Majini 'oyipa' omwe amayambitsa khansa? Tiyeni tikambirane za oncogenes!

Ngakhale mukamva mawu akuti khansa, mumamva kutopa pang'ono mumtima mwanu, sichoncho? Ndi zachilendo kwa aliyense. Pali zifukwa zosiyanasiyana zomwe khansa imeneyi imakulirakulira. Lero tikambirana za mtundu wapadera wa jini womwe ulipo m'thupi mwathu, koma nthawi zina ukhoza kuchita zinthu 'zoipa' ndikuyambitsa khansa. Izi zimatchedwa oncogenes . Mwina munamvapo dzinali kuchokera kwa dokotala kapena kwina. Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tiwone zomwe oncogenes izi zili, momwe zimagwirira ntchito m'thupi lathu, komanso chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa za iwo.

Kodi matenda a oncogene ndi chiyani?

Chabwino, tsopano tiyeni tiwone zomwe ma oncogene awa ali. Mwachidule, oncogene ndi jini yomwe ingayambitse khansa. Koma ichi si chinthu chomwe chimangogwa kuchokera kumwamba. Matupi athu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mtundu wa jini wotchedwa proto-oncogene . Ma proto-oncogene awa ndi omwe amalamulira zinthu monga kukula ndi kugawikana kwa maselo athu mwadongosolo. Taganizirani ngati 'woyang'anira wabwino' wa maselo m'thupi lathu.

Bola ngati 'woyang'anira wabwino' (proto-oncogene) uyu akugwira ntchito bwino, palibe vuto. Maselo amakula momwe ayenera kukhalira, kukula koyenera, amagwira ntchito yawo, ndipo amafa nthawi ikakwana. Imeneyo ndi njira yathanzi komanso yachibadwa.

Komabe, ngati pali kusintha kulikonse, ndiko kuti, kusintha kwa majini , mu proto-oncogene iyi, ndiye kuti imakhala oncogene, ndiko kuti, 'woyang'anira woyipa'. Chomwe 'woyang'anira woyipa' (oncogene) uyu amachita ndikulamula maselo nthawi zonse kuti "akule kwambiri! agawane kwambiri! mwachangu!" ngati misala. Kotero maselo awa amagawanika mofulumira popanda kulamulira, amasonkhanitsa, ndipo pamapeto pake zotupa , ndiko kuti, matenda a khansa, zimayamba kupanga. Mawu oti 'oncogenic' amatanthauza 'kuyambitsa kukula kwa chotupa'. Ndicho chimene oncogenes amachita.

Kodi pali mitundu ya oncogenes?

Inde, asayansi apeza ma oncogene oposa 100 omwe amalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khansa. Mwachitsanzo, khansa imodzi mwa zisanu imalumikizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jini ya `Ras` . Majini a `Ras` amenewa amapanga mapuloteni omwe amalamulira momwe maselo amalandirira zizindikiro, momwe maselo amakulira, ndi momwe maselo amafera (izi zimatchedwa apoptosis) .

Palinso ma oncogene ena omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mitundu ina ya khansa. Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina:

• Jini ya `BCR/ABL1`: Izi zimagwirizana ndi matenda a myeloid leukemia osatha (CML) ndi mitundu ina ya B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia) .
• Jini ya `CMYC`: Yogwirizana ndi khansa yotchedwa Burkitt lymphoma .
• Majini a `EGFR` ndi `EML4AK`: amapangidwa m'mapapoIzi zikugwirizana ndi khansa yotchedwa adenocarcinoma ya m'mapapo.
• Jini ya `HER2`: Mwina munamvapo za jini iyi mu khansa ya m'mawere .
• Jini ya `KRAS`: Yogwirizana ndi khansa zoopsa monga khansa ya kapamba , khansa ya m'matumbo , ndi khansa ya m'mapapo .
• Jini ya `NMYC`: Yogwirizana ndi khansa yotchedwa khansa ya m'mapapo ya maselo ang'onoang'ono ndi neuroblastoma (iyi ndi khansa yomwe imapezeka nthawi zambiri mwa ana aang'ono).

Tsopano mutha kulingalira momwe majini awa alili osiyanasiyana komanso enieni. Kumvetsetsa mtundu uliwonse wa oncogenes izi kudzathandiza madokotala kuchiza khansa molondola.

Kodi ma oncogene amenewa amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kuti timvetse bwino momwe ma oncogene awa amagwirira ntchito, tiyenera kuganizira za 'woyang'anira wabwino' yemwe tidalankhula kale, ma proto-oncogene . Kumbukirani, ma proto-oncogene ndi majini abwinobwino komanso athanzi. Koma ali ndi kuthekera kosintha ndikukhala ma oncogene.

Tangoganizirani, pali maselo ambirimbiri m'thupi lathu. Selo lililonse lili ndi majini osiyanasiyana, omwe aliyense amalamulira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ma proto-oncogenes awa amalamulira njira yofunika kwambiri yotchedwa cell cycle . Maselo ndi njira yonse yomwe selo limadutsamo lisanagawikane kuti lipange maselo atsopano. Komanso, momwe maselo ayenera kukula mofulumira, nthawi yomwe ayenera kugawikana, komanso nthawi yomwe ayenera kufa (izi zimatchedwa apoptosis , zomwe zikutanthauza kufa kwa maselo komwe kunakonzedwa) zimawongoleredwanso ndi ma proto-oncogenes awa. Kunena zoona, amawongolera moyo wa selo.

Kotero, pamene proto-oncogene imasintha ndikukhala oncogene, izi ndi zomwe zimachitika: jini imeneyo imatumiza zizindikiro ku maselo kuti 'akule ndikugawanitsa'. Zili ngati pompo losweka lomwe limayendabe, kapena cholimbikitsira galimoto chatsekedwa. Maselo amayankha zizindikiro zosalekeza izi ndikuyamba kugawanitsa mofulumira kuposa mwachizolowezi. Pomaliza pake, izi ndi zomwe zimayambitsa zotupa za khansa zomwe tinkakamba. Kodi mukumvetsa zomwe zikuchitika?

N’chifukwa chiyani ma proto-oncogene amenewa amasintha chonchi? Chifukwa chake n’chiyani?

Madokotala sakudziwabe chifukwa chake ma oncogene amenewa amapangika. Koma zinthu zambiri zomwe tikudziwa zingayambitse khansa. Mwachitsanzo:

• Kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi dzuwa (makamaka khansa ya pakhungu).
• Matenda a khansaKukumana ndi (monga kusuta fodya, mankhwala enaake).
• Ngakhale matenda ena a mavairasi amatha kusintha majini amenewa.

Chofunika ndichakuti ma oncogene awa si majini omwe timabadwa nawo . Izi zikutanthauza kuti, satengera cholowa. Nthawi zambiri amakula munthu akamakula. Izi zimatchedwa 'acquired mutations'.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe proto-oncogenes izi zimatha kusintha:

• Kusintha kwa mfundo: Maselo akamagawikana ndikukonzekera kupanga maselo atsopano, DNA (majini omwe ali m'mamolekyu a DNA awa) m'maselo amenewo imakopedwa. Koma nthawi zina, pakhoza kukhala kusintha, kuwonjezera kwatsopano, kapena kutayika kwa gawo pa mfundo imodzi mu DNA iyi. Ngakhale ndi kusintha kochepa kumeneku, proto-oncogene imatha kukhala oncogene.
• Kukulitsa majini: Nthawi zina, makope ambiri a jini amapangidwa pa chromosome - kapangidwe kake komwe kali ndi DNA. Izi ndi vutonso. Zili ngati malangizo omwewo akubwera mbali zosiyanasiyana ndikusokoneza zinthu.
• Kukonzanso kwa chromosome: Nthawi zina chidutswa cha chromosome imodzi chimasweka ndikusinthana ndi chidutswa cha chromosome ina, kapena chimakakamira pamalo olakwika. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa translocation . Izi zingayambitsenso kupanga oncogene.

Nthawi zina, majini a oncogene ndi majini oletsa khansa omwe asinthidwa amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti achititse khansa. Majini oletsa khansa ndi gulu lina lofunika la majini omwe amakhudzidwanso ndi khansa. Tidzayang'ana zimenezo pambuyo pake.

Nchifukwa chiyani ma oncogene awa ndi ofunikira pochiza khansa?

Khansa nthawi zambiri imayamba osati pamene jini imodzi yasintha, koma pamene majini angapo asintha. Mwachitsanzo, zotupa zambiri za khansa zimakhala ndi kusintha kwa majini pakati pa 30 ndi 60. Tangoganizirani momwe zimenezo zilili zovuta!

Koma ma oncogene awa ndi amphamvu kwambiri. Nthawi zina, oncogene imodzi ingayambitse maselo kukula mopitirira muyeso ndikuyambitsa khansa .

Koma pali ubwino pang'ono pa izi, kuchokera ku lingaliro la chithandizo. Taganizirani izi, n'zosavuta kuti madokotala azitha kuchiza ndi kuchiza kusintha kwakukulu kwa majini m'malo mochiza kusintha kwakukulu kwa majini nthawi imodzi. Ndicho chifukwa chake mankhwala a khansa angakhale othandiza kwambiri. Izi zimatchedwa njira zochiritsira zolunjika .

Mwachitsanzo, madokotala amadziwa kuti matenda a chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)Khansa ya m'magazi imayamba pamene mtundu wa proto-oncogene wasintha kukhala oncogene wotchedwa `BCR-ABL`. Oncogene iyi imapanga ma enzyme osadziwika bwino omwe amachititsa kuti maselo oyera a m'magazi achuluke mosalamulirika.

Tsopano pali gulu la mankhwala otchedwa Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) . Mankhwalawa amaletsa ntchito ya ma enzymes osazolowereka a `BCR-ABL`. Kenako maselo oyera amagazi osazolowereka amafa. Izi zitha kuyika CML mu chikhululukiro . Chikhululukirocho chimatanthauza kuti simukuwonetsanso zizindikiro kapena zizindikiro za khansa. Asanafike ma TKI awa, munthu m'modzi mwa anthu asanu okha omwe ali ndi CML anali ndi moyo patatha zaka zisanu. Koma tsopano, ndi mankhwala omwe amalimbana ndi oncogene iyi, anthu amakhala ndi moyo wautali kwambiri, nthawi zina ngakhale moyo wamba. Taonani momwe zimenezo zilili patsogolo!

Kodi `p53` ndi oncogene?

Ayi, `p53` ndi jini yoletsa khansa . Zimatanthauza `jini yoletsa khansa.'' Koma monga oncogene, ngati jini ya `p53` iyi isintha, ingayambitsenso khansa. Majini oletsa khansa amagwira ntchito ngati ``brake'' ya maselo athu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, amauza maselo kuti asiye kugawa kwambiri, kuti ''asiye kupanga maselo ambiri.'' Komanso, majini amenewa amathandiza kukonza kuwonongeka kwa DNA, kapena, ngati pakufunika, kuwononga selo (apoptosis).

Koma ngati majini ena oletsa khansa, mwachitsanzo `p53`, asintha, sangathe kupereka chizindikiro cha 'kusiya', 'brake'. Kenako maselo amatha kuchulukana mosalamulirika ndikupanga zotupa . Kotero mutha kuwona, ma oncogene amatha kugwira ntchito ngati 'accelerator imatsekeka', ndipo majini oletsa khansa amatha kugwira ntchito ngati 'brake yalephera', ndipo khansa imatha kukula mbali zonse ziwiri.

Akatswiri nthawi zonse amaphunzira za khansa kuti apeze njira zatsopano zochizira khansa. Kafukufuku wokhudza ma oncogene awa wasintha kwambiri momwe khansa zina zimachiritsidwira. Nthawi zina, kumvetsetsa momwe ma oncogene amagwirira ntchito kwapangitsa kuti papezeke njira zamankhwala zopulumutsa moyo.

Ngati muli ndi khansa, mungamve ngati mukuvutika maganizo komanso mukusokonezeka pamene mukuyesera kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika komanso chifukwa chake. Zimenezo n’zachibadwa. Anthu ena omwe ali ndi khansa amapeza kuti kuphunzira za matenda awo ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa kumawapatsa mpumulo ndi ulamuliro. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuphunzira za maziko asayansi ndi kafukufuku wa chithandizo chanu cha khansa. Ngati mukumva chimodzimodzi, funsani dokotala wanu kuti akufotokozereni kusintha kwa majini komwe kunayambitsa matenda anu. Musaope kufunsa, chifukwa ndi ufulu wanu.

Pomaliza, zinthu zingapo zoti muzikumbukira

Chabwino, takambirana zambiri zokhudza matenda a oncogene, sichoncho? Zingawoneke ngati zovuta pang'ono, koma ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthuzi zikhale zosavuta komanso zomveka bwino.

• Ma oncogene ndi majini osinthika: Awa poyamba ndi ma proto-oncogene omwe ndi opindulitsa ku matupi athu. Ndi omwe amalamulira kukula kwa maselo mwadongosolo. Izi zikasintha pazifukwa zina, zimakhala ma oncogene, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu maselo kuti akule mosalamulirika.
• Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kupangika kwa zotupa: Zotupa za khansa zimapangidwa chifukwa cha kukula kosalamulirika kwa maselo.
• Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana, yolumikizidwa ndi khansa zosiyanasiyana: Oncogene iliyonse ikhoza kulumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi khansa iliyonse.
• Chofunika kwambiri pa chithandizo: Kumvetsetsa matenda a khansa kwatsegula njira yopangira njira zochizira khansa zina zothandiza kwambiri. Izi zathandiza kuti chithandizo chipambane komanso zapulumutsa miyoyo.
• Majini oletsa chotupa monga `p53` nawonso ndi ofunikira: `p53` si oncogene, ndi jini loletsa chotupa . Ngakhale izi zitasintha, zimatha kuyambitsa khansa.

Ngati muli ndi mafunso ena, nkhawa, kapena kukayikira pankhaniyi, onetsetsani kuti mwalankhula momasuka ndi dokotala wanu. Angakupatseni mafotokozedwe ena ndikuyankha mafunso aliwonse omwe mungakhale nawo. Kumbukirani, kudziwitsidwa ndi chimodzi mwa zida zabwino kwambiri zomwe muli nazo pothana ndi matenda ovuta ngati amenewa.

Khansa , oncogene, jini, kukula kwa maselo, chithandizo cha khansa, proto-oncogene, kusintha kwa maselo