Ese ufite ubwandu bwa bagiteri? Reka twige ku isuzuma rya Gram Stain.

Ushobora kuba wibaza icyo "Gram Stain" ari cyo. Ushobora kugira ubwoba gato iyo muganga agusabye gukora iki kizamini. Ariko ntugahangayike. Iki ni ikizamini cyoroshye cyane, kandi cy'ingenzi cyane gikorwa kenshi. Uyu munsi, tuzakivugaho mu buryo burambuye, mu buryo bworoshye cyane.

Ikizamini cya Gram Stain ni iki?

Mu magambo make, Gram stain ni ikizamini cya laboratwari gikorerwa kugira ngo harebwe niba hari ubwandu mu mubiri wawe, kandi niba ari uko bimeze, niba buterwa na bagiteri. Tekereza ko ufite ububabare mu muhogo cyangwa igisebe gisa n'aho kirimo kwangirika. Hanyuma muganga ashobora gukeka ko bifitanye isano na bagiteri. Muri icyo gihe, iki kizamini gishobora gutanga igitekerezo cyacyo vuba.

Ibi bikubiyemo gufata icyitegererezo cy'inkari zawe, amabyi yo mu gisebe, cyangwa ikindi kintu gisa nabyo ukagisuzuma ukoresheje mikorosikopi. Ibi bitanga igitekerezo gifatika cy'uko hari bagiteri, kandi niba ari uko zimeze. Ibi bifasha muganga gufata icyemezo cy'imiti yo kuguha n'ibindi bipimo byo gukora.

Incamake y'ibanze ku mikorobe

Bagiteri ni ibinyabuzima bito cyane, bifite akaremangingo kamwe. Biboneka mu mibiri yacu, ku ruhu rwacu, ndetse hafi ya hose mu bidukikije. Hari ubwoko bwa bagiteri butatugiraho ingaruka mbi, ndetse hari n'ubundi budufasha. Ariko hari ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa bagiteri butera indwara zitandukanye. Ikizamini cya Gram stain kirafasha cyane mu kumenya bagiteri nk'izo mbi.

Muri iki kizamini, bagiteri zihindura amabara atandukanye bitewe n’imiterere y’uturemangingo twazo. Bityo, zishyirwa mu byiciro bya "gramu-positive" cyangwa "gramu-negative". Ariko ikintu kimwe cyo kwibuka ni uko atari bagiteri zose zigirwaho ingaruka n’ubu buryo bwa Gram stain. Nanone, hari igihe iki kizamini cyonyine kidashobora kumenya neza indwara iyo ari yo. Ariko, gitanga ishusho ikomeye ku bwoko bwa bagiteri, bikaba ari ingirakamaro cyane mu gutangira kuvura.

Uburyo bwa Gram ni uburyo bw'ingenzi cyane bwo gusiga irangi bwakoreshejwe muri mikorobe mu myaka amagana. Bwatangiye gukoreshwa mu 1882 n'umuhanga mu bya bagiteri wo muri Danemark witwa Hans Christian Gram. Yabukoresheje bwa mbere kugira ngo amenye udukoko dutera umusonga.

Bagiteri za Gram-positive na Gram-negative ni iki?

Noneho reka turebe icyo iki kintu cyose cya Gram-positive na Gram-negative ari cyo. Iri tsinda rishingiye ku buryo bagiteri zigira ingaruka iyo irangi ryongewe ku gipimo mu gihe cyo gusuzuma Gram stain. Bagiteri zimwe zihinduka ibara ry'umuhengeri n'ubururu, izindi zihinduka ibara ry'umutuku n'umutuku.

Aha , "kwiza" ntabwo bivuze "byiza", cyangwa ngo bivuze "ibibi".Negative ntabwo bivuze "mbi" cyangwa "nta bagiteri zihari." Ni ubwoko bw'itsinda bushingiye ku buryo bagiteri zigira ingaruka ku irangi. Hari igihe bagiteri zitwa "gram-variable." Ibi bivuze ko zidahinduka kimwe, kandi zishobora kugaragara nk'umutuku uvanze n'umuhengeri.

Bagiteri zifite gram-positive

Inkuta z'uturemangingo twa bagiteri za Gram-positive zigizwe n'ibice byinshi by'ikintu cyitwa peptidoglycan . Peptidoglycan ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'inkuta z'uturemangingo za bagiteri nyinshi. Igize hafi 90% by'inkuta z'uturemangingo za bagiteri za Gram-positive. Niyo mpamvu zisa n'ubururu kugeza ku muhengeri muri Gram stain.

Amwe mu moko ya bagiteri za Gram-positive ni:

• `Ubwoko bwa Staphylococcus`
• 'Ubwoko bwa Streptococcus'
• `Ubwoko bwa Corynebacterium`
• `Ubwoko bwa Clostridium`
• `Ubwoko bwa Listeria`

Bagiteri zidafite gram

Bagiteri zitagira gram-negative zifite urwego rwo hasi rwa peptidoglycan (hafi 10% by'urukuta rw'uturemangingo) mu rukuta rw'uturemangingo twazo. Zifite kandi igipimo kinini cya lipide (ni ukuvuga aside irike) mu rukuta rw'uturemangingo twazo. Niyo mpamvu zisa n'umutuku kugeza ku ibara ry'umutuku mu kirahuri cya Gram.

Amwe mu moko ya bagiteri za Gram-negative ni:

• `Neisseria gonorrhoeae na Neisseria meningitides`
• `Ubwoko bwa Moraxella`
• `Escherichia coli (E. coli)`
• `Ubwoko bwa Pseudomonas`
• `Ubwoko bwa Proteus`
• `Ubwoko bwa Klebsiella`

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati y'ikimenyetso cya Gram n'ikimenyetso cya bagiteri?

Iyo umuganga wawe akeka ko ufite ubwandu bwa bagiteri, akenshi agutegeka gupimwa ibara rya Gram ndetse no gupimwa bagiteri. Ariko, amakuru yavuye muri ibi bizamini byombi aratandukanye.

Tekereza muri ubu buryo, ibara ry'umupolisi rimeze nk'umupolisi ujya aho icyaha cyabereye maze agahita yandika ibisobanuro by'abakekwaho icyaha (nk'uburebure, ibara, n'imyenda). Ibi biguha igitekerezo cyihuse cy'abari aho.

Gutera bagiteri ni inzira aho bagiteri ziri mu gipimo zihingwa mu buryo bwihariye bw’intungamubiri muri laboratwari hanyuma zikamenyekana mu mazina. Ibi bishobora gufata iminsi myinshi, kuko hari bagiteri zikura buhoro buhoro. Ariko kandi bifasha kumenya bagiteri nyazo n’uburyo zivurwa neza.

Rero, igisubizo cyihuse cyavuye kuri Gram stainNubwo yaboneka, akenshi ishobora kukubwira ubwoko bwa bagiteri gusa. Ariko ayo makuru ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo muganga atangire kuvurwa vuba. Gupima bagiteri ni bwo buryo bwonyine bwo kumenya neza bagiteri.

Ni izihe ndwara ikizamini cya Gram stain gishobora gufasha mu gusuzuma?

Abaganga bategeka ikizamini cya Gram stain kugira ngo gifashe mu gusuzuma no kuvura indwara zimwe na zimwe za bagiteri. Urugero, gikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara nka UTI na bacterial pneumonia. Ariko, ntabwo gitegetswe kuri buri ndwara ya bagiteri. Urugero, Gram stain ntabwo ikunze gukorwa ku kintu nk'uburozi bw'ibiryo, ariko gishobora gukorwa ku gipimo cy'umwanda mu gihe bibaye ngombwa.

Bagiteri zisanzwe za Gram-negative n'indwara zitera

Dore zimwe muri bagiteri za Gram-negative n'indwara zishobora gutera:

• Escherichia coli : Indwara zo mu nzira y'inkari (UTIs), uburozi bw'ibiryo.
• ` Legionella pneumoniae : Indwara ya Legionnaires.`
• " Salmonella : Uburozi bw'ibiryo, indwara ya Tifoyide."
• Klebsiella : Ibihaha, indwara zo mu maraso, indwara zo mu bikomere cyangwa aho babazwe, meningitis ya bagiteri.
• ` Neisseria gonorrhoeae : Gonorrhea.`
• ` Proteus : Indwara zo mu nzira y'inkari (UTI).`
• Morganella morganii : Indwara zo mu nzira y'inkari (UTI), sepsis, umusonga, indwara z'ibikomere, indwara z'imitsi n'amagufwa, indwara z'imitsi yo mu mutwe, na pericarditis (kubyimba k'urukiramende rukikije umutima).
• Aeromonas : indwara z'amaso, osteomyelitis (ubwandu bw'amagufwa), meningitis ya bagiteri, indwara z'ubuhumekero "ziri hafi kurohama", indwara z'ingingo.

Bagiteri zisanzwe za Gram-positive n'indwara zitera

Dore zimwe muri bagiteri za Gram-positive n'indwara zishobora gutera:

• ` Streptococcus pneumoniae : Umusonga uterwa na bagiteri.`
• Staphylococcus aureus : Umusonga wa bagiteri, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) idakira methicillin, hamwe n'indwara y'ihungabana ry'umubiri.
• Itsinda A Ubwoko bwa Streptococcus : Indwara zo mu muhogo za strep.
• " Listeria : Uburozi bw'ibiryo."
• " Clostridium : Uburozi bw'ibiryo."
• "Clostridium botulinum na Clostridium butyricum: Botulisme.`

Ikizamini cya Gram gikorwa ryari?

Iyo umuganga wawe akeka ko ufite indwara ya bagiteri, rimwe na rimwe ikaba indwara y’ibihumyo, akenshi azagusaba ko wandura Gram stain ndetse n’icyorezo cya bagiteri. Ubu ni uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya vuba indwara ya bagiteri mu mubiri wawe.

Ni nde ukora ikizamini cya Gram Stain?

Bitewe n'ubwoko bw'ubwandu ushobora kuba ufite, ubwoko butandukanye bw'abatanga serivisi z'ubuvuzi bashobora gukusanya icyitegererezo kugira ngo bapime Gram stain. Urugero, umuganga w'abagore ashobora gufata swab kugira ngo apime Gram stain kuri gonorrhea. Umuganga w'ibihaha ashobora gufata icyitegererezo cy'ibisebe bivuye mu nkorora cyangwa mu mavuta yawe akabyohereza kugira ngo bipime Gram stain kuri bagiteri pneumonia.

Hanyuma muganga wawe azashyira icyitegererezo mu kintu kitarimo umwanda hanyuma akiyohereze muri laboratwari kugira ngo gipimwe. Umuhanga mu bya laboratwari azasiga icyitegererezo ku mashusho ya mikorosikopi, ashyireho amarangi menshi, hanyuma akirebe akoresheje mikorosikopi. Azandika raporo ayihe muganga wawe.

Witegura ute ikizamini cya Gram Stain?

Inkuru nziza! Nta kintu kidasanzwe ukeneye gukora kugira ngo witegure ikizamini cya Gram.

Ikizamini cya Gram Stain gikorwa gute?

Muri rusange hari intambwe eshatu z'ingenzi mu isuzuma rya Gram stain:

• Gukusanya icyitegererezo.
• Icyitegererezo cyo gutegura.
• Kugerageza icyitegererezo.

Gukusanya icyitegererezo cya Gram stain

Ibi bikubiyemo gufata icyitegererezo mu gace umuganga wawe akeka ko afite ubwandu. Dore bumwe mu buryo bwo gufata icyitegererezo nk'iki:

• Gukura cyangwa gukaraba ingirabuzimafatizo ku gice cy'umubiri wawe.
• Gukusanya amazi cyangwa ibintu bisohoka mu mubiri wawe.
• Gukoresha urushinge rworoshye ni ugukuramo amazi mu mubiri wawe hakoreshejwe urushinge ruto.

Ahakurikira niho ushobora gufata agatambaro cyangwa gukaraba icyitegererezo:

• Umuhogo
• Amazuru
• Imyanya ndangagitsina
• Ibisebe by'uruhu

Ingero ushobora gukusanya mu gikoresho gihumanye ni izi:

• Amacandwe (amacandwe)
• Inkari
• Igitsina

Uduce tw'umubiri dushobora gukenera gukoresha urushinge rw'inshinge harimo:

• Amazi ya synovial mu ngingo zawe.
• Amazi akikije umutima wawe (amazi yo mu mutima).
• Amazi yo mu bwoko bwa Pleural ni amazi akikije ibihaha byawe.
• Amazi yo mu bwonko (CSF) ni amazi akikije uruti rw'umugongo.

Hanyuma muganga ashyira icyitegererezo mu kintu gisukuye hanyuma akacyohereza muri laboratwari.

Uburyo bwo gukora irangi rya Gram

Muri laboratwari, umuhanga mu bya laboratwari y’ubuvuzi ashyira icyitegererezo ku mashusho ya mikorosikopi y’ikirahure. Ayo mashusho yitwa "smears." Hanyuma bashyiraho urukurikirane rw'amabara kuri ayo mashusho maze bagashyiraho ibara rya Gram.

Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi rya Gram bukubiyemo intambwe enye z'ibanze:

• Gukoresha irangi ry'ibanze (ibara rya violet).
• Kongeramo imashini igabanya amabara (iyode ya Gram).
• Guhindura ibara vuba hakoreshejwe ethanol, acetone, cyangwa uruvange rwabyo byombi.
• Gukoresha safranin mu kuvura indwara.

Kugenzura ibara rya Gram

Hanyuma, iyo umuhanga mu bya laboratwari y’ubuvuzi ayirebye akoresheje mikorosikopi, atoranya bagiteri zose zishobora kuba zihari hakurikijwe ibara ryazo n’imiterere yazo:

• Ibara : Bagiteri za Gram-positive zikunze kugaragara nk'umuhengeri kuva ku bururu, mu gihe bagiteri za Gram-negative zisa n'umutuku kuva ku ibara ry'umutuku kugeza ku ibara ry'umutuku.
• Imiterere : Imiterere ikunze kugaragara cyane ni uruziga (cocci) cyangwa imiterere y'inkoni (bacilli).

Nanone, umuhanga mu bya laboratwari y’ubuvuzi areba amatsinda ya bagiteri ku gishushanyo mbonera hanyuma agashaka ibindi biranga icyitegererezo. Urugero:

• Ese cocci zibaho imwe imwe, ebyiri ebyiri, enye enye, izindi ebyiri, izindi ebyiri, izindi ebyiri cyangwa izindi ebyiri?
• Ese bacilli zibyibushye, ni nto, ni ngufi, ni ndende, cyangwa zifite udukoko tunini ku iherezo rimwe?
• Ese hari bagiteri ziri mu turemangingo tw’amaraso tw’umweru?

Umuhanga mu bya laboratwari y'ubuvuzi azategura raporo hanyuma ayoherereze muganga wawe.

Ni izihe ngaruka zishobora guterwa no gupima ibara rya Gram?

Nta ngaruka zishobora kubaho mu gufata icyitegererezo cy'umuti, cyangwa mu gutanga icyitegererezo cy'amacandwe, inkari, cyangwa umwanda.

Ku bijyanye no gupima amaraso, ingaruka ni nke cyane. Hashobora kubaho ububabare n'ibisebe aho amaraso yakuwe, ariko bizakira vuba.

Ingaruka zishobora guterwa no gukurura urushinge ni izi:

• Kumva umerewe nabi cyangwa ubabara.
• Kuva amaraso.
• Ubwandu.
• Kwangirika kw'ingingo zikikije.

Ibisubizo by'amabara ya Gram bivuze iki?

Ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya Gram stain bigaragaza ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi: "Gram stain negative" cyangwa "Gram stain positive". Ibi ntibikwiye kwitiranywa n'ijambo "gram-negative" cyangwa "gram-positive".

Ibara rya Gram ritari ryiza

Niba ibisubizo by'ikizamini cyawe bivuga "Gram stain negative" cyangwa "nta kinyabuzima cyabonetse," akenshi bivuze ko nta bagiteri zihagije zari zihari zo kubonwa na Gram stain. Ariko, niba ukoze culture y'icyitegererezo kimwe, ushobora kubona bagiteri.

Ibara rya Gram ryiza

Niba ibisubizo by'ikizamini cyawe bivuga "gramu ya positive", bivuze ko hari bagiteri mu gipimo cyawe. Niba ibisubizo byawe byagaragaje ko ari byiza, akenshi bizaba birimo amakuru nk'aya:

• Ubwoko bwa bagiteri : Garama-positive cyangwa Garama-negative.
• Imiterere ya bagiteri : yaba ari uruziga (cocci) cyangwa imeze nk'inkoni (bacilli).
• Izindi miterere ya bagiteri : ingano ya bagiteri, ubwinshi bwazo (umubare), cyangwa uburyo bagiteri zishyirwa hamwe, niba bikenewe.
• Izindi selile : Niba hari bagiteri mu zindi selile (imbere mu selile), selile zitukura, cyangwa se selile z'umweru.
• Ibihumyo : Ikizamini cya Gram stain gishobora kandi gushakisha ibihumyo mu buryo bw'umusemburo cyangwa ibihumyo. Ariko, hakenewe ikizamini girambuye kugira ngo hamenyekane ubwoko bw'ibihumyo neza.

Aya makuru, hamwe n'ibimenyetso byawe n'ibindi byavumbuwe n'abaganga, ashobora gufasha muganga wawe guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura. Hari igihe ibi bishobora gufasha mbere y'uko ibisubizo by'imiti ikomoka kuri bagiteri biboneka.

Bitwara igihe kingana iki kugira ngo umuntu amenye ibisubizo by'ikizamini?

Ibipimo bya Gram stain akenshi bitanga ibisubizo byihuse. Ariko, ibisubizo bya Gram stain akenshi bifatwa nk'ibya mbere . Ibi bivuze ko byonyine bidashobora gupima buri gihe. Gupima bagiteri cyangwa ibindi bizamini (urugero, ibizamini bya antigen na antibody ku bwoko runaka bwa bagiteri) bishobora gukenerwa kugira ngo byemezwe ko byanduye.

Ni ryari ngomba guhamagara muganga wanjye?

Niba usanzwe ufite ubwandu kandi ufite ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose ku buvuzi urimo guhabwa, cyangwa niba ubwandu bwawe butari bukonje, menya neza ko wahamagara muganga wawe.

Ibara rya Gram ni ikizamini gikunze kugaragara cyane, akenshi kidatera ububabare, gikoreshwa mu gusuzuma indwara za bagiteri cyangwa fungal. Gutegereza ibisubizo by'ikizamini cyo gusuzuma bishobora kugorana gato. Ariko ibuka ko uko ibisubizo byaba bimeze kose, itsinda ry'abaganga rihari kugira ngo rigufashe. Ntutinye kubaza ibibazo ku ikizamini cyawe cyangwa ibisubizo.

Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo

Sawa, rero ukurikije ibyo twaganiriyeho, ndizera ko ufite igitekerezo cyiza ku isuzuma rya Gram Stain. Ibintu by'ingenzi ugomba kwibuka ni ibi bikurikira:

• Ibara rya Gram ni ikizamini kigenzura vuba niba hari bagiteri n'ubwoko bwazo .
• Ibi bishyira bagiteri mu byiciro bya garama-positive cyangwa garama-negative . Bifasha muganga guhitamo umuti.
• Nubwo ibisubizo biba byihuse, rimwe na rimwe biba ari ibya mbere . Hashobora kuba hakenewe ubuvuzi bwa bagiteri kugira ngo hamenyekane bagiteri nyazo.
• Nta ngaruka zikomeye zibaho kuri iki kizamini.
• Niba ufite ikibazo icyo ari cyo cyose, ntugatinye kubaza muganga wawe .

Rero, niba muganga agusabye gupimwa nk'iki, icy'ingenzi ni ukudatinya, ahubwo ni ukumenya ko iki ari ikintu cy'ingenzi ku mibereho myiza yawe.

` Ibara rya Gram, Ibara rya Gram, bagiteri, indwara zandurira mu biyobyabwenge, Ibara rya Gram, Ibara rya Gram, ibizamini bya laboratwari