndi zomwe asayansi amatcha amplification , zomwe zikutanthauza "kuwonjezeka" kapena "kuchulukitsa." Zili ngati kupanga makope ambiri a pepala limodzi ndi fotokope.

Mwa kupanga makope ambiri ngati awa, zimakhala zosavuta kwa asayansi kuphunzira DNA kapena RNA mu chitsanzo chaching'ono choyambirira ndikuwona ngati pali china chilichonse chapadera. PCR ndi ya gulu la mayeso otchedwa Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) .

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amva mawu akuti PCR okhudzana ndi kuyezetsa Covid-19, ukadaulo uwu wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zachipatala kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri.

Kodi ndi chiyani chomwe chingadziwike ndi PCR?

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone mtundu wa zinthu zomwe mayeso a PCR awa angazindikire. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ndi a COVID-19 okha. Koma sizili choncho. Yang'anani:

• Matenda opatsirana: PCR ingathandize kudziwa ngati malungo, chimfine, kapena chifuwa chomwe muli nacho chimayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo , mabakiteriya , bowa , kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda . Mwachitsanzo:
• Kachilombo ka SARS-CoV-2 komwe kamayambitsa COVID-19 (COVID-19) .
• Fuluwenza , ndicho chimene nthawi zambiri timachitcha kuti chimfine.
• Kachilombo ka Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), komwe kamapezeka kwambiri mwa makanda aang'ono.
• Mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa chifuwa chachikulu.
• Matenda ena ambiri a ma virus ndi mabakiteriya.
• Matenda a majini: Anthu ena ali ndi matenda a majini omwe amabadwa nawo, sichoncho? Matenda ngati amenewo, mwachitsanzo , Cystic Fibrosis.PCR iyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pozindikira matenda monga matenda a Huntington ndi Fragile X Syndrome . Matendawa ndi ovuta kwambiri, kotero kuzindikira msanga ndikofunikira kwambiri pa chithandizo.
• Mitundu ya khansa: Njirayi imathandizanso kuzindikira mitundu ina ya khansa, monga lymphoma .
• Kusintha kwa majini mu khansa: Pochiza munthu yemwe ali ndi khansa, mayeso a PCR awa amathanso kuzindikira kusintha kwa majini/kusintha kwa maselo a khansa. Izi zithandiza kuti chithandizo cholunjika chigwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi kusinthako. Uku ndi kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pankhani yochiza khansa.
• Kuopsa kwa matenda mtsogolo: Anthu omwe ali ndi kusintha kwa majini enaake akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga matenda oopsa monga khansa mtsogolo. PCR iyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito poyesa majini kuti adziwe ngati ali ndi chiopsezo cha khansa . Izi zimakupatsani mwayi wodziwa pasadakhale ndikusintha moyo wanu ngati pakufunika kutero, kapena kukhala maso poyesedwa nthawi zonse.
• Kuyezetsa mwana asanabadwe: PCR imathandizanso poyezetsa mwana wosabadwayo kuti aone ngati mwana wosabadwayo ali ndi vuto la majini.

Sikuti izi zokha, mwina mwawonapo m'mafilimu, komwe umboni wa DNA, monga tsitsi laling'ono kapena banga la magazi lomwe lapezeka pamalo ochitira upandu, umatengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira chigawengacho. Ma labotale ofufuza milandu amagwiritsanso ntchito ukadaulo wa PCR uwu kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa DNA ndikuchita mayeso.

Kodi mayeso ndi njira ziti zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PCR?

Ukadaulo wa PCR umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera. Mtundu wa mayeso omwe muyenera kutenga chitsanzo umadalira zomwe mukuyesa. Nazi zitsanzo zina:

• Kuyezetsa magazi: Kuyezetsa magazi kumatengedwa ndipo PCR imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kusintha kwa majini ndi matenda ena opatsirana.
• Chidutswa cha m'mphuno: Chitsanzo cha ntchentche chomwe chatengedwa mkati mwa mphuno kapena pakhosi chingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa matenda opumira monga chimfine (flu), COVID-19, ndi RSV. Izi ndi zomwe tonse takumana nazo panthawi ya COVID.
• Kuzindikira Matenda a Majini Asanaikidwe (PGD) kapena Kuwunika Matenda a Majini Asanaikidwe (PGS): Pa nthawi ya In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) , maselo angapo ochokera m'mazira amatengedwa ndikuyesedwa matenda a majini asanaikidwe m'chiberekero cha mayi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika masiku angapo dzira litatengedwa.
• Amniocentesis: Kutupa kwa m'mimba:Pa nthawi ya mimba, madzi ochepa a amniotic omwe amazungulira mwana m'mimba mwa mayi angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa momwe mwanayo alili pogwiritsa ntchito PCR. Iyi ndi mayeso ochitidwa ndi dokotala waluso.
• Kufufuza za majini: Kuti mudziwe kusintha kwa majini m'maselo a khansa (kuyesa maselo), chitsanzo chaching'ono cha chotupacho (chotupa) kapena biopsy ya m'mafupa chimatengedwa. Izi zili ngati opaleshoni yaying'ono. Kenako chitsanzocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchita PCR kuti aone kusintha kwa majini.

Kodi mumakonzekera bwanji mayesowa?

Nthawi zambiri, sipafunika kukonzekera kwapadera kuti muyesedwe ndi PCR. Komabe, zimatengera zomwe mukuyezera komanso njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito potengera chitsanzocho. Mwachitsanzo, mayeso ena a magazi angafunike kuti musala kudya kwa maola angapo musanayambe. Chifukwa chake, ndi bwino kufunsa dokotala wanu kapena malo oyezetsera ngati pali china chilichonse chapadera chomwe muyenera kuchita.

Kodi PCR imagwira ntchito bwanji? Sayansi pang'ono!

Nkhani iyi ndi yasayansi pang'ono, koma ndiloleni ndiyifotokoze mosavuta. Chomwe PCR imachita ndikuzindikira njira yosiyana ndi DNA yomwe mukufuna kuyang'ana, kutanthauza kuti yeniyeni. Njirayi ikhoza kukhala kusintha kwa majini mu khansa, kapena ikhoza kukhala njira yofanana ndi majini ya kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya. Izi zimatchedwa DNA yolunjika .

Dzina lakuti "Polymerase Chain Reaction" limatanthauza njira yomwe makope ambiri a DNA yofunikira amapangidwa (kuwonjezeredwa) mu labotale. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito enzyme yotchedwa DNA polymerase . Enzyme iyi imapanga makope a DNA yofunikira, ngati ilipo mu chitsanzocho.

"Kuchitapo kanthu" kumeneku kumachitika pamene yankho limadutsa m'njira zambiri zotenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa. Mu nthawi imodzi, kuchuluka kwa DNA kumatha kuwirikiza kawiri. Taganizirani izi ngati chimodzi mpaka ziwiri, ziwiri mpaka zinayi, zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu ... ndi zina zotero, pamapeto pake kupanga mamiliyoni ambiri a makope. Ubwino wa izi ndikuti PCR imatha kuzindikira ngakhale pang'ono DNA kapena RNA zomwe zikanaphonya ndi mayeso ena.

Kawirikawiri, PCR ikatha, asayansi amafunika kuchita mayeso ambiri kuti afufuze DNA yowonjezereka. Koma nthawi zina, zilembo zapadera zimawonjezedwa ku yankho panthawi ya PCR, zomwe zimatha kudziwa ngati chitsanzocho chili chabwino kapena choipa. Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti mupeze zotsatira mwachangu, makamaka pofufuza matenda monga mavairasi.

Kodi pali mitundu iti ya PCR?

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya PCR. Ena amafunikira njira zina zowonjezera kuti akope kapena kusanthula DNA. Tiyeni tiwone mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu:

1. Reverse-Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Tangoganizani kuti chidziwitso cha majini chomwe tikufuna kukopera ndikuchifufuza sichili mu DNA, koma mu RNA. (Mwachitsanzo, kachilombo ka Covid-19 kali ndi RNA). Kenako, mu RT-PCR iyi, chomwe chimachitika ndichakuti RNA isandulike koyamba kukhala DNA pogwiritsa ntchito enzyme yapadera (reverse transcriptase). DNA yomwe imapangidwa imatchedwa complementary DNA (cDNA) . Pambuyo pake, njira ya PCR yachizolowezi yomwe yatchulidwa kale imachitika. Chifukwa, PCR yachizolowezi imatha kuchitika pa DNA yokha.

2. PCR ya nthawi yeniyeni / PCR yochuluka (Q-PCR)

Chomwe chimachitika apa n'chakuti pamene makope a DNA akupangidwa, zilembo zapadera za fluorescent zimawonjezedwa pamenepo. Zolembazi zimatulutsa kuwala zikamangirira ku DNA yomwe mukufuna. Kenako, popanda mayeso ena, omwe akuchita mayesowo amatha kuwona nthawi yeniyeni ngati DNA yoyenera ilipo mu chitsanzocho. Sikuti amangopezanso lingaliro lochuluka la kuchuluka kwa zomwe zilipo.

Chinthu chosokoneza ndichakuti, anthu ena amatchanso izi "RT-PCR". Koma sizili zofanana ndi Reverse-Transcriptase PCR yomwe yatchulidwa kale. Komanso, njira iyi ya Real-time PCR ingagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi ndi Reverse-Transcriptase PCR yomwe yatchulidwa kale. Kenako imatchedwa Real-time RT-PCR (real-time RT-PCR) . Njira iyi ya Real-time RT-PCR imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa ma mphuno kuti azindikire ma RNA virus monga Covid-19 ndi fuluwenza.

Kodi zotsatira za mayeso a PCR zimatiuza chiyani?

Mukapeza zotsatira za mayeso a PCR, mawuwo akhoza kusiyana pang'ono, kutengera zomwe mwayesedwa.

• Kawirikawiri, ngati zotsatira zanu zikunena kuti "zapezeka" kapena "zilipo," zikutanthauza kuti muli ndi kusintha kwa majini kapena matenda omwe mayesowo adayang'ana.
• Ngati zotsatira zake zikunena kuti "sizinapezeke," zikutanthauza kuti mayesowo sanathe kupeza DNA kapena RNA yomwe inali kuyesedwa. Komabe, pakakhala matenda, nthawi zina izi zingatanthauze kuti munayesedwa msanga kwambiri panthawi yopatsirana matendawa. Mutha kukhalabe ndi matendawa, koma mwina sipangakhale kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya okwanira kuti apezeke ndi PCR panthawiyo.

Kodi mungatanthauzire bwanji zotsatira za Covid-19 PCR?

Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe anthu ambiri akuchidziwa bwino tsopano.

• Zotsatira zabwino za COVID PCR - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti lipoti lanu limati "Wapezeka" - zikutanthauza kuti mwina mwatenga kachilombo ka COVID-19 , kapena mwangochira kumene ku COVID-19 (nthawi zina PCR ikhoza kukhalabe ndi kachilomboka kwa kanthawi mutachira).
• Ngati mutapeza zotsatira za COVID PCR ("Sizinapezeke"), zikutanthauza kuti mwina simunakhale ndi COVID-19 pamene munamwa mankhwala oyeretsera m'mphuno. Komabe, monga ndanenera kale, nthawi zina, kumayambiriro kwa matenda, makamaka ngati mulibe zizindikiro, mayeso a PCR akhoza kukhala opanda. Chifukwa chake ngati muli ndi zizindikiro, dokotala wanu angakulangizeni kuti mukayezenso pakatha masiku angapo.

Kodi zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti mupeze zotsatira za PCR?

Izi zimasiyananso malinga ndi mayeso omwe akuchitidwa.

• Kuyesa kwa swab ya mphuno kuti mudziwe mavairasi ofala monga chimfine ndi COVID-19 nthawi zambiri kumatenga maola angapo kapena tsiku kuti kupeze zotsatira.
• Mayeso a majini omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mayeso a magazi ndi njira zoyesera magazi (biopsy) angatenge sabata imodzi kapena kuposerapo kuti apeze zotsatira chifukwa njira yowunikira ndi yovuta pang'ono.

Kodi muyenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?

Ngati muli ndi mafunso kapena nkhawa zokhudzana ndi mayeso a PCR kapena zotsatira zake, onetsetsani kuti mwalankhula ndi dokotala wanu. Akhoza kukufotokozerani zonse.

Uthenga wofunika kwambiri woti upite nawo kunyumba

Ngakhale kuti mawu oti "mayeso a PCR" adalowa mwadzidzidzi m'makambirano athu a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mliri wa COVID-19 wa 2020, kwenikweni ndi ukadaulo wamtengo wapatali womwe madokotala akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri. PCR imathandiza kuzindikira ndikukopera kuchuluka kochepa kwa DNA kapena RNA, komwe kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuzindikira matenda osiyanasiyana.

Ngakhale izi ndizofala kwa madokotala, sizingakhale zachilendo kuti muyesedwe. Timamvetsa zimenezo. Koma chabwino kwambiri ndichakuti zimangofunika chitsanzo cha thupi lanu, ndipo nthawi zambiri njirayi imatenga mphindi zochepa chabe. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, nkhawa, kapena kukayikira pa izi, chonde lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu. Adzakufotokozerani zonse. Khalani ndi thanzi labwino!

Kuyesa kwa PCR, DNA, RNA, kuyezetsa majini, kuzindikira matenda, Covid-19, kachilombo