Ibintu ukeneye kumenya ku isuzuma ry'imiti!

Niba usabwe gukora ikizamini cy'ibiyobyabwenge, bita 'Ikizamini cy'ibiyobyabwenge', ni ibisanzwe kumva ufite ubwoba kandi uhangayike gato. 'Kuki ibi ari byo?' 'Ni iki kizaba?' Ibibazo byinshi bishobora kuza mu mutwe. Rero, uyu munsi turaganira ku cyo ikizamini cy'ibiyobyabwenge ari cyo, igihe kizakorwa, uko gikorwa, n'uburyo bwo gusobanukirwa ibisubizo. Iyo uzi ibi bintu neza, ushobora kwirinda ubwoba butari ngombwa.

Ikizamini cy'imiti ni iki?

Mu magambo make, ikizamini cy'ibiyobyabwenge ni ikizamini gikoresha icyitegererezo cy'umubiri wawe - nk'inkari, amaraso, umusatsi, cyangwa amacandwe - kugira ngo hamenyekane niba warakoresheje ikiyobyabwenge cyemewe cyangwa kitemewe. Ibi bizamini bikorwa kubera impamvu zitandukanye kandi hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye.

Iyo tuvuze ibiyobyabwenge, ntabwo tuba dushaka kuvuga inzoga n'itabi byemewe n'amategeko gusa, ahubwo tuba dushaka no gukoresha imiti igurishwa mu kigo, imiti itangwa na muganga, n'ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe n'amategeko. Ariko ikintu kimwe tugomba kwibuka ni uko ikizamini kimwe cy'ibiyobyabwenge kidashobora kugaragaza neza igihe cyangwa uburemere umuntu amaze akoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Ni ukuvuga ko bigoye kumenya niba umuntu akoresha ibiyobyabwenge mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa afite ikibazo cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.

Igipimo umubiri wacu ukoresha mu gutunganya imiti itandukanye kiratandukanye. Kubwibyo, igihe bifata kugira ngo imiti imwe n'imwe igaragare mu mubiri ni umwihariko wa buri muti kandi gishobora gutandukana cyane. Muri iki gihe, ikizamini gikoreshwa cyane mu gupima imiti ni ugupima imiti y'inkari (UDT).

Ni ryari ngomba kwipimisha ibiyobyabwenge?

Hari impamvu nyinshi zishobora gutuma ushaka kwipimisha ibiyobyabwenge. Reka turebere hamwe izo ari zo.

Isuzuma ry'aho bakorera

Gupima ibiyobyabwenge akenshi bikorerwa mu kazi. Abakoresha bashobora gusaba ibi bizamini kubera impamvu zitandukanye:

• Mbere yo guha akazi umukozi mushya: Hari ibigo bimwe na bimwe bikora iki kizamini mbere yo guha akazi umukozi mushya.
• Mu gihe uri ku kazi: Hari ibigo bigerageza abakozi babyo ku buryo butunguranye cyangwa kuri gahunda runaka.
• Niba hari ukekwaho gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge: Niba imyitwarire cyangwa ibimenyetso by'umukozi bigaragaza ko akoresha ibiyobyabwenge.
• Iyo impanuka ibaye ku kazi: Iyo umukozi agize impanuka ku kazi, iri perereza rishobora no gukorwa kugira ngo hamenyekane icyayiteye.

Impamvu z'Ubuvuzi n'Ubuvuzi bw'Ibiyobyabwenge

Ibi bizamini bikoreshwa mu gusuzuma, kuvura no kugenzura indwara zo kunywa inzoga n'izindi ndwara zo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Bishobora gufasha kumenya uko umuntu yitabira kuvurwa, niba akomeje kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, cyangwa niba yongeye kubinywa.

Ibi bizamini bishobora kandi gukenerwa mu gihe cy’imiti ivurwa n’urukiko, mu gihe cy’igeragezwa, cyangwa mu gihe cyo kwitabira gahunda zo kuvura abantu barwaye ibiyobyabwenge.

Izindi mpamvu

Hari n'izindi mimerere aho biba ngombwa ko hapimwa imiti.

• Ibizamini by'ubuvuzi n'ibizamini byo gusuzuma indwara: Abaganga bashobora gukora ibi bizamini kugira ngo bamenye icyateye ibimenyetso by'umuntu, cyangwa mu gihe cyihutirwa niba bakeka ko afite ibiyobyabwenge birenze urugero cyangwa uburozi. Urugero, iyo umuntu atakaje ubwenge mu buryo butunguranye, ibi bishobora gufasha kumenya niba hari imiti yigeze gufata.
• Ku mpamvu z’amategeko: Ibi bizamini bikoreshwa mu nkiko kugira ngo hakusanywe ibimenyetso bijyanye n’icyaha, hakoreshwe iperereza ku manza z’ihohoterwa ry’abana cyangwa gushyira mu kaga, kandi hamenyekane niba hari umuntu utwaye imodoka yanyoye inzoga cyangwa ibindi biyobyabwenge.
• Gukurikirana ikoreshwa ry’imiti hakoreshejwe imiti ya muganga: Niba ufata imiti ikoreshwa mu buryo budasanzwe kandi ikunze kwibasirwa n’imiti, nka opioid, muganga wawe ashobora gutegeka iki kizamini kugira ngo arebe ingano y’iyo miti iri mu mubiri wawe.
• Ku bakinnyi: Abakinnyi b'abahanga bagomba gukora ibi bizamini kugira ngo barebe niba barakoresheje imiti yongera imbaraga cyangwa ibindi bintu bikekwa ko byongera imbaraga zabo.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibizamini by'imiti bihari?

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibizamini by'imiti, bitewe n'icyitegererezo cy'ibinyabuzima cyakoreshejwe n'ubwoko bw'umuti ugeragezwa.

Reka turebe ubwoko bw'ingenzi bw'ibizamini dukurikije urugero:

• Gupima imiti y'inkari (UDT): Iki ni cyo kizamini gikunze gukoreshwa cyane . Gisaba icyitegererezo cy'inkari zawe. Gikunze gukoreshwa cyane mu gupima ibintu nka alcool, amfetamine, benzodiazepines, opioids, kokayine, na marijuana (THC).
• Gupima amaraso: Abaganga bakoresha ibi cyane cyane mu bihe byihutirwa. Binakoreshwa mu kumenya urugero nyarwo rw'inzoga (ethanol) kuko bishobora gutanga igipimo nyacyo.
• Gupima imiti ku mavuta y'umusatsi:Icyitegererezo cy'umusatsi gishobora kukwereka niba umuntu amaze igihe kinini akoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Umusatsi wo mu mutwe ushobora kumenya ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge mu mezi atatu. Umusatsi wo mu bindi bice by'umubiri ushobora kubimenya kugeza ku mezi 12! Ariko, ibisubizo bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'umuntu ku wundi, bitewe n'ubwoko bw'umusatsi. Cocaine, Phencyclidine (PCP), Amphetamine, Opioids, na 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) bishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe ubu buryo.
• Gupima imiti ikoreshwa mu guhumeka: Ibi bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu kureba niba umuntu aherutse kunywa inzoga. Ibisubizo byitwa Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC). Abapolisi bakoresha ibi kugira ngo bapime ingano y'inzoga mu maraso y'umuntu (BAC). Ariko, rimwe na rimwe agaciro ka BrAC gashobora kuba hejuru cyangwa hasi y'agaciro ka BAC. Ubushakashatsi bushya burimo gukorwa kugira ngo barebe niba ibintu nka kokayine, marijuana, benzodiazepines, amfetamine, opioids, methadone, na buprenorphine bishobora kugaragara mu mwuka.
• Gupima umuti w'ibyuya: Ibi bikubiyemo gushyira agapfundikizo gafata umwuka ku ruhu no kugakuraho nyuma y'igihe runaka kugira ngo gapimwe. Ibi bitanga amakuru y'ingano y'umuti umuntu yakoresheje mu gihe cyose agapfundikizo kamaze kwambarwa. Gupima ibyuya bishobora kugaragaza ikoreshwa ry'umuti mu gihe cy'amasaha kugeza ku byumweru.

Ikizamini cy'imiti gisanga iki?

Iyo umuntu anyoye ikiyobyabwenge, gishyirwa mu nzira yacu y'igifu kigakwirakwizwa mu mubiri wose. Hanyuma, umwijima wacu n'izindi ngingo zacu birasenya ikiyobyabwenge, cyangwa bikagihinduramo uburozi. Kubera iyo nzira y'ubu buryo bwo gutunganya ibinyabutabire, ikiyobyabwenge gihinduka ibindi bintu binyabutabire. Ibi byitwa metabolites. Nyuma y'igihe runaka, ikiyobyabwenge n'ibinyabutabire byacyo bikurwa mu mubiri, cyane cyane mu nkari.

Rero, ikizamini cy'umuti gikorwa kugira ngo harebwe niba hari imiti runaka cyangwa imiterere yayo mu gipimo cy'ibinyabuzima (urugero: inkari, amaraso).

Iyi gahunda yo guhindura imikorere y’umubiri ibaho ku gipimo gitandukanye kuri buri muti. Kubwibyo, igihe bifata kugira ngo buri muti n’ibiwugize bigaragare hakoreshejwe ikizamini kiratandukanye.Tekereza ko imiti imwe n'imwe, nka amfetamine, ishobora kugaragara mu nkari nk'umuti mukuru. Ariko, ku yindi miti myinshi, metabolites zayo zishobora kugaragara igihe kirekire kurusha umuti mukuru.

Hari igihe ikizamini cy'umuti gishobora gupima umuti umwe gusa. Ariko, akenshi, imiti myinshi igeragezwa mu rugero rumwe. Ibi byitwa ikizamini cy'umuti. Ubwoko bw'imiti iri muri uru rutonde buratandukanye bitewe n'impamvu y'ikizamini, ariko agace gakunze gukoreshwa mu gupima ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge bitemewe n'amategeko gakunze gushaka ibi bintu bitanu:

• Amphetamine
• Kokayine
• Marijuana (Urumogi)
• Opioid
• Phencyclidine `(PCP)`

Ibindi bintu bikunze kugeragezwa ni ibi bikurikira:

• Inzoga (ethanol)
• Imiti igabanya kwiheba
• Barbiturates
• Benzodiazepines
• Fentanyl
• Heroine
• Hydrokodone
• Methadone
• Methamphetamine
• Morphine
• Nikotine na kotinine (biboneka mu itabi)
• Oxycodone

Ese hari ibizamini by'imiti bikorerwa mu rugo?

Yego, birahari. Hari ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe bigufasha gupima inkari mu rugo, imbonankubone. Bimwe mu bikoresho bishobora no gukoresha umwuka, amacandwe, cyangwa umusatsi. Ariko, ukuri kw'ibi bikoresho si kimwe, bivuze ko bishobora gutandukana. Akenshi ntabwo byumvikana nk'ibizamini bya laboratwari. Ibi bivuze ko nubwo ikizamini cyo mu rugo cyatanga igisubizo kibi, ikizamini kimwe gishobora gutanga igisubizo cyiza iyo cyoherejwe muri laboratwari.

Ishuri Rikuru ry’Abana b’Abanyamerika rigira inama ababyeyi kwirinda gupima abana babo ibiyobyabwenge mu rugo. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko gupima abana mu rugo bidagabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge. Hari kandi ibyago by’uko ibisubizo by’ibizamini byo mu rugo bishobora gusobanurwa nabi. Ibi bishobora no kugira ingaruka mbi ku mibanire hagati y’abana bato n’ababyeyi.

Ni gute nakwitegura ikizamini cy'imiti?

Mu by’ukuri, nta kintu na kimwe ugomba gukora byihariye kugira ngo witegure ikizamini cy’imiti.

Iki kizamini gishobora gukorwa mu gihe cyihutirwa, giteganyijwe mbere y'igihe, cyangwa mu buryo butunguranye (urugero, nk'ikibazo gikomeje kugaragara mu kazi).

Bitewe n'uko ibintu bimeze, ushobora kubazwa imiti cyangwa inyongeramusaruro ufata, kuko imiti imwe n'imwe ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bisubizo by'ibizamini.

Ni iki wakwitega mu gihe ugiye gupimwa ibiyobyabwenge?

Ikizamini cy'umuti gishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe urugero ruto rw'amaraso yawe, umusatsi, amacandwe, umwuka, cyangwa, akenshi, inkari (inkari).

• Ku gipimo cy'inkari: Uzakenera kunyara mu gikoresho gisukuye wahawe. Hari igihe ushobora gusabwa gutanga icyitegererezo cy'inkari imbere y'umuforomo cyangwa umutekinisiye kugira ngo urebe neza ko icyitegererezo ari icyawe koko.
• Ku gipimo cy'amaraso: Umuntu watojwe gufata ingero z'amaraso (umuganga w'indwara z'imitsi) azafata amaraso make mu mitsi iri mu kuboko kwawe cyangwa mu kiganza cyawe.

Nyuma yo gufata icyitegererezo, cyoherezwa muri laboratwari kugira ngo gisuzumwe.

Bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo by'ikizamini cy'umuti?

Igihe bifata kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo bivuye ku isuzuma ry'imiti kiratandukanye, bitewe n'impamvu y'isuzuma (urugero: mu gihe cy'impanuka, mu kazi), ndetse n'ubwoko bw'isuzuma.

Ibisubizo bivuye mu bipimo by'inkari n'amaraso akenshi biboneka vuba kurusha ibisubizo bivuye mu bipimo by'umusatsi.

Baza ikigo cyasabye ikizamini kugira ngo umenye igihe ushobora kwitega ibisubizo.

Ni ibihe bisubizo by'ikizamini cy'imiti?

Ibisubizo by'ikizamini cy'umuti akenshi bivugwa ko ari 'byagaragaje' cyangwa 'byagaragaje ko ari bibi'.

• Igisubizo cyiza bivuze ko umuti uboneka ku rugero cyangwa hejuru y’urugero rwagenwe mu isuzuma.
• Ibisubizo bibi bivuze ko umuti uvugwa utabonetse, cyangwa utari ku rwego ruhagije kugira ngo utange igisubizo cyiza.

Ibisubizo by'ikizamini cy'umuti bivuga iki?

Hari ibintu byinshi ugomba kuzirikana mu gihe usobanura ibyavuye mu isuzuma ry'imiti.

Gusobanukirwa igisubizo cyiza

Ibisubizo byatanzwe ku gipimo cy’umuti bigaragaza ko umuntu yari afite ingano y’umuti mu mubiri we mu gihe runaka. Ibisubizo byatanzwe ku muti ntibisobanura ko uwo muntu yari yasinze icyo gihe, cyangwa ngo bivuge ko afite ikibazo cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.

Iyo ikizamini cya mbere cy’umuti cyagaragaje ko ari umuti wanduye, ubusanzwe ikizamini cyo kwemeza kirakenewe. Iki kizamini cyo kwemeza kigirwa hakoreshejwe ubundi buryo bwo gupima imiti. Ibi bigabanya ibyago byo kubona ibisubizo by’ibinyoma - ni ukuvuga umuntu utarigeze akoresha ibiyobyabwenge ariko akaba afite ibisubizo - kandi byongera ukuri kw’ikizamini rusange cy’umuti.

Imiti n'ibiribwa bimwe na bimwe bishobora gutera ibisubizo bitari byo. Urugero, kurya imbuto za poppy bishobora gutera ibisubizo byiza ku gipimo cya opioid. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gufata imiti ishyushye igurishwa na muganga bishobora gutera ibisubizo byiza kuri phencyclidine (PCP).

Gusobanukirwa igisubizo kibi

Igisubizo kibi ku isuzuma ry'umuti bivuze ko umuti uvugwa utabonetse. Ibi bishobora guterwa n'uko urugero rw'umuti rutari hejuru bihagije ku buryo waboneka, cyangwa se ko umuti wakoreshejwe hanze y'idirishya ryo kuwumenya. Ariko, igisubizo kibi ntigikuraho burundu ikoreshwa ry'umuti vuba aha cyangwa ikibazo cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge.

Ibisubizo bitari byo - ni ukuvuga ikizamini kivuga 'oya' nubwo umuntu yakoresheje ibiyobyabwenge - gishobora kubaho kubera impamvu nyinshi:

• Icyitegererezo nticyatoranijwe neza cyangwa ikizamini nticyakozwe neza.
• Umuntu uvugwa agerageza gukopera mu ikizamini (urugero, gutanga icyitegererezo cy'inkari z'undi muntu).
• Kunanirwa gupima umuti uvugwa hamwe n'ikizamini cyihariye (urugero: ikizamini cya amfetamine ntigisuzuma ubwoko bwose bwa amfetamine).

Amaherezo, ibintu ugomba kwibuka (Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo)

Ibizamini by'imiti bikoreshwa kubera impamvu zitandukanye. Iyo ugomba gupimwa umuti, bishobora kukugora cyane. Ariko ibuka ko abaganga n'abapolisi basesengura ibi bisubizo witonze kandi bakagerageza kubisobanukirwa. Kenshi na kenshi, iyo igisubizo cyavuyemo gikemuka, ikizamini yemeza gikenewe kugira ngo hatagira igisubizo cy'impimbano.

Niba ufite ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose kijyanye n'uburyo bwo gupima imiti cyangwa igihe ibisubizo bizatangirwa, banza ubaze uwagutegetse ikizamini cyangwa muganga. Ni uburenganzira bwawe. Ndizera ko aya makuru azagufasha gusobanukirwa neza ibi.

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