Kodi matenda a Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) ndi chiyani? Tiyeni tikambirane za izi!

Kodi mwana wanu amadwala khunyu pafupipafupi? Kodi amasinthasintha kwambiri pakuphunzira ndi khalidwe lake? Ngati ndi choncho, zomwe ndikunena zingakhale zofunika kwambiri kwa inu. Lero tikambirana za Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome , kapena (LGS) mwachidule, matenda oopsa komanso ovuta kuchiza a khunyu. Izi zitha kuyamba ali wamng'ono. Koma musadandaule, mankhwala atsopano ndi mankhwala tsopano akupezeka.

Kodi matenda a Lennox-Gastaut (LGS) ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Ndani amawapeza?

Mwachidule, matenda a LGS ndi mtundu woopsa wa khunyu womwe umayamba ali mwana, nthawi zambiri asanakwanitse zaka 10, makamaka pakati pa zaka 3 ndi 5. Matendawa amapezeka kwambiri mwa anyamata. Komabe, si matenda ofala kwambiri. Amakhudza pafupifupi munthu mmodzi kapena awiri pa anthu miliyoni. Pafupifupi 1% mpaka 2% ya odwala onse a khunyu ali ndi matenda a LGS.

Kodi izi zimakhudza bwanji matupi athu?

Khunyu ndi matenda omwe zizindikiro zamagetsi za muubongo, kapena chidziwitso, zimafalikira pakati pa maselo. (LGS) ndi mtundu woopsa kwambiri wa khunyu. Pali zifukwa zingapo:

• Mu LGS, mitundu yoposa umodzi ya khunyu imachitika. Mitundu ina ya khunyu imeneyi ingayambitse kuvulala kwakukulu kwa mwana.
• Khunyu zimenezi zingawononge ubongo weniweniwo. Ana omwe ali ndi matenda a LGS akhoza kuvulala kwambiri muubongo, kuvutika kuphunzira, komanso kuchedwa kukula. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwanayo akhoza kutaya kapena kuiwala zinthu zomwe waphunzira kale, monga kuyenda ndi kulankhula. Izi ndi zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri.
• (LGS) nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba kwambiri ku chithandizo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zimakhala zovuta kuilamulira ndi mankhwala. Mankhwala ndi mankhwala oyamba, koma nthawi zambiri mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala imaperekedwa nthawi imodzi. Ngakhale ataperekedwa, mankhwala okha nthawi zambiri satha kuletsa khunyu kwathunthu.

Kodi zizindikiro za (LGS) ndi ziti?

Mwana amene ali ndi matenda a LGS amatha kusonyeza zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana. Zina mwa zizindikirozi zimawonekera pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso zochita zake, pomwe zina zimaonekera pokhapokha ngati munthu wagwidwa ndi khunyu.

Mavuto a kuphunzira ndi khalidwe

Kawirikawiri ana omwe ali ndi matenda a LGS amakhala ndi mavuto ophunzirira komanso makhalidwe abwino . Izi zimatha kuonekera mwamsanga matendawa akangoyamba, ndipo zimatha kukulirakulira pamene matendawa akupitirira. Mavuto ophunzirira ndi anzeru nthawi zambiri amakhala osatha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kupitirira mpaka atakula.

Ana omwe ali ndi matenda a LGS amavutika kuphunzira, kupeza mabwenzi, komanso kulankhulana ndi ena. Angakhalenso ndi vuto lolamulira malingaliro awo. Ana ena angasonyezenso zizindikiro zofanana ndi za ana omwe ali ndi matenda a Autism Spectrum Disorder .

Gawo la kugwidwa

Kugwidwa kwa khunyu nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'magawo atatu:

1. Prodrome kapena aura: Ichi ndi chinthu chomwe anthu ena amakumana nacho asanagwidwe ndi khunyu, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina sichimakhala chosangalatsa kwenikweni. Izi zitha kukhala zosasangalatsa pang'ono. Kusintha kwa masomphenya, kusintha kwa malingaliro ena, kapena kusintha kwa malingaliro kapena khalidwe kungachitike panthawiyi.

2. Kugwidwa ndi khunyu: Apa ndi pamene khunyu imachitika. Izi zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa khunyu (tikambirana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya khunyu pansipa).

3. Kuchira pambuyo pa khunyu: Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe khunyu itatha. Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe munthu amabwerera m'maganizo mwake.

Mitundu ya khunyu yomwe imapezeka mu LGS

Pali mitundu ingapo ikuluikulu ya khunyu yomwe imapezeka mu LGS. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ya khunyu ndi zotsatira zake ndi iyi:

• Kugwidwa kwa Atonic:
• Kutaya mphamvu yolamulira/kukomoka: Izi zimatchedwanso "kuukira kwa dontho" chifukwa zimaphatikiza kutayika mwadzidzidzi mphamvu yolamulira ndikugwa pansi, ngati chidole chomwe zingwe zake zasweka. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri chifukwa mwana alibe mphamvu yolamulira akagwa ndipo akhoza kuvulala kwambiri, ngakhale kupha, mutu, khosi, chifuwa, ndi msana.
• Kutaya chidziwitso pang'ono: Kukomoka kumeneku sikungayambitse kutaya chidziwitso konse.
• Kugwa kwa nthawi yochepa: Kugwa kumeneku kumatenga nthawi yochepa kwambiri, ngati masekondi angapo.

• Kugwedezeka kwa Tonic:
• Kuuma/kuzizira thupi lonse: Apa ndi pamene minofu yonse m'thupi imagwedezeka mwadzidzidzi, zomwe zimapangitsa thupi kuuma kwathunthu ngati kuti lasanduka mwala.
• Kaimidwe kapadera: Akakhala pansi, miyendo ndi mapewa awo ali pansi, misana yawo imatha kupindika. Manja amatha kutambasulidwa pamwamba pa mitu yawo, kapena manja amatha kukulungidwa ndipo zigongono zimaloza m'mbali, ndipo zibakera zimatha kukhala pafupi ndi chiuno.
• Kawirikawiri zimachitika munthu akagona: Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri munthu akagona. Koma zimathanso kuchitika masana. Ngati izi zitachitika mwana ali maso, pali chiopsezo chovulala chifukwa mwanayo akhoza kugwa.
• Nthawi yochepa: Izi zimatenganso masekondi angapo mpaka pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.

• Kugwidwa kosazolowereka kwa khunyu:
• Maso otseguka ndi kuyang'ana mopanda kanthu: Pakugwidwa uku, chikumbumtima chimatayika, koma maso amakhalabe otseguka. Chifukwa chake, izi nthawi zambiri zingasokonezedwe ndi kulota masana, kusowa chidwi, komanso kumva ngati kuti suli pamalo oyenera.
• Kusuntha mobwerezabwereza: Pa nthawi ya khunyu, mutha kuwona kusuntha kwa maso ndi pakamwa. Pakhozanso kukhala kusuntha kwa manja.
• Nthawi yochepa: Izi sizitenga masekondi ochepa okha.

Chofunika: Ana omwe ali ndi matenda a LGS akhoza kukhala ndi khunyu m'magulu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti khunyu zingapo zimachitika nthawi yochepa. Ana opitirira awiri pa atatu aliwonseMatenda otchedwa "Status Epilepticus" amachitika. Uwu ndi matenda omwe amafunika chithandizo chamankhwala chadzidzidzi!

Kodi Status Epilepticus ndi chiyani?

Izi zikutanthauza chimodzi mwa zinthu ziwiri:

• Khunyu imodzi, yomwe imapitirira nthawi yayitali, imatenga mphindi 5 mpaka 30.
• Munthu akagwidwa ndi khunyu nthawi yoposa kamodzi mkati mwa mphindi 30, sadzachiranso ndi chikumbumtima chonse panthawi ya khunyu.

Matenda a khunyu ndi vuto lachipatala. Ndi owopsa kwambiri chifukwa amatha kuwononga ubongo kwamuyaya komanso imfa.

Zizindikiro zina ndi mitundu yofanana ya khunyu

• Kugwidwa ndi Tonic-clonic: Kugwidwa ndi Tonic-clonic (komwe kale kunkatchedwa "grand mal") kumayamba mofanana ndi kugwidwa ndi tonic, koma kumakhala ndi gawo lina. Gawo la clonic ndi pamene thupi limagwedezeka, lomwe ndi chizindikiro chofala kwambiri cha kugwidwa, kumachitika. Kugwidwa ndi Tonic ndi Tonic-clonic nthawi zambiri kumatenga mphindi ziwiri.
• Kusuntha mwachangu, kwakanthawi kochepa, komanso kogwedezeka: Kugwedezeka kwa myoclonic ndi kusuntha mwadzidzidzi komanso kogwedezeka. Kumatenga masekondi ochepa okha, koma nthawi zina kumatha nthawi yayitali. Anthu omwe alibe khunyu amathanso kukhala ndi "kugwedezeka kwa myoclonic" kwamtunduwu. Mwachitsanzo, kumatha kuyambitsa kugwedezeka kapena kudzuka mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku tulo.
• Zizindikiro zamaganizo, zamaganizo, kapena zina: Khunyu la pang'ono kapena lolunjika limakhudza gawo lochepa la thupi.

Kodi zifukwa za LGS ndi ziti?

Pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe zingayambitse matenda a Lennox-Gastaut. Zina mwa zifukwazi zimakhalapo mwana asanabadwe. Zina zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zomwe zimachitika ali mwana. Pafupifupi kotala la milandu ya ``(LGS)``, palibe chifukwa chomveka chomwe chingadziwike.

Nazi zina mwa zifukwa zomwe zadziwika:

• Mavuto okhudzana ndi kukula kwa ubongo asanabadwe.
• Kuvulala kwambiri mutu (kuvulala koopsa muubongo kapena kugwedezeka kwa ubongo).
• Matenda omwe amawononga ubongo, monga meningitis kapena encephalitis.
• Matenda obadwa nawo a kagayidwe kachakudya, mwachitsanzo `(matenda a Mitochondrial)`.
• Kuwonongeka kwa ubongo komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mpweya wokwanira asanabadwe kapena panthawi yobereka (cerebral hypoxia).
• Matenda a chifuwa chachikulu (tuberous sclerosis).
• Zotupa za muubongo.
• Matenda a West (uwu ndi mtundu wina wa khunyu, womwe pambuyo pake ungakule kukhala LGS).

Ofufuza apeza kuti "masinthidwe a de novo" ndi ofala pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi LGS.De novo amatanthauza "kuyambira pachiyambi." Izi ndi zolakwika mu `(DNA)` ya munthu zomwe zimachitika mwadzidzidzi, mwachisawawa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kusinthaku kumachitika chifukwa cha zolakwika mu `(DNA)` ya umuna kapena dzira lomwe linapanga munthuyo, koma si zolakwika mu `(DNA)` ya kholo lililonse.

Komabe, pakhoza kukhala chifukwa cha majini pa vutoli. Pafupifupi 30% ya anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a LGS ali ndi mbiri ya m'banja lawo ya khunyu. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa majini komwe kumayambitsa khunyu.

Kodi izi ndi zopatsirana?

Ayi, matenda a Lennox-Gastaut si opatsirana. Safalikira kuchokera kwa munthu wina kupita kwa wina. Komabe, matenda ena opatsirana amatha kuwononga ubongo ndi kuyambitsa "LGS". Komabe, si aliyense amene ali ndi matendawa amene adzadwala "LGS".

Kodi matenda a Lennox-Gastaut (LGS) amawapeza bwanji?

Kawirikawiri mayeso angapo amachitidwa kuti adziwe matenda a LGS, ndipo dokotala amachita mayeso a mitsempha. Dokotala wa ana angakayikire vutoli kutengera zomwe makolo akunena za zizindikiro za mwana wawo, makamaka ngati mwanayo ali ndi vuto la kuphunzira kapena mavuto a khalidwe.

Ndi mayeso ati omwe amachitidwa kuti adziwe izi?

Mayeso omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa:

• Electroencephalogram (EEG): Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyika ma electrode angapo pamutu ndi jeli yoyendetsera kuti ayesere momwe magetsi a ubongo amagwirira ntchito. EEG ndi yofunika kwambiri pozindikira LGS chifukwa imasonyeza mawonekedwe apadera amagetsi m'mafunde a ubongo.
• Kujambula Magnetic Resonance (MRI): Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito maginito amphamvu ndi kompyuta kujambula zithunzi zapamwamba kwambiri za mkati mwa thupi, makamaka ubongo. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri kuzindikira mavuto okhudzana ndi kukula kwa ubongo.
• Kuyesa kwa labu: Mayesowa amafufuza magazi ndi mkodzo kuti awone ngati pali zifukwa zina zomwe zingayambitse khunyu. Amafufuza zinthu monga kapangidwe ka magazi, ma enzyme a chiwindi, ndi ntchito ya impso. Ngakhale kuti mayesowa sangazindikire matenda a LGS, angathandize kuchotsa matenda ena omwe angafanane ndi matenda a LGS.
• Kuyesa majini: Izi zingathandize kudziwa ngati pali matenda obadwa nawo omwe angayambitse LGS, kapena ngati pali kusintha kwadzidzidzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, mayeso ena angachitike kuti athetse matenda ofanana. Dokotala wanu adzakuuzani zambiri za izi.

Kodi vutoli lingachiritsidwe bwanji? Kodi lingachiritsidwe?

Pali njira zingapo zochiritsira matenda a LGS. Komabe, vutoli ndi lovuta kwambiri kulichiza. Nthawi zambiri, njira imodzi kapena zingapo mwa izi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:

• Mankhwala
• Mankhwala ochizira zakudya
• Opaleshoni ya ubongo kapena zipangizo zoikidwa

Mankhwala

Matenda a Lennox-Gastaut nthawi zambiri amakana mankhwala. Ndicho chifukwa chake zimakhala zovuta kuwathetsa. Nthawi zambiri, pamafunika mankhwala ambiri. Chinthu china chovuta ndichakuti mankhwala ena oletsa khunyu, omwe amaletsa mitundu ina ya khunyu, amatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mitundu ina ya khunyu.

Ngati vutoli silikulandira chithandizo, madokotala angayese kupewa mitundu ina ya khunyu kapena kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwake. Mwachitsanzo, khunyu la atonic ndilofunika kwambiri kupewa, chifukwa limagwirizana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuvulala chifukwa cha kugwa.

Mankhwala ochizira zakudya

Kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi khunyu lalikulu, kusintha zakudya kungathandize kuchepetsa kuchulukira kwa khunyu kapena kuimitsa kwathunthu. Zakudya za ketogenic za khunyu - zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri ndi mafuta komanso chakudya chochepa - nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsidwa ndi madokotala. Ikhoza kukhala njira yabwino ngati mankhwala sanagwire ntchito.

Ngakhale kuti zakudya za ketogenic ndi mankhwala otchuka a khunyu lalikulu, zili ndi zovuta zingapo. Zakudyazi zimagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati mutsatira ndendende. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kudya chakudya chochuluka, monga shuga ndi zakudya zokhuthala, kungayambitse khunyu. Komabe, zakudya zina zosinthidwa zingathandizenso. Ngati mukufuna, dokotala wanu angakuthandizeni kuyesa imodzi mwa zakudyazi.

Opaleshoni ya ubongo ndi zipangizo zoikidwa

Nthawi zina, makamaka ngati njira zina zothandizira sizinagwire ntchito, opaleshoni ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri. Nazi mitundu ina ya opaleshoni:

• Kulimbikitsa Mitsempha ya Vagus (VNS): Izi zimaphatikizapo kuyika chipangizo m'thupi chomwe chimapereka mphamvu yamagetsi yocheperako ku mitsempha ya 10 ya cranial, mitsempha ya vagus - yomwe imalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi ubongo. Mphamvu iyi imatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka ndi kuopsa kwa khunyu. Pakapita nthawi, zotsatira zake zimawonjezeka. Izi zikutanthauza kuti khunyu ndi khunyu zochepa komanso khunyu zochepa. Kuyika chipangizochi ndi njira yosinthika, yokhala ndi zoopsa zochepa komanso nthawi yochepa yochira, kotero nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa musanachite opaleshoni yayikulu.
• Corpus callosotomy: Corpus callosum ndi gawo la ubongo lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mlatho pakati pa zigawo za kumanzere ndi kumanja. Pamene corpus callosum yadulidwa, zizindikiro zachilendo zomwe zimayambitsa khunyu zimasiya kubwerera m'mbuyo. Izi zitha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa khunyu, kapena kuletsa khunyu kwambiri, zomwe zimalepheretsa khunyu konse.
• Hemispherectomy `(Kuchotsa Hemispherectomy)`:Izi zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa mbali imodzi ya ubongo mwa opaleshoni. Ngakhale izi zingawoneke ngati zowopsa, akatswiri angagwiritse ntchito izi kuti aletse khunyu losalamulirika. Pambuyo pake, chithandizo chamankhwala nthawi zambiri chingathandize ubongo kuzolowera kusinthako. Ubongo umadzijambulanso, ndipo gawo lotsalalo limatenga ntchito za gawo lochotsedwalo.
• Kuchotsa chilonda: Kusakhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka ubongo nthawi zina kungayambitse matenda a LGS. Ngati madokotala angapeze vuto lotere, akhoza kuchotsa minofu ya ubongo yowonongeka kapena yodwala ndikuletsa matendawa. Komabe, chifukwa mu matenda a LGS, ntchito ya khunyu imachitika m'madera angapo a ubongo, nthawi zambiri iyi si njira yabwino kwambiri kwa odwala a LGS.

Zovuta/zotsatira zoyipa za chithandizo

Mavuto a chithandizo ndi enieni pa chithandizo chilichonse. Chifukwa chake, ndi bwino kulankhula ndi dokotala wanu za mavuto ndi zotsatirapo zake za chithandizo chomwe inu kapena mwana wanu mukulandira. Dokotalayo angakupatseni chidziwitso choyenera malinga ndi vuto lanu, momwe mulili, komanso matenda ena.

Kodi ndidzakhala bwino nthawi yayitali bwanji nditalandira chithandizo? Zimatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti ndichire?

Nthawi yochira mukatha kulandira chithandizo imasiyana kwambiri kutengera njira zomwe mwagwiritsa ntchito komanso momwe mulili. Dokotala wanu ndiye munthu woyenera kukuuzani zomwe mungayembekezere komanso nthawi yomwe zingatenge kuti muchire.

Kodi matenda a Lennox-Gastaut (LGS) angapewedwe?

Nthawi zambiri, matenda a LGS si vuto lomwe lingapeweke. Ndipo chiopsezo chotenga matendawa sichingachepe. Chokhacho chomwe chingachitike ndi kupewa kuvulala mutu ndi ubongo komwe kungachitike chifukwa cha matenda a LGS. Njira yokhayo yopewera vutoli ndi kuvala zipewa zovomerezeka komanso zovomerezeka.

Kodi ndiyenera kuyembekezera chiyani ngati mwana wanga kapena ine ndili ndi vutoli?

Matenda a Lennox-Gastaut ndi matenda omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa. Ana ambiri omwe ali ndi vutoli amakhala ndi vuto la kuphunzira komanso kuwonongeka kwa ubongo kosatha komwe kumalepheretsa luso lawo la maganizo. Komanso, chifukwa chakuti khunyu (atonic attacks) ndizofala, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kugwa, ana omwe ali ndi vutoli amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chovulala.

Vutoli ndi lovuta kulichiza. Ana ambiri omwe ali ndi vutoli amafunika chisamaliro chapadera cha moyo wawo wonse chifukwa sangathe kudzisamalira okha. Komabe, anthu ena omwe ali ndi vutoli ali ndi vuto laling'ono la ubongo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amatha kukhala paokha.

Kodi (LGS) imatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?

Pokhapokha ngati chithandizo chaperekedwa kuti athetse khunyu (zomwe sizichitika kawirikawiri), LGS ndi vuto la moyo wonse.

Kodi chiyembekezo cha vutoli n'chiyani?

Zoopsa zazikulu za matenda a Lennox-Gastaut ndi kuwonongeka kwa ubongo chifukwa cha khunyu losalamulirika, kapena chifukwa cha kugwa chifukwa cha khunyu. Chifukwa cha zoopsa zimenezi, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali ndi "LGS" mkati mwa zaka 10 kuchokera pamene adapezeka ndi matendawa chili pakati pa 3% ndi 7%.

Nthawi zina, njira zachipatala zimatha kuletsa khunyu lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi LGS. Izi zimaletsa vutoli, koma sizingathe kukonza kuwonongeka kwa ubongo komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha khunyu lakale.

Kodi ndimadzisamalira bwanji? / Kodi ndisamale bwanji mwana wanga?

Ngati inu kapena wokondedwa wanu muli ndi matenda a LGS, ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsatira malangizo a dokotala wanu molondola. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kumwa mankhwala monga mwalangizidwira.
• Kupita kukaonana ndi dokotala monga momwe ndalangizidwira.
• Kuyang'anira matenda a khunyu ndi kupewa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa khunyu.

Ndiyenera kupita kwa dokotala liti?

Dokotala wanu kapena wa mwana wanu adzakuuzani kuti mubwere kudzamuonanso ngati pakufunika kutero. Muyeneranso kuonana ndi dokotala wanu ngati zizindikiro zanu za khunyu zasintha kwambiri kapena ngati zikukhudza zochita zanu zatsiku ndi tsiku komanso zochita zanu.

Kodi ndiyenera kupita liti ku Emergency Treatment Unit (ETU) ?

Ngati inu kapena mwana wanu muli ndi khunyu kapena khunyu zambiri zomwe zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zadzidzidzi zachipatala zotchedwa status epilepticus , muyenera kupita ku chipinda chadzidzidzi kuchipatala chapafupi nanu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pazochitika izi:

• Ngati khunyu kamodzi kokha kamatenga pakati pa mphindi 5 ndi 30.
• Ngati munthuyo wagwidwa ndi khunyu kawiri kapena kuposerapo mkati mwa mphindi 30 ndipo sakuzindikiranso bwino panthawi ya khunyu.

Uthenga Wopita Nawo Kunyumba

Matenda a Lennox-Gastaut (LGS) ndi matenda oopsa a khunyu omwe amayamba msanga. Nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala ndi vuto lalikulu pa moyo wa mwana, nthawi zina moyo wonse. Ngakhale kuti ndi kovuta kuchiza, mankhwala atsopano, opaleshoni, ndi chithandizo zingathandize kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa vutoli ndikuchepetsa kufalikira kwa matendawa. Nthawi zambiri, chithandizo chimatha kuchiritsa matendawa kwathunthu. Komabe, kafukufuku wowonjezereka amafunika kuti adziwe ngati vutoli lingachiritsidwe kapena kuchiritsidwa. Ngati mwana wanu ali ndi zizindikiro izi, ndi bwino kupita kwa dokotala mwamsanga.

Matenda a Lennox -Gastaut, matenda a LGS, khunyu, khunyu, ana, matenda a ubongo, matenda a mitsempha