Tizilombo ta m'mimba ndi tizilombo tina toopsa? Tiyeni tidziwe bwino lomwe kuti ndi chiyani!

Kodi nthawi zina mumamva kupweteka m'mimba, kudzimbidwa, kapena kumva kukhuta? Mwina simukudziwa kuti chifukwa cha izi chikhoza kukhala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'matumbo mwanu. Ngakhale kuti dzinali lingamveke ngati loopsa pang'ono mukalimva, ngati mwadziwitsidwa bwino za ilo, si vuto lalikulu kwa ife. Lero, tiyeni tikambirane za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo awa (`Intestinal Parasites`).

Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo awa ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi selo imodzi tomwe timakhala m'matumbo mwanu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi chamoyo chomwe chimakhala m'thupi la chamoyo china (chomwe chili m'thupi mwanu) ndipo chimapeza chakudya ndi pogona kuchokera kwa wolandirayo. Taganizirani ngati gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda lomwe limangobwera osaitanidwa, kukhala pa matupi athu, ndikukhala ndi moyo ndi chakudya ndi zakumwa zathu.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsa ntchito thupi la munthu amene ali ndi kachilomboka kuti tibereke ndikuyesera kupeza munthu wina woti alandire kachilomboka. Komabe, tizilomboti sitichita zabwino . M'malo mwake, timayambitsa zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zosasangalatsa, nthawi zina ngakhale mavuto aakulu azaumoyo.

Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda?

Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo: nyongolotsi zotchedwa `Helminths` ndi zamoyo zokhala ndi selo imodzi zotchedwa `Protozoa`.

Helminths (nyongolotsi za m'mimba)

Helminths ndi gulu la nyongolotsi za parasitic zomwe zimaphatikizapo nyongolotsi zosiyanasiyana (zozungulira thupi) ndi nyongolotsi za flatbounds (zozungulira thupi). Ngakhale kuti zimakula bwino m'thupi mwathu, nthawi zambiri sizimatha kuberekana mkati mwathu. M'malo mwake, zimaika mazira, omwe amatuluka m'thupi mwathu m'ndowe zathu. Kenako, anthu ena akakumana ndi mazirawa mosadziwa (mwachitsanzo, podya ndi manja odetsedwa), amakhala alendo atsopano, ndipo mtundu wa nyongolotsi umapitirira.

Nazi zina mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mphutsi za m'mimba:

• Pinworms (kapena enterobiasis): Izi ndi nyongolotsi zofanana ndi ulusi. Zimafalikira pokhudza malo omwe mazira a pinworm amapezeka kenako n’kuwaika mkamwa mwanu. Mazirawo amatuluka m’matumbo anu ang’onoang’ono. Azimayi amaika mazira mozungulira anus usiku. Izi zingayambitse kuyabwa mozungulira anus . Chifukwa chake, ngati mukanda malo amenewo ndikugwira malo ena osasamba m’manja, mazirawo amasamutsidwiranso komweko, ndi momwe zimafalikira. Izi ndizofala kwambiri pakati pa ana aang’ono.

• Njoka zozungulira (`Ascaris` kapena `ascariasis`):Nyongolotsi izi zikayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu, zimaoneka ngati nyongolotsi zazing'ono. Zimaberekana zikakumana ndi nthaka yodetsedwa ndikumeza mazira m'nthaka. "Dothi lodetsedwa" limatanthauza kuti ndowe zokhala ndi mazira a nyongolotsi zasakanizidwa ndi nthaka. Izi zitha kuwoneka m'malo omwe mulibe zimbudzi zambiri ndipo anthu amatsuka poyera. Komanso, nyongolotsi za `Ascaris` izi zimatha kufalikira kuchokera ku ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zomwe zimalimidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ndowe za anthu ngati feteleza.

• Nyongolotsi za whipworms (kapena trichuriasis): Nyongolotsi zimenezi zimachokera ku mawonekedwe awo ofanana ndi chikwapu. Monga Ascaris, nyongolotsi za whipworms zimafalikira podya mazira omwe amapezeka m'nthaka yoipitsidwa.

• Njoka za hookworm (Ancylostomiasis): Njoka za hookworm zili ndi mutu wofanana ndi mbedza. Umu ndi momwe zimamangirirana ndi makoma a matumbo athu ndikuyamwa magazi. Monga Ascaris ndi whipworms, njoka za hookworm zimafalikira kudzera mu dothi loipitsidwa. Kusiyana apa ndikuti mazira omwe ali m'nthaka amakula kukhala mphutsi. Ngati muyenda wopanda nsapato m'nthaka , mphutsi za hookworm izi zimatha kulowa m'thupi lanu kudzera pakhungu lanu.

• Strongyloides (kapena strongyloidiasis): Nyongolotsi izi zimafalikira kudzera mu kukhudzana ndi nthaka yoipitsidwa. Zitha kudyedwa pakamwa, kapena zitha kulowa kudzera pakhungu poyenda wopanda nsapato. Mosiyana ndi helminths zina, Strongyloides imathanso kuberekana mkati mwa chiweto.

• Nyongolotsi za m'mimba (kapena taeniasis): Nyongolotsi izi zili ndi thupi longa tepi, logawidwa m'magawo. Zimakhala m'mimba mwa anthu ndi nyama (nkhumba, ng'ombe, nsomba). Ngati mudya nkhumba, ng'ombe, kapena nsomba zosaphikidwa bwino, mutha kudya mazira kapena mphutsi. Kapena, mutha kutenga nyongolotsi za m'mimba pokhudza malo okhala ndi mazira ndikuziyika mkamwa mwanu.

• Trichinella (kapena trichinosis): Trichinella imafalikira mofanana ndi mphutsi za m'mimba. Nphutsi zozungulira izi zimafalikira mwa kudya nyama yaiwisi kapena yosaphikidwa bwino kuchokera ku nyama yodwala (nthawi zambiri nkhumba).

• Flukes: Matenda a mphutsi za flatworms awa amatha kupezeka mwa kumwa madzi odetsedwa kapena kudya zomera zam'madzi kapena nsomba zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka. Mitundu yomwe imakhala m'matumbo mwathu ndi monga Fasciolopsis buski (yomwe imayambitsa fasciolopsiasis) ndi Heterophyes (yomwe imayambitsa heterophysisis).

Zamoyo zokhala ndi selo limodzi (`Protozoa`)

Monga ma helminth, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timatchedwa protozoa timafalikira ngakhale mazira ochepa chabe atamezedwa. Nthawi zambiri timafalikira kudzera m'madzi oipitsidwa kapena zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zoipitsidwa. Komabe, ma protozoa amathanso kuberekana mkati mwa munthu.

Nazi zina mwa mitundu yodziwika bwino ya protozoa:

• Giardia (`Giardia` - izi zimayambitsa matenda a `giardiasis`)
• Entamoeba histolytica (yomwe imayambitsa amebiasis)
• Cyclospora (`Cyclospora` - izi zimayambitsa `cyclosporiasis`)
• Cryptosporidium (`Cryptosporidium` - izi zimayambitsa `cryptosporidiosis`)
• Mitundu ya Blastocystis (`Mtundu wa Blastocystis` - izi zimayambitsa `Blastocystosis`)
• Cystoisospora belli (imayambitsa cystoisosporiasis)

Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka kwambiri ndi titi?

Malinga ndi bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO), pafupifupi 25% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi matenda a m'mimba. Chiwerengerochi ndi chokwera kufika pa 50% m'madera otentha komanso otentha, komwe madzi oyera ndi ukhondo ndi ochepa. Matenda ofala kwambiri a m'mimba padziko lonse lapansi ndi matenda a mphutsi zozungulira (ascariasis). Amakhudza anthu pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi padziko lonse lapansi.

Ku United States, matenda opatsirana kwambiri a protozoa ndi omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ta Giardia. Njoka zam'mimba ndi nyongolotsi za m'mimba zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri kumeneko. Matendawa amathanso kuwoneka m'dziko lathu pang'ono, makamaka m'madera omwe ukhondo suli wofunika kwambiri.

Kodi zizindikiro za matenda a parasitic awa ndi ziti?

Matenda ena sasonyeza zizindikiro zilizonse, kotero simungadziwe kuti muli ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ngati zizindikirozo zionekera, zidzadalira mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe mwatenga.

Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo ndi izi:

• Kutsegula m'mimba - ndowe zotayirira
• Kupweteka m'mimba
• Kupweteka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya
• Kutupa - kutupa
• Kusanza ndi kusanza
• Kuyabwa kwa m'makoswe ( makamaka chifukwa cha mphutsi za m'mphuno)

Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matendati timatuluka ndi ndowe? Kodi tingawoneke m'chimbudzi?

Kawirikawiri, mazira a nyongolotsi za parasitic amatuluka pamodzi ndi ndowe, koma nyongolotsizo sizimatuluka kawirikawiri. Mazirawo ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kotero kuti amafunika kuwonedwa ndi maikulosikopu.

Komabe, nyongolotsi za m'mimba zimasiyana pang'ono. Nthawi zina ziwalo za thupi la nyongolotsi za m'mimba, pamodzi ndi mazira, zimatha kuperekedwa mu ndowe. Kenako mudzawona zidutswa zazing'ono m'chimbudzi zomwe zimaoneka ngati mpunga woyera womamatirira ku ndowe.

Kodi matenda a parasitic awa amapezeka bwanji?

Mmene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafalikira zimasiyana malinga ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Komabe, anthu ambiri amadwala tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo mwa kudya mazira a tizilombo omwe amadutsa m'ndowe. Mazira amenewa ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri moti simungadziwe kuti mukuwameza.

Nazi njira zina zomwe mungapezere matenda opatsirana m'mimba:

• Kumwa madzi oipitsidwa: Kuchokera ku madzi akumwa a boma ndi achinsinsi, maiwe osambira, mitsinje, nyanja, ndi zina zotero.
• Kudya chakudya chodetsedwa: Kudya ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zomwe zatsukidwa m'madzi odetsedwa, kapena kudya zinthu zomwe zamera m'nthaka yodetsedwa. Zithanso kufalikira mwa kudya nyama ndi nsomba zosaphika kapena zosaphikidwa bwino zomwe zili ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Kuyika zala zanu mkamwa: Mazira ena a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatha kukhala ndi moyo pamalo osiyanasiyana kwa kanthawi. Mutha kutenga kachilomboka ngati mutakhudza malo otere kenako n’kuika dzanja lanu mkamwa. Kutengera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, malo amenewa akhoza kukhala ndi zofunda, ubweya wa ziweto, komanso khungu la munthu.
• Kuyenda wopanda nsapato m'nthaka yonyansa: Mphutsi za mphutsi zina za m'mimba zimatha kulowa m'thupi mwanu kudzera pakhungu lanu ngati muyenda wopanda nsapato m'nthaka momwe zimakhala.

Ndani ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga izi?

Chiwopsezo chanu chotenga matenda kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (ndikuwafalitsa kwa wina) chimadalira komwe mumakhala komanso zomwe mumachita tsiku ndi tsiku.

Matendawa amapezeka kwambiri m'malo ngati awa:

• Madera okhala ndi nyengo yotentha ndi yachinyezi: makamaka madera otentha komanso otentha, monga Africa ya kum'mwera kwa Sahara, Asia, Latin America, ndi Caribbean. (Njoka ya `Strongyloides` imapezeka kwambiri kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa United States ndi madera akumidzi a Appalachian.)
• Malo omwe ali ndi madzi oyera ochepa.
• Malo omwe palibe malo okwanira oyeretsera anthu onse.
• Malo omwe anthu ambiri amakhala anasonkhana pamodzi.
• Malo omwe anthu amakhala pafupi ndi ziweto za pafamu.

Zizolowezi zimenezi zingakuwonjezereni chiopsezo chanu:

• Kuchotsa chimbudzi poyera (chifukwa cha kusowa kwa malo okwanira aukhondo a anthu onse).
• Kugwiritsa ntchito ndowe za anthu ngati feteleza.
• Kuyenda panja opanda nsapato pamalo oopsa kwambiri.
• Kugonana mkamwa, m'malo olumikizirana m'chibwano kapena m'malo olumikizirana m'chibwano popanda chitetezo pamalo omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Kodi ndi mavuto otani omwe amabwera chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda?

Ngati muli ndi matenda aakulu a parasitic, mungakhale ndi zizindikiro zoopsa. Ngati chitetezo cha mthupi chanu chili chofooka kapena muli ndi pakati , muli pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Kutengera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ngati sitinalandire chithandizo, mavuto monga:

• Kusowa madzi m'thupi ( chifukwa cha kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri)
• Kusowa zakudya m'thupi
• Kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ayoni
• Kutsekeka kwa matumbo
• Matenda a Appendicitis
• Kulowa m'mimba (kulowa m'mimba)
• Cholangitis
• Cholecystitis
• Pancreatitis
• Peritonitis (matenda a m'mimba)
• Kutsegula m'mimba
• Kutuluka kwa rectal
• Kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo zamkati (ngati nyongolotsi ya m'mimba ipita ku ubongo, maso, mtima, mapapo, kapena chiwindi)

Kodi mumawazindikira bwanji awa?

Dokotala wanu adzakufunsani za zizindikiro zanu ndikukuyesani thupi. Kenako, adzakuyesani ndowe kuti aone ngati pali mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'ndowe mwanu. Nthawi zambiri, ndicho chokhacho chomwe chikufunika.

Mayeso ena ozindikira matenda ndi awa:

• Kuyesa tepi ya Scotch™: Kuyesaku kungakuthandizeni kuona ngati inu kapena mwana wanu ali ndi mphutsi za m'mphuno. Kachidutswa ka tepi komatira kamayikidwa mozungulira mphuno yanu ndipo mazira aliwonse omwe angakhalepo amatengedwa. Kenako dokotala amayang'ana tepiyo pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu kuti aone ngati pali mazira.
• Kuyezetsa magazi: Kuyezetsa magazi kungasonyeze ngati muli ndi maselo ofiira ochepa (anemia) kapena kuchuluka kwa eosinophils, mtundu wa maselo oyera a magazi. Izi zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda ena opatsirana. Kuyezetsa kwina kumazindikira zinthu zotchedwa ma antigen kapena ma antibodies. Mapuloteni ang'onoang'ono awa amatha kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
• Mayeso ojambulira: Dokotala wanu angakupatseni X-ray, ultrasound, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), kapena CT scan (computed tomography scan) kuti muwone ngati muli nyongolotsi zazikulu m'matumbo anu.
• Colonoscopy: Kuyezetsa kumeneku kungawonetse kuwonongeka mkati mwa matumbo anu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha matenda am'mimba.

Kodi chithandizo cha izi ndi chiyani?

Matenda ena amatha okha, koma anthu ambiri amafunika kumwa mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe dokotala wawapatsa kuti achotse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo. Mankhwalawa amagwira ntchito pofooketsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuletsa kukula kwawo, kapena kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena mazira ake. Mankhwala enieni omwe mukufuna adzadalira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe muli nawo komanso momwe zizindikiro zanu zilili zoopsa.

Mankhwala ena oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri:

• Kwa pinworms: `Pyrantel pamoate`
• Kwa nyongolotsi zam'mimba zomwe zimafalikira m'nthaka: `Mebendazole` kapena `albendazole`
• Pa matenda opatsirana ndi ma protozoal: `Metronidazole`, `tinidazole` kapena `trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)`

Kutengera ndi mankhwala, mungafunike kumwa mlingo umodzi wokha kuti muchotse matendawa. Mankhwala ena angafunike kumwedwa kamodzi kapena kangapo patsiku, kuyambira masiku atatu mpaka masabata atatu. Ena, monga mankhwala ophera nyongolotsi, amafunika kupuma pang'ono musanayambe kumwanso. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kumwa mankhwala anu monga momwe dokotala wanu wanenera.

Mudzaona kuti zizindikiro zanu zidzatha mankhwala akatha kuchotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mazira ake.

Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani mukalandira chithandizo?

Majeremusi ambiri a m'mimba amafa msanga ndi mankhwala. Majeremusi akatha, zizindikiro zake nthawi zambiri zimatha.

Matendawa akhoza kukhala ovuta kuchiza ngati muli ndi chitetezo chamthupi chofooka kapena ngati muli ndi pakati. Zikatero, dokotala wanu adzayang'anira mosamala ngati chithandizocho chikugwira ntchito komanso ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikupita.

Kodi mungadziteteze bwanji ku matenda amenewa?

Madzi oyera ndi malo oyeretsera ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopewera matenda ambiri a m'mimba.

Komabe, mungathenso kudziteteza ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba mwa kuchita zinthu izi:

• Imwani madzi oyera. Pewani kumwa madzi ochokera m'nyanja, mitsinje, ndi maiwe. Ngati mukukayikira za kuyera kwa madzi, gwiritsani ntchito madzi a m'mabotolo.
• Sambani m'manja mwanu pafupipafupi. Gwiritsani ntchito madzi oyera ndi sopo woletsa mabakiteriya kuti manja anu asatuluke mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Nthawi zonse muzisamba m'manja mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito chimbudzi, musanakonze chakudya, musanadye, komanso mukamaliza kutsuka ana aang'ono (matewera akuda) kapena ziweto.
• M'madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, idyani ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zokonzedwa bwino zokha. Pewani kudya ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zosaphika ngati muli m'dera lomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo timapezeka kwambiri. Idyani ndiwo zamasamba ndi zipatso zokha zomwe zatsukidwa ndi madzi oyera, zasendedwa, ndi kuphikidwa.
• Valani nsapato ndi magolovesi. Kuvala nsapato zomwe sizimaonetsa mapazi anu kungathandize kupewa matenda a mphutsi. Valani magolovesi ngati mukugwira ntchito ndi dothi.
• Phikani nyama ndi nsomba bwino mpaka zitafika kutentha koyenera. Phikani nyama yonse yodulidwa kufika madigiri 145 Fahrenheit (62.8 digiri Celsius) ndi nyama yophwanyika kufika madigiri 160 Fahrenheit (pafupifupi madigiri 71 Celsius).
• Chitani zogonana zotetezeka. Gwiritsani ntchito kondomu kapena dam la mano panthawi yogonana kuti muchepetse chiopsezo cha matenda.

Kodi tiyenera kuchita chiyani ngati pali matenda?

Pamene matendawa akuchira, chitani izi:

• Khalani ndi madzi okwanira: Imwani madzi ambiri, zakumwa zamasewera, kapena msuzi kuti mupewe kutaya madzi m'thupi.
• Pezani zakudya zokwanira: Idyani chakudya choyera komanso chopatsa thanzi ndipo pezani zakudya zomwe mukufunikira tsiku lonse. Ngati muli ndi vuto la m'mimba, yesani kudya zakudya zochepa m'malo modya zakudya zazikulu.
• Pewani kubwereranso kwa matenda ngati n'kotheka:Mankhwala amatha kuchiza matenda omwe alipo, koma sangalepheretse matenda ena mtsogolo. Nthawi zina, kusamba ndi kutsuka zofunda tsiku lililonse panthawi ya chithandizo (cha mphutsi za m'mphuno) kungathandize kupewa matenda ena. Nthawi zina, kuvala nsapato ndi magolovesi nthawi zonse mukamagwira ntchito panja kungathandize. Chitanipo kanthu kuti mupewe matenda ena.

Kodi nthawi zabwino zokaonana ndi dokotala ndi ziti?

Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo, makamaka ngati mukukhala kudera lomwe lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu, mwapitako posachedwapa, kapena mukuganiza kuti mwadya chakudya chosaphikidwa bwino , onetsetsani kuti mwaonana ndi dokotala.

Kodi ndi liti pamene muyenera kupita ku chipinda chadzidzidzi (ER)?

Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro za kutaya madzi m'thupi, pitani kuchipatala mwamsanga:

• Kutsegula m'mimba kwambiri komanso kodzaza ndi madzi komwe kumachitika mobwerezabwereza.
• Chizungulire.
• Kusokonezeka mwadzidzidzi.
• Mutu .
• Kuchepa kwa kupanga mkodzo kapena mkodzo wakuda.
• Kutopa.

Anthu ambiri amadwala matenda a m'mimba mwa kudya mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'ndowe). Izi zingakudabwitseni. Tonsefe timaganiza kuti tili ndi ulamuliro wonse pa zomwe timaika mkamwa mwathu. Komabe, sizili choncho ndi mazira a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuti asawonekere ndi maso. Ngati mupaka mazirawo pa zala zanu, mosadziwa mutha kuwafalitsa thupi lonse, pa chakudya, ndipo pamapeto pake mkamwa mwanu.

Koma, kudziwa bwino ndikofunikira . Mukamvetsetsa momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo timafalikira, mudzaganiza kawiri zosiya kusamba m'manja ndikudya chakudya chosaphikidwa bwino. Ngati mutadwala matenda, musachedwe kupita kwa dokotala. Mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda angathandize kuchotsa alendo osaitanidwa m'thupi lanu asanayambe kukubweretserani mavuto aliwonse azaumoyo.

Pomaliza, zomwe muyenera kukumbukira

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo ndi chinthu chomwe sitiyenera kunyalanyaza, koma sitiyeneranso kuopa.

• Ukhondo ndi wofunika kwambiri. Zinthu zosavuta monga kusamba m'manja bwino, kumwa madzi oyera, komanso kuphika chakudya moyenera zingathandize kwambiri.
• Ngati muli ndi zizindikiro , musanyalanyaze. Funsani dokotala nthawi yomweyo.
• Tsatirani chithandizo chomwe dokotala wakupatsani molondola .
• Gawani izi ndi banja lanu komanso anzanu . Kudziwa bwino nkhaniyi ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera.

Kotero, tiyeni tonse tiyesetse kukhala athanzi, tikukumbukira zinthu izi!

` majeremusi a m'mimba, matenda a mphutsi, mphutsi za m'mimba, matenda a parasitic, kufufuza ndowe, kutsegula m'mimba, ukhondo