Kodi jini ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule!

Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo kuti munapeza kuti mawonekedwe anu apadera, kumwetulira kwanu, mtundu wa tsitsi lanu, mwinanso momwe mumalankhulira? Nthawi zina timamva, "Amayi, mumafanana ndi abambo anu!" kapena "Muli ndi maso a amayi anu!" Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha zinthu zazing'ono koma zamphamvu zomwe tikambirana lero, zotchedwa majini . Izi ndi zomwe zimatipanga kukhala omwe tili, mawonekedwe athu, ngakhale umunthu wathu.

Kodi jini kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Mwachidule, majini ndi thumba laling'ono la chidziwitso chomwe mumalandira kuchokera kwa makolo anu. Chikwama ichi cha chidziwitso chili ndi chidziwitso chonse chomwe chimatsimikizira 'makhalidwe' anu, kaya tsitsi lanu ndi lolunjika kapena lopindika, kaya ndinu wamtali kapena wamfupi, mtundu wa maso anu, ndi momwe mumamwetulira. Makhalidwe amenewa amaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kudzera m'majini awa.

Tangoganizirani, ngati amayi ndi abambo anu onse ali ndi maso abuluu, inunso muli ndi maso abuluu. Komanso, ngati amayi anu ali ndi madontho, inunso mungalandire khalidwe limenelo. Sikuti anthu okha ndi omwe ali ndi majini awa, nyama, mitengo, koma zamoyo zonsezi zili ndi majini. Akuti selo limodzi lokha m'thupi lathu limatha kukhala ndi majini pakati pa 25,000 ndi 35,000. Kodi sizodabwitsa zimenezo?

Kodi mukudziwa komwe majini ang'onoang'ono awa ali?

Majini amenewa ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri moti sitingathe kuwaona. Ali mkati mwa tinthu tating'ono totchedwa maselo omwe amapanga matupi athu. Thupi lanu limapangidwa ndi mabiliyoni ambiri a maselo amenewa. Maselo amenewa ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kotero kuti mumafunika maikulosikopu kuti muwaone.

Mkati mwa maselo amenewa, muli mapangidwe otchedwa ma chromosome omwe amawoneka ngati mipira ya ulusi, kapena monga ena amanenera, macaroni. Majini amenewa amasungidwa mkati mwa ma chromosome amenewo. Pakhoza kukhala mazana, ngakhale zikwi, za majini mu chromosome imodzi. Ma chromosome ndi majini awa amapangidwa ndi mankhwala otchedwa DNA . Tanthauzo lonse la DNA ndi Deoxyribonucleic acid . Ndi dzina lalitali pang'ono, sichoncho? Koma zimakhala zosavuta mukazolowera.

Kachipangizo kakang'ono ka mphamvu mkati mwa selo: nucleus

Pakati pa maselo ambiri, pali gawo laling'ono looneka ngati dzira lotchedwa nucleus . Uwu ndi ubongo wa selo. Ndi nucleus yomwe imauza ziwalo zina zonse za selo zochita. Ndiye, kodi nucleus imadziwa bwanji zambiri chonchi? Chifukwa chake n'chakuti ma chromosome ndi majini athu onse ali mkati mwa nucleus iyi. Pali zambiri kuposa momwe mungaganizire mu nucleus yaying'ono iyi - mwina zambiri kuposa dikishonale yayikulu kwambiri yomwe mudawonapo!

Nkhani ya ma chromosome athu

Selo lililonse la munthu lili ndi ma chromosome 46. Koma awa amabwera awiriawiri. Ndiko kuti, ma chromosome 23 awiriawiri . Kumbukirani, timapeza theka limodzi la ma chromosome 23 kuchokera kwa amayi athu, ndipo theka linalo, chromosome 23, kuchokera kwa abambo athu.

Akayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu, ma chromosome amenewa amawoneka kuti ndi aatali osiyanasiyana komanso okhala ndi mikwingwirima yosiyanasiyana. Akakonzedwa motsatira kukula ndi kapangidwe kake, ma peya 22 oyamba amatchedwa ma autosome . Ma peya omaliza ndi ma chromosome ogonana , omwe ndi ma chromosome a X ndi Y. Ma chromosome ogonana awa amatsimikiza ngati ndinu mtsikana kapena mnyamata. Atsikana ali ndi ma chromosome awiri a X (XX), ndipo anyamata ali ndi chromosome imodzi ya X ndi chromosome imodzi ya Y (XY).

Koma si zamoyo zonse zomwe zili ndi ma chromosome 46 m'maselo awo. Mwachitsanzo, selo la ntchentche ya zipatso limakhala ndi ma chromosome anayi okha!

Kodi majini amagwira ntchito bwanji?

Jini iliyonse ili ndi ntchito yakeyake yoti igwire. DNA mu jini, monga njira yophikira, ili ndi malangizo enaake. Malangizo awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapuloteni mkati mwa maselo. Mapuloteni ndi zinthu zomangira chilichonse m'thupi lathu. Mafupa athu, mano, tsitsi, makutu, minofu, ndi magazi zonse zimapangidwa ndi mapuloteni. Mapuloteni awa amathandiza matupi athu kukula ndikukhala athanzi. Asayansi tsopano akukhulupirira kuti jini imodzi imatha kupanga mitundu 10 yosiyanasiyana ya mapuloteni! Ndi mapuloteni oposa 300,000!

Momwe majini amadziwira makhalidwe athu

Monga ma chromosome, majini amabwera awiriawiri. Makolo anu onse ali ndi makope awiri a majini awo. Koma mumapeza kopi imodzi yokha ya majini awo. Majini anu amapangidwa ndi imodzi kuchokera kwa amayi anu ndi ina kuchokera kwa abambo anu. Majini omwe mumapeza mwanjira imeneyi amatsimikizira makhalidwe anu ambiri, monga mtundu wa tsitsi lanu ndi mtundu wa khungu lanu.

Tangoganizani kuti amayi ake a Sandani ali ndi jini ya tsitsi lofiirira ndi jini ya tsitsi lofiira. Anapatsa Sandani jini ya tsitsi lofiira. Ngati abambo ake a Sandani ali ndi majini awiri a tsitsi lofiira, Sandani angapezenso jini ya tsitsi lofiira kuchokera kwa iwo. Kenako Sandani amapeza jini ya tsitsi lofiira kuchokera kwa makolo onse awiri, ndipo tsitsi lake lidzakhala lofiira. Kodi mukumvetsa?

Mwachitsanzo china, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya agalu. Onse ali ndi majini omwe amawapanga kukhala agalu, osati amphaka, nsomba, kapena anthu. Koma majini omwe amawapanga kukhala agalu ndi omwe amawapanga kukhala agalu. Ndicho chifukwa chake agalu ena ndi ang'onoang'ono, ena ndi akuluakulu. Ena ali ndi tsitsi lalitali, ena ali ndi tsitsi lalifupi. Anthu a ku Dalmatian ali ndi majini a tsitsi loyera ndi madontho akuda. Agalu a toy poodles ali ndi majini a tsitsi lopotana. Ndikuganiza kuti mwamvetsa izi tsopano.

Nanga bwanji ngati pali mavuto ndi majini?

Asayansi akupitiriza kuphunzira majini amenewa. Akufuna kudziwa mapuloteni omwe jini iliyonse imapanga, ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi mapuloteni amenewo. Akufunanso kudziwa matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha majini omwe sagwira ntchito bwino. Timatcha majini omwe asintha mwanjira ina kusintha kwa majini . Ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti kusintha kwa majini kumeneku ndi komwe kumayambitsa matenda a m'mapapo, khansa, ndi matenda ena ambiri. Matenda ena ndi mavuto azaumoyo zimachitika majini akasowa kapena pakakhala zigawo zina za majini kapena ma chromosome.

Mavuto ena a majini amenewa akhoza kutengera kwa makolo kupita kwa ana. Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni titenge jini yomwe imathandiza thupi lathu kupanga hemoglobin . Hemoglobin ndi puloteni yofunika kwambiri yomwe imathandiza maselo ofiira a magazi kunyamula mpweya m'thupi lonse. Ngati mwana alandira jini yosiyana ya hemoglobin kuchokera kwa kholo, mwanayo angakwanitse kupanga mtundu wa hemoglobin womwe sugwira ntchito bwino. Izi zingayambitse vuto lotchedwa kuchepa kwa magazi . Kuchepa kwa magazi ndi kuchepa kwa maselo ofiira amagazi athanzi. Kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi ndi mtundu wa kuchepa kwa magazi komwe kumatengera kwa makolo kupita kwa ana kudzera m'majini mwanjira iyi.

Matenda a cystic fibrosis, kapena CF, ndi matenda ena obadwa nawo omwe ana ena amalandira. Makolo omwe ali ndi jini ya CF yosinthika amatha kupatsira ana awo. Anthu omwe ali ndi CF amavutika kupuma chifukwa matupi awo amatulutsa mamina ambiri - madzi okhuthala omwe amatuluka m'mphuno mwathu tikadwala - ndipo amamatira m'mapapu awo. Anthu omwe ali ndi CF ayenera kulandira chithandizo m'miyoyo yawo yonse kuti mapapo awo akhale athanzi momwe angathere.

Nkhani zaposachedwa: Tiyeni tiphunzire pang'ono za chithandizo cha majini.

Chithandizo cha majini ndi njira yatsopano kwambiri yamankhwala - yatsopano kwambiri kotero kuti asayansi akadali mu gawo lofufuza kuti awone ngati ikugwira ntchito. Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa majini pochiza matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha jini yomwe yasinthidwa mwanjira ina.Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. Njira imodzi yomwe ikuyesedwa pano ndikusintha majini odwala ndi majini athanzi. Tikukhulupirira kuti kafukufukuyu wokhudza majini (kuphatikizapo kafukufuku wogwiritsa ntchito anthu) atsogolera njira zatsopano zochiritsira komanso mwina kupewa matenda ambiri mtsogolo.

Ndiye, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe tiyenera kukumbukira kuchokera munkhaniyi? (Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba)

Kotero, mwina tsopano mukumvetsa kuti majini ndi zinthu zodabwitsa komanso zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimatipanga kukhala amene tili, zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe athu, umunthu wathu, komanso thanzi lathu . Ali ngati mphatso yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yomwe timalandira kuchokera kwa makolo athu.

• Majini ndi malangizo omwe amapezeka mkati mwa maselo a thupi lathu omwe amasankha makhalidwe athu.
• Izi zimasungidwa m'maselo otchedwa ma chromosome ndipo zimapangidwa ndi DNA.
• Timapeza majini athu kuchokera kwa makolo athu, ndichifukwa chake timafanana nawo.
• Nthawi zina kusintha (kusintha kwa majini) kungayambitse mavuto azaumoyo.
• Ukadaulo watsopano monga chithandizo cha majini ungapereke mayankho a mavuto otere mtsogolo.

Ndikukhulupirira kuti kuphunzira za majini awa kukuthandizani kumvetsetsa bwino matupi athu ndi majini athu. Ngati muli ndi mafunso ena, musazengereze kufunsa dokotala kapena munthu wodziwa bwino nkhaniyi.

` Jini, Ma Chromosomu, DNA, Cholowa, Thanzi