Kodi muli ndi maselo a khansa m'magazi mwanu? Kodi mayeso a immunophenotyping amazindikira chiyani?

Kodi dokotala wanu anayang'ana kuchuluka kwa magazi anu (CBC) nati kuchuluka kwa maselo oyera m'magazi anu kuli kokwera pang'ono kapena kumawoneka kosazolowereka? Kenako analankhula za mayeso okhala ndi dzina lachilendo lotchedwa `Immunophenotyping`? Mutamva dzina limenelo, mwina munachita mantha pang'ono, mukudabwa kuti mayesowa ndi amtundu wanji. Ndi chinthu chofala kwambiri. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za mayeso awa otchedwa `Immunophenotyping` m'njira yosavuta, m'njira yomwe mungamvetse.

Kodi immunophenotyping ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, `Immunophenotyping` ndi mayeso apadera a labu omwe amayang'ana maselo m'thupi lathu, makamaka maselo oyera amagazi, kuti awone ngati ali ndi khansa kapena ayi. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri pozindikira khansa zokhudzana ndi magazi monga leukemia ndi lymphoma.

Mu mayeso awa, katswiri wa matenda, dokotala yemwe ndi katswiri wa minofu ndi maselo, amafufuza mapuloteni enaake otchedwa ``antigens'' pamwamba pa maselo oyera a magazi anu. Kupezeka kwa ``antigens'' amenewa, ndi mtundu wa ``antigens'' womwe ulipo, kungathandize kudziwa ngati selo lomwe likukambidwalo ndi labwino kapena la khansa.

Ngati tiyang'ana tanthauzo la mawu oti `Immunophenotyping`, titha kufotokoza izi mozama:

• Immuno: Izi zikutanthauza chinthu chokhudzana ndi chitetezo chathu chamthupi. Mu mayeso awa, mapuloteni otchedwa ``Antigens'' omwe ndatchula kale amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mtundu wina wa puloteni wotchedwa ``Antibodies'' womwe ulinso m'chitetezo chathu chamthupi. Izi zili ngati kiyi ndi loko. Kiyi yeniyeni yokha (Antibody) yopangidwira iyo imagwirizana ndi loko inayake (Antigen).

• Phenotype: Izi zikutanthauza mawonekedwe akunja, owoneka bwino a chinthu china. Chifukwa chake kiyi (Antibody) ikalumikizidwa ku loko (Antigen), timatha kuiwona mwanjira inayake. Katswiri wa matenda akaona zimenezo, amadziwa kuti loko yoyenera, ndiko kuti, `(Antigen)` yoyenera, ili pa selo imeneyo.

Ma `(Antigens)` (maloko) amenewa omwe amapezeka m'maselo a khansa ndi osiyana ndi omwe amapezeka m'maselo athanzi. Chifukwa chake pozindikira mitundu ya `(Antigens)` iyi, mayesowa amathandiza kuzindikira motsimikiza ngati iyi ndi selo ya khansa, ndipo ngati ndi choncho, ndi khansa yamtundu wanji.

Kodi mayesowa ayenera kuchitika liti?

Dokotala wanu nthawi zambiri amalangiza mayesowa ngati kuchuluka kwa magazi anu (CBC) kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa maselo oyera m'magazi kokwera kwambiri. Izi zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha khansa zina m'magazi. Chifukwa chake, mayeso a ``Immunophenotyping`` amathandiza kutsimikizira kukayikira kumeneko.

Njirayi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa kafukufuku wa khansa. Ukadaulo uwu umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pophunzira momwe maselo a khansa okhala ndi ``Antigens`` ena amayankhira mankhwala osiyanasiyana oletsa khansa, makamaka ``Immunotherapy``.

Kodi mayesowa amachitidwa bwanji? Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani mkati mwa labu?

Mu mayeso awa, muyenera kuchita chinthu chaching'ono kwambiri. Ndiko kupereka chitsanzo chofunikira pa mayeso. Pambuyo pake, zina zonse zimachitika mkati mwa labu. Simuyenera kuda nkhawa nazo. Nthawi zambiri, njira ziwiri zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mayesowa.

1. Flow Cytometry

2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimachitika mu njira ziwirizi.

Njira ya Flow Cytometry

Iyi ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Njirayi imalola kuti maselo ambiri otengedwa m'magazi kapena minofu ayesedwe nthawi imodzi. Izi ndi zomwe zimachitika mkati mwa labu:

• Kutenga chitsanzo: Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika potenga chitsanzo chaching'ono cha mafuta anu a m'mafupa (bone marrow biopsy). Kapena, nthawi zambiri, potenga magazi pang'ono. Nthawi zina, chitsanzo cha madzi a msana kapena madzi a m'mimba chingatengedwenso.
• Kusunga chitsanzo: Mu labu, chitsanzocho chimakonzedwa powonjezera mankhwala apadera kuti maselo asafe.
• Kuonjezera Antibody: Kenako pamabwera gawo lofunika kwambiri. Amawonjezera ``Antibody'' (kiyi) yomwe idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi ``Antigen'' yomwe tikuyang'ana ku chitsanzo ichi. Koma pali china chake chapadera chokhudza ``Antibody'' iyi. Ili ndi kachigawo kakang'ono komwe kamatulutsa kuwala, ``Fluorescent Compound'' yolumikizidwa nayo. Chifukwa chake kiyiyo ikalumikizidwa ku loko, seloyo imayamba kutulutsa kuwala.
• Kuyika mu Flow Cytometer: Chitsanzo chokonzedwachi chimayikidwa mu makina apadera otchedwa ``Flow Cytometer.`` Pamene maselo akuyenda mu makina awa limodzi ndi limodzi, masensa ``Detectors`` omwe ali mu makinawo amazindikira ndikuwerengera maselo omwe amatulutsa kuwala kowala.

Ndi njira iyi, n'zotheka kudziwa molondola kuchuluka kwa maselo omwe ali ndi `(Antigen)` yoyenera.

Njira ya Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza `(Antigens)` yomwe ilipo mu chitsanzo cha minofu `(Tissue Sample). Apa, chinthu chofanana ndi `(Flow Cytometry)` chimachitika. Koma kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti apa, `(Antibody)` sichimalumikizidwa ndi fluorescent compound. M'malo mwake, enzyme `(Enzyme)` imalumikizidwa.

Chifukwa cha enzyme iyi, pamene `(Antibody)` ilumikizana ndi `(Antigen)` yofunikira, selo limenelo limasintha mtundu winawake. Kenako, katswiri wa matenda akayang'ana pa iyo kudzera mu maikulosikopu, amatha kuona bwino maselo amitundu imeneyo. Mwanjira imeneyi, amatha kutsimikizira kuti `(Antigen)` yoyenerera ilipo mu minofu imeneyo.

Kodi pali zofooka kapena zofooka zilizonse pa mayeso awa?

Inde, monga mayeso onse, mayesowa ali ndi zofooka zake. Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti si ma lab onse omwe amachita mayesowa amatsatira njira yofanana. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pakhoza kukhala kusiyana pang'ono kwa zotsatira kuchokera ku lab imodzi kupita ku ina.

Kodi ndi zinthu zotani zomwe zatuluka mu lipotilo? Kodi likunena chiyani?

Lipoti la mayeso a `Immunophenotyping` si lophweka ngati lipoti la magazi wamba. Lili ndi deta ndi ma graph omwe apezeka kuchokera ku makina a `(Flow Cytometer)`. Katswiri wodziwa bwino matenda okha ndi amene angamvetse izi. Amasanthula deta imeneyo ndikukonzekera lipoti lomaliza.

Kuchokera ku lipoti limenelo, dokotala wanu adzalandira chidziwitso chonga ichi:

• Kodi ndi mtundu wanji wa maselo oyera a magazi omwe ali mu chitsanzocho?
• Kodi maselo amenewo ali pa siteji iti ya chitukuko?
• Ndi maselo angati omwe ali ndi `(Antigen)` yoyesedwa?

Katswiri wa matenda amayerekeza deta yochokera mu chitsanzo chanu ndi deta yochokera kwa munthu wathanzi, komanso mitundu ya deta yochokera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu winawake wa khansa ya m'magazi kapena lymphoma. Kutengera kufananiza kumeneku, pamodzi ndi zotsatira za mayeso ena, iye amatsimikiza za kuthekera kwa inu kukhala ndi khansa yomwe akuikayikira.

Kodi ndiyenera kulankhula ndi dokotala liti?

Kudikira zotsatira za mayeso kungakhale kovuta. Muli ndi mafunso ambirimbiri m'maganizo mwanu. Ndizachibadwa kusadziwa nthawi yomwe zotsatira zidzafike komanso zomwe zidzanene.

Mwina simukukumana ndi vuto lililonse, mwina mukudabwa kuona lipoti la `CBC`. Mwina mwakhala mukutopa pang'ono komanso mukudwala kwa kanthawi. Komabe, ino ndi nthawi yoti mukhale oleza mtima. Iyi ndi sitepe imodzi chabe paulendo wopeza zomwe zikuchitika mkati mwa thupi lanu.

Dokotala wanu ndiye mtsogoleri wanu wabwino kwambiri panthawiyi.

• Ngati simukudziwa nthawi yomwe mudzapeze zotsatira zake, funsani dokotala wanu.
• Mukamaliza kupeza zotsatira zanu, ngati simukudziwa bwino zomwe zili mkati mwake, funsani mafunso mpaka mutamvetsa. Umenewo ndi ufulu wanu.
• Musasokonezedwe ndi zomwe zili mu lipotilo. Ndi udindo wa dokotala kufotokoza tanthauzo lake kwa inu.

Maselo anu ali ndi zambiri zokhudza thanzi lanu. Kuyeza ma immunophenotype ndi chida chimodzi chomwe chingakuthandizeni kupeza zambirizo ndikumvetsetsa bwino thanzi lanu. Ndizachibadwa kukhala ndi mantha komanso nkhawa panthawi ngati iyi. Ngati mukufuna thandizo, lankhulani ndi dokotala wanu za izi.