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Kodi mwana wanu amadwala nthawi zambiri? Zingakhale matenda a cyclic neutropenia.

Kodi mwana wanu amadwala nthawi zambiri? Zingakhale matenda a cyclic neutropenia.

Kodi mwana wanu amadwala malungo, zilonda pakamwa, kapena kupweteka pakhosi masiku omwewo mwezi uliwonse? Kodi matenda amodzi amatha, koma amabwereranso patatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu? Mwina mukuganiza kuti, "Chitetezo cha mwana wanga chili chofooka." Inde, zimenezo zingakhale zoona. Koma chifukwa cha matenda ozungulira awa chikhoza kukhala vuto losowa kwambiri. Lero, tikulankhula za vuto limodzi lotere, cyclic neutropenia.

Mwachidule, kodi cyclic neutropenia ndi chiyani?

Kuti timvetse izi, choyamba tiyenera kudziwa za msilikali m'magazi mwathu. Dzina la msilikaliyo ndi neutrophil . Neutrophil iyi ndi mtundu wa selo loyera la magazi lomwe limatiteteza ku matenda polimbana ndi majeremusi, makamaka mabakiteriya, omwe amalowa m'thupi mwathu. Ili ngati gulu lankhondo mkati mwa matupi athu.

Neutropenia ndi pamene chiwerengero cha asilikali a neutrophil m'magazi chimatsika pansi pa mulingo woyenera. Monga momwe gulu lankhondo limafooka asilikali ake akachepa, pamene ma neutrophil akachepa, chitetezo cha mthupi lathu chimafooka ndipo timayamba kutenga matenda mosavuta.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone tanthauzo la mawu oti cyclic . Cyclic amatanthauza "cyclical." Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa neutrophil sikumakhala kotsika nthawi zonse. Kumakwera ndi kutsika nthawi zonse, mu cycle. Kunena zoona, nthawi zambiri milungu itatu iliyonse (pafupifupi masiku 21) , kuchuluka kwa neutrophil kumatsika kwambiri kwa masiku atatu mpaka asanu. Kenako kumabwerera mwakale, kenako kumatsikanso kwa milungu itatu yotsatira. Kuzungulira kumeneku kumachitika mwanjira yodziwikiratu.

Mwachidule, neutropenia ya cyclic ndi vuto lomwe kuchuluka kwa maselo a neutrophil, omwe amateteza thupi lathu ku matenda, kumachepa malinga ndi nthawi yokhazikika ya tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda.

Matendawa ndi osowa kwambiri. Ofufuza amati munthu m'modzi yekha pa anthu miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi matendawa.

Kodi zizindikiro za matendawa ndi ziti?

Ubwino wa matendawa ndi wakuti zizindikiro zimawonekera mogwirizana ndi kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, zizindikirozi zimawonekera mkati mwa masiku atatu kapena anayi kuchokera pamene kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil kwachepa, ndipo pamene kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil kwabwerera mwakale, zizindikirozo zimatha.

Chizindikiro Kufotokozera
Malungo ndi kutopa Pamene ma neutrophils ali ochepa, chizindikiro choyamba cha matenda m'thupi chingakhale malungo. Pamodzi ndi izi, thupi likhoza kumva ngati lilibe moyo.
Zilonda pakamwa ndi pakhosi Ichi ndi chizindikiro chofala kwambiri. Chingayambitse zilonda zopweteka mkamwa ndi m'kamwa. Chingayambitsenso kupweteka pakhosi.
Matenda a mano Kutuluka magazi pafupipafupi komanso kutupa kwa mkamwa kumatha kuchitika.
Matenda obwerezabwereza Matenda opatsirana m'mapapo (chimfine, chifuwa), matenda a m'mimba (kupweteka m'mimba), ndi matenda a pakhungu (cellulitis) amatha kuchitika pafupipafupi.

Mtundu wa zizindikirozi ukhoza kusintha moyo wonse. Kwa anthu ambiri, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro kumachepa akamakula . Zilonda pakamwa ndi mavuto a mano ndi ofala kwa achinyamata, pomwe mutu ndi matenda a sinus (sinusitis) ndi ofala kwambiri kwa okalamba.

N’chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika?

Kusakhazikika kwa maselo a khansa kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini . Chifukwa chachikulu ndi kusintha kwa majini a ELANE m'thupi lathu.

Taganizirani za jini ngati malangizo omwe amauza maselo m'thupi lathu momwe angagwirire ntchito. Jini ya ELANE ili ndi malangizo opangira enzyme yomwe imathandiza ma neutrophils kugwira ntchito bwino. Pakakhala cholakwika kapena kusintha kwa majini, ma neutrophils sangathe kugwira ntchito bwino.

Matendawa angachokere kwa makolo kupita kwa ana, kapena angayambe panthawi ya fetal.

Chifukwa cha vuto la majini ili,

  • Thupi silingapange ma neutrophils okwanira.
  • Kupanda kutero, ma neutrophils amatha kufa msanga.
  • Kapena ma neutrophils sangagwire ntchito bwino.

Dokotala, mumazindikira bwanji izi?

Zizindikiro zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimaonekera kuyambira kubadwa, kotero matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka ali aang'ono. Dokotala adzaganizira zinthu zingapo kuti atsimikizire matendawa.

  • Mbiri ya banja la matendawa: Popeza iyi ndi vuto lobadwa nalo, limafufuzidwa kuti lione ngati pali wina aliyense m'banjamo (makolo, abale ndi alongo) amene ali ndi matendawa.
  • Kuyezetsa magazi: Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri. Dokotala wanu adzayang'ana kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil m'magazi anu kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi . Izi zidzachitika kuti aone ngati kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil anu kukuchepa mozungulira.
  • Kapangidwe ka zizindikiro: Dokotala adzaphunzira mosamala kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro (pafupifupi milungu itatu iliyonse). Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kusiyanitsa izi ndi mitundu ina ya neutropenia.
  • Kuyezetsa majini: Nthawi zina kuyezetsa majini kungalimbikitsidwe kuti kutsimikizire ngati pali kusintha kwa majini a ELANE.

Pozindikira vutoli, dokotala ayenera kuchotsa mitundu ina ya neutropenia yomwe ili ndi zizindikiro zofanana, monga `Severe congenital neutropenia` (yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti `Kostmann syndrome`), `Autoimmune neutropenia`, ndi `Idiopathic neutropenia`.

Kodi mankhwala ochizira izi ndi otani?

Pali zolinga ziwiri zazikulu zothandizira matendawa: Choyamba ndikuchiritsa matenda omwe alipo kale, china ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa neutrophils ndikuletsa matenda ena mtsogolo.

Njira yochizira Magwiridwe antchito
Mankhwala opha tizilombo Izi zimaperekedwa kuti zithetse matenda a bakiteriya omwe amapezeka nthawi yomwe ma neutrophils ali otsika.
Chithandizo cha G-CSF Uwu ndiye mankhwala akuluakulu komanso ogwira mtima kwambiri. G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) ndi mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa mafupa athu kuti apange ma neutrophils ambiri (monga filgrastim (Neupogen®)). Amaperekedwa ngati jakisoni ndipo ndi mankhwala otetezeka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kusamutsa maselo oyambira Iyi ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri komanso omwe sayankha chithandizo cha G-CSF. Mu njira iyi, maselo athanzi amaikidwa m'malo mwa maselo odwala.

Kodi pali zotsatirapo zilizonse za mankhwalawa?

Chithandizo cha G-CSF chingayambitse zotsatirapo zochepa. Komabe, madokotala nthawi zambiri amayamba chithandizo cha matendawa ndi mlingo wochepa, kotero zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zochepa.

  • Mutu
  • Ululu m'mafupa ndi m'malo olumikizirana mafupa
  • Kusanza ndi kutsegula m'mimba

Zinthu ngati izi zingachitike. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu mosamala za chithandizo chomwe mukulandira komanso zotsatira zake.

Ndiyenera kuyimbira dokotala nthawi yanji?

Ngati inu kapena mwana wanu muli ndi cyclic neutropenia, ndikofunikira kwambiri kufunafuna upangiri wa dokotala mukangowona zizindikiro zilizonse za matenda .

Samalani kwambiri zinthu zotsatirazi:

* Malungo

* Ululu kwinakwake m'thupi

* Kutupa kapena kufiira kwa khungu

Ngati muwona zizindikiro izi, pitani kwa dokotala nthawi yomweyo. Musazengereze kupita ku Dipatimenti Yothandiza Anthu Odwala Pangozi (ETU) ngati pakufunika kutero.

Kodi tiyenera kuchita chiyani kuti tidziteteze ku matenda?

Kuwonjezera pa kudziteteza ku matenda, muyeneranso kusamala ngati chiwerengero cha ma neutrophil anu chili chochepa.

  • Sambani m'manja mwanu nthawi zonse, makamaka musanadye komanso mutagwiritsa ntchito chimbudzi.
  • Sungani bwino pakamwa. Tsukani mano anu tsiku lililonse ndipo pitani kwa dokotala wa mano nthawi zonse .
  • Pezani katemera onse ofunikira pa nthawi yake.
  • Pewani kukhudza nkhope yanu, maso anu, ndi mphuno yanu osasamba m'manja.
  • Imwani mankhwala anu monga momwe dokotala wanu wanenera ndipo muyeze magazi anu pa nthawi yake.

Ngakhale kuti vutoli ndi la moyo wonse, mankhwala opambana monga G-CSF tsopano alola anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a cyclic neutropenia kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino . Chofunika kwambiri, ngakhale mitundu ina ya matenda a neutropenia ili ndi chiopsezo chotenga khansa, monga khansa ya m'magazi, matenda a cyclic neutropenia alibe.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

  • Kuchuluka kwa maselo a neutropenia m'thupi ndi vuto la majini lomwe limapezeka kawirikawiri pomwe chiwerengero cha maselo a neutrophil omwe amalimbana ndi matenda chimachepa nthawi zonse.
  • Zizindikiro (malungo, zilonda pakamwa) nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kamodzi pa milungu itatu iliyonse.
  • Kuti adziwe matenda, kuyezetsa magazi kuyenera kuchitika mosalekeza kwa milungu ingapo kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa neutrophil m'magazi.
  • Chifukwa chakuti pali mankhwala othandiza kwambiri monga G-CSF, odwala amatha kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino.
  • Ndikofunikira kwambiri kufunafuna upangiri wa dokotala mwamsanga mukangoona zizindikiro zilizonse za matenda (malungo, ululu, kutupa).

Kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi, matenda a neutrophils, chitetezo chamthupi, matenda, malungo, zilonda pakamwa, G-CSF, ana, matenda a magazi

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Kodi pali zotsatirapo zilizonse za mankhwalawa?

Chithandizo cha G-CSF chingayambitse zotsatirapo zochepa. Komabe, madokotala nthawi zambiri amayamba chithandizo cha matendawa ndi mlingo wochepa, kotero zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zochepa.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

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Kodi mwana wanu amadwala nthawi zambiri? Zingakhale matenda a cyclic neutropenia.

Kodi mwana wanu amadwala nthawi zambiri? Zingakhale matenda a cyclic neutropenia.

Kodi mwana wanu amadwala malungo, zilonda pakamwa, kapena kupweteka pakhosi masiku omwewo mwezi uliwonse? Kodi matenda amodzi amatha, koma amabwereranso patatha milungu iwiri kapena itatu? Mwina mukuganiza kuti, "Chitetezo cha mwana wanga chili chofooka." Inde, zimenezo zingakhale zoona. Koma chifukwa cha matenda ozungulira awa chikhoza kukhala vuto losowa kwambiri. Lero, tikulankhula za vuto limodzi lotere, cyclic neutropenia.

Mwachidule, kodi cyclic neutropenia ndi chiyani?

Kuti timvetse izi, choyamba tiyenera kudziwa za msilikali m'magazi mwathu. Dzina la msilikaliyo ndi neutrophil . Neutrophil iyi ndi mtundu wa selo loyera la magazi lomwe limatiteteza ku matenda polimbana ndi majeremusi, makamaka mabakiteriya, omwe amalowa m'thupi mwathu. Ili ngati gulu lankhondo mkati mwa matupi athu.

Neutropenia ndi pamene chiwerengero cha asilikali a neutrophil m'magazi chimatsika pansi pa mulingo woyenera. Monga momwe gulu lankhondo limafooka asilikali ake akachepa, pamene ma neutrophil akachepa, chitetezo cha mthupi lathu chimafooka ndipo timayamba kutenga matenda mosavuta.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone tanthauzo la mawu oti cyclic . Cyclic amatanthauza "cyclical." Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa neutrophil sikumakhala kotsika nthawi zonse. Kumakwera ndi kutsika nthawi zonse, mu cycle. Kunena zoona, nthawi zambiri milungu itatu iliyonse (pafupifupi masiku 21) , kuchuluka kwa neutrophil kumatsika kwambiri kwa masiku atatu mpaka asanu. Kenako kumabwerera mwakale, kenako kumatsikanso kwa milungu itatu yotsatira. Kuzungulira kumeneku kumachitika mwanjira yodziwikiratu.

Mwachidule, neutropenia ya cyclic ndi vuto lomwe kuchuluka kwa maselo a neutrophil, omwe amateteza thupi lathu ku matenda, kumachepa malinga ndi nthawi yokhazikika ya tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda.

Matendawa ndi osowa kwambiri. Ofufuza amati munthu m'modzi yekha pa anthu miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi matendawa.

Kodi zizindikiro za matendawa ndi ziti?

Ubwino wa matendawa ndi wakuti zizindikiro zimawonekera mogwirizana ndi kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, zizindikirozi zimawonekera mkati mwa masiku atatu kapena anayi kuchokera pamene kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil kwachepa, ndipo pamene kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil kwabwerera mwakale, zizindikirozo zimatha.

Chizindikiro Kufotokozera
Malungo ndi kutopa Pamene ma neutrophils ali ochepa, chizindikiro choyamba cha matenda m'thupi chingakhale malungo. Pamodzi ndi izi, thupi likhoza kumva ngati lilibe moyo.
Zilonda pakamwa ndi pakhosi Ichi ndi chizindikiro chofala kwambiri. Chingayambitse zilonda zopweteka mkamwa ndi m'kamwa. Chingayambitsenso kupweteka pakhosi.
Matenda a mano Kutuluka magazi pafupipafupi komanso kutupa kwa mkamwa kumatha kuchitika.
Matenda obwerezabwereza Matenda opatsirana m'mapapo (chimfine, chifuwa), matenda a m'mimba (kupweteka m'mimba), ndi matenda a pakhungu (cellulitis) amatha kuchitika pafupipafupi.

Mtundu wa zizindikirozi ukhoza kusintha moyo wonse. Kwa anthu ambiri, kuopsa kwa zizindikiro kumachepa akamakula . Zilonda pakamwa ndi mavuto a mano ndi ofala kwa achinyamata, pomwe mutu ndi matenda a sinus (sinusitis) ndi ofala kwambiri kwa okalamba.

N’chifukwa chiyani izi zikuchitika?

Kusakhazikika kwa maselo a khansa kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa majini . Chifukwa chachikulu ndi kusintha kwa majini a ELANE m'thupi lathu.

Taganizirani za jini ngati malangizo omwe amauza maselo m'thupi lathu momwe angagwirire ntchito. Jini ya ELANE ili ndi malangizo opangira enzyme yomwe imathandiza ma neutrophils kugwira ntchito bwino. Pakakhala cholakwika kapena kusintha kwa majini, ma neutrophils sangathe kugwira ntchito bwino.

Matendawa angachokere kwa makolo kupita kwa ana, kapena angayambe panthawi ya fetal.

Chifukwa cha vuto la majini ili,

  • Thupi silingapange ma neutrophils okwanira.
  • Kupanda kutero, ma neutrophils amatha kufa msanga.
  • Kapena ma neutrophils sangagwire ntchito bwino.

Dokotala, mumazindikira bwanji izi?

Zizindikiro zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimaonekera kuyambira kubadwa, kotero matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka ali aang'ono. Dokotala adzaganizira zinthu zingapo kuti atsimikizire matendawa.

  • Mbiri ya banja la matendawa: Popeza iyi ndi vuto lobadwa nalo, limafufuzidwa kuti lione ngati pali wina aliyense m'banjamo (makolo, abale ndi alongo) amene ali ndi matendawa.
  • Kuyezetsa magazi: Ichi ndi chofunika kwambiri. Dokotala wanu adzayang'ana kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil m'magazi anu kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi . Izi zidzachitika kuti aone ngati kuchuluka kwa ma neutrophil anu kukuchepa mozungulira.
  • Kapangidwe ka zizindikiro: Dokotala adzaphunzira mosamala kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro (pafupifupi milungu itatu iliyonse). Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandiza kusiyanitsa izi ndi mitundu ina ya neutropenia.
  • Kuyezetsa majini: Nthawi zina kuyezetsa majini kungalimbikitsidwe kuti kutsimikizire ngati pali kusintha kwa majini a ELANE.

Pozindikira vutoli, dokotala ayenera kuchotsa mitundu ina ya neutropenia yomwe ili ndi zizindikiro zofanana, monga `Severe congenital neutropenia` (yomwe kale inkadziwika kuti `Kostmann syndrome`), `Autoimmune neutropenia`, ndi `Idiopathic neutropenia`.

Kodi mankhwala ochizira izi ndi otani?

Pali zolinga ziwiri zazikulu zothandizira matendawa: Choyamba ndikuchiritsa matenda omwe alipo kale, china ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa neutrophils ndikuletsa matenda ena mtsogolo.

Njira yochizira Magwiridwe antchito
Mankhwala opha tizilombo Izi zimaperekedwa kuti zithetse matenda a bakiteriya omwe amapezeka nthawi yomwe ma neutrophils ali otsika.
Chithandizo cha G-CSF Uwu ndiye mankhwala akuluakulu komanso ogwira mtima kwambiri. G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) ndi mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa mafupa athu kuti apange ma neutrophils ambiri (monga filgrastim (Neupogen®)). Amaperekedwa ngati jakisoni ndipo ndi mankhwala otetezeka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kusamutsa maselo oyambira Iyi ndi njira yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri komanso omwe sayankha chithandizo cha G-CSF. Mu njira iyi, maselo athanzi amaikidwa m'malo mwa maselo odwala.

Kodi pali zotsatirapo zilizonse za mankhwalawa?

Chithandizo cha G-CSF chingayambitse zotsatirapo zochepa. Komabe, madokotala nthawi zambiri amayamba chithandizo cha matendawa ndi mlingo wochepa, kotero zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zochepa.

  • Mutu
  • Ululu m'mafupa ndi m'malo olumikizirana mafupa
  • Kusanza ndi kutsegula m'mimba

Zinthu ngati izi zingachitike. Lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu mosamala za chithandizo chomwe mukulandira komanso zotsatira zake.

Ndiyenera kuyimbira dokotala nthawi yanji?

Ngati inu kapena mwana wanu muli ndi cyclic neutropenia, ndikofunikira kwambiri kufunafuna upangiri wa dokotala mukangowona zizindikiro zilizonse za matenda .

Samalani kwambiri zinthu zotsatirazi:

* Malungo

* Ululu kwinakwake m'thupi

* Kutupa kapena kufiira kwa khungu

Ngati muwona zizindikiro izi, pitani kwa dokotala nthawi yomweyo. Musazengereze kupita ku Dipatimenti Yothandiza Anthu Odwala Pangozi (ETU) ngati pakufunika kutero.

Kodi tiyenera kuchita chiyani kuti tidziteteze ku matenda?

Kuwonjezera pa kudziteteza ku matenda, muyeneranso kusamala ngati chiwerengero cha ma neutrophil anu chili chochepa.

  • Sambani m'manja mwanu nthawi zonse, makamaka musanadye komanso mutagwiritsa ntchito chimbudzi.
  • Sungani bwino pakamwa. Tsukani mano anu tsiku lililonse ndipo pitani kwa dokotala wa mano nthawi zonse .
  • Pezani katemera onse ofunikira pa nthawi yake.
  • Pewani kukhudza nkhope yanu, maso anu, ndi mphuno yanu osasamba m'manja.
  • Imwani mankhwala anu monga momwe dokotala wanu wanenera ndipo muyeze magazi anu pa nthawi yake.

Ngakhale kuti vutoli ndi la moyo wonse, mankhwala opambana monga G-CSF tsopano alola anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a cyclic neutropenia kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino . Chofunika kwambiri, ngakhale mitundu ina ya matenda a neutropenia ili ndi chiopsezo chotenga khansa, monga khansa ya m'magazi, matenda a cyclic neutropenia alibe.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

  • Kuchuluka kwa maselo a neutropenia m'thupi ndi vuto la majini lomwe limapezeka kawirikawiri pomwe chiwerengero cha maselo a neutrophil omwe amalimbana ndi matenda chimachepa nthawi zonse.
  • Zizindikiro (malungo, zilonda pakamwa) nthawi zambiri zimawonekera kamodzi pa milungu itatu iliyonse.
  • Kuti adziwe matenda, kuyezetsa magazi kuyenera kuchitika mosalekeza kwa milungu ingapo kuti atsimikizire kuchuluka kwa neutrophil m'magazi.
  • Chifukwa chakuti pali mankhwala othandiza kwambiri monga G-CSF, odwala amatha kukhala ndi moyo wabwinobwino.
  • Ndikofunikira kwambiri kufunafuna upangiri wa dokotala mwamsanga mukangoona zizindikiro zilizonse za matenda (malungo, ululu, kutupa).

Kuchuluka kwa magazi m'thupi, matenda a neutrophils, chitetezo chamthupi, matenda, malungo, zilonda pakamwa, G-CSF, ana, matenda a magazi

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Kodi pali zotsatirapo zilizonse za mankhwalawa?

Chithandizo cha G-CSF chingayambitse zotsatirapo zochepa. Komabe, madokotala nthawi zambiri amayamba chithandizo cha matendawa ndi mlingo wochepa, kotero zotsatirapo zake zimakhala zochepa.

⚠️ Important: The medical articles and information on Nirogi Lanka are for general awareness only, and are by no means a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. For any medical problem you have, consult a qualified physician immediately.

💬 Comments (0)

Palibe ndemanga zomwe zatumizidwa pano. Onjezani ndemanga yanu pano koyamba.

Onjezani ndemanga yanu

Chonde werengani: 8 + 8 =