Ese twavuga ku bipimo bya ADN no gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo?

Ushobora kuba warumvise amagambo nka 'ikizamini cya ADN' na 'ikizamini cy'uturemangingo', sibyo? Rimwe na rimwe muri filime, cyangwa mu makuru. Ibi ni ibiki mu by'ukuri? Kuki bikorwa? Ni iki twakwigiraho? Reka tubiganireho birambuye, mu buryo bworoshye, uyu munsi.

Gupima Genetic ni iki?

Mu magambo make, ikizamini cya genetiki ni ikizamini gishakisha impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe, chromosomes , cyangwa poroteyine . Ibi kandi byitwa ikizamini cya ADN . Iki kizamini kigamije gufata icyitegererezo cy'amaraso yawe, uruhu, umusatsi, ingingo, cyangwa, niba utegereje umwana, amazi ya amniotic akikije umwana wawe. Iki kizamini gishobora kwemeza cyangwa kwemeza niba ufite ikibazo cya genetiki. Kishobora kandi kugufasha kumenya niba ushobora kugira ikibazo cya genetiki mu gihe kizaza, cyangwa niba ushobora kwanduza umwana wawe ikibazo cya genetiki.

Ibizamini by’uturemangingo (genetic) bireba iki?

None se, ibi bizamini bya gene bireba iki? Bireba cyane cyane impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe, chromosomes, na poroteyine. Tekereza, ibipimo bya ADN bishobora kukubwira byinshi ku mubiri wawe, uko ugaragara, ndetse n'uturemangingo dutera kamere yawe.

• Ibi bishobora kwemeza niba ufite indwara runaka cyangwa udafite.
• Ibi bishobora kandi kukwereka niba ufite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara indwara zimwe na zimwe.
• Si ibyo gusa, ibi bizamini bishobora no kureba niba ufite gene yahindutse ushobora guha umwana wawe.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ibizamini bya ADN bihari?

Reka turebe ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw'ingenzi.

1. Gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes)

Ibi bikubiyemo gusesengura ADN yawe no gushaka impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe, byitwa mutations . Izi mutations zishobora gutera cyangwa kongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara zimwe na zimwe za gene. Ibi bizamini bya gene bishobora kureba gene imwe gusa, gene nyinshi, cyangwa ADN yawe yose. Kureba ADN yawe yose byitwa genomic testing .

2. Gupima kromosomu

Ibipimo bya chromosome ni ibizamini bireba chromosomes zawe, ari zo ngingo ndende za ADN. Bishakisha impinduka mu buryo genes ziherereyemo. Izi mpinduka zishobora gutera indwara za gene. Urugero, zishobora kumenya niba ufite kopi y'inyongera ya chromosome .

3. Gupima Poroteyine

Ibipimo bya poroteyine bisesengura imikorere y’ibinyabutabire biba mu turemangingo twacu, nk’imikorere ya enzyme . Niba hari ibibazo kuri poroteyine zawe, bivuze ko hashobora kubaho impinduka muri ADN yawe. Izo mpinduka zishobora no gutera indwara za genetiki.

Ibizamini by'uturemangingo byakozwe mu bihe bitandukanye

Noneho reka turebe mu bihe ibi bizamini by'uturemangingo bigira akamaro.

Gupima umwana utwite

Niba utwite, ushobora kumenya niba umwana wawe utaravuka afite impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo cyangwa chromosomes mu gihe atwite, binyuze mu bipimo bya ADN mbere yo kubyara. Ariko ibuka ko ibi bipimo bitagaragaza buri kibazo. Ariko, bishobora kukubwira uburyo umwana wawe ashobora kuvuka afite zimwe mu ndwara tuzi dushobora kubona. Urugero, niba hari umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ufite amateka ya gene , bivuze ko umwana wawe afite ibyago byinshi byo kurwara imiterere ya gene, muganga wawe ashobora kukugira inama yo kugerageza ibi bipimo mbere yo kubyara.

Gupima indwara

Ibi bizamini byo gusuzuma indwara bishobora gufasha kumenya niba ufite indwara runaka cyangwa ibibazo bya chromosome . Ariko, ntibishobora gupima indwara zose za gene. Nubwo ibi bizamini byo gusuzuma indwara akenshi bikoreshwa mu gihe utwite, bishobora gukorwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose kugira ngo byemezwe ko ufite indwara niba ufite ibimenyetso by'indwara.

Isuzuma ry'umukozi

Hari indwara zimwe na zimwe zihererekanywa kuva ku gisekuru kugeza ku kindi nka "Autosomal Recessive" . Bivuze ko umuntu ashobora kugira gene ijyanye n'iyo ndwara, ariko ntagaragaze ibimenyetso. Ni umuntu utwara iyo gene gusa. Ni ukuvuga ko ushobora kumenya niba uri umuntu utwara gene yahinduwe ku ndwara runaka ya "Autosomal Recessive" binyuze mu gupima umuntu urwaye. Ibi bikunze gukorwa iyo umwe mu babyeyi afite amateka yo mu muryango we y'indwara ya "Autosomal Recessive". Kubera ko, kugira ngo umwana agire iyo ndwara, nyina na se bagomba kuba bafite kopi y'iyo gene. Rero, niba umwe azwiho kuba ari we uyifite, niba undi nawe yapimwe, bishobora kumenyekana uburyo abana bashobora kurwara iyo ndwara.

Isuzuma rya mbere yo gutera umwana

Iki ni ikizamini cyihariye gato. Gikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gufasha mu kubyara (ART) , urugero , imisemburo ya IVF.Gupima mbere yo gutera umwana bishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo mu ntanga zirimo gukorwa. Ibi bikubiyemo gufata uturemangingo duke mu ntanga no kuzipima kugira ngo harebwe impinduka runaka. Hanyuma, intanga zitari muri izo mpinduka ni zo zonyine zishyirwa mu mura kugira ngo zigerageze gusama.

Gusuzuma abana bavutse

Umwana wawe azasuzumwa iminsi mike nyuma yo kuvuka. Ubu buryo bwo gusuzuma umwana ukiri muto busuzuma indwara zimwe na zimwe zijyanye na genetiki, imikorere y'umubiri, cyangwa imisemburo . Abana bavutse basuzumwa hakiri kare kuko iyo habayeho ikibazo, ubuvuzi bushobora gutangira vuba. Buri gihugu/intara akenshi niyo igena indwara zisuzumwa muri ubu buryo. Urugero, ibitaro byo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bishobora gupima abana bavutse indwara zirenze 35.

Isuzuma ry'igihe mbere y'uko ibimenyetso bitangira kugaragara

Impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo (gene mutations) zongera ibyago byo kurwara indwara y’uturemangingo mu gihe kizaza, rimwe na rimwe zishobora kuboneka binyuze mu gupima mbere y’uko ibimenyetso bitangira. Ibi bizamini bigamije kureba niba impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo zawe ziyongereye ibyago byo kurwara indwara zimwe na zimwe. Urugero, ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bwa kanseri , nka kanseri y’ibere, buri muri iki cyiciro. Gupima mbere y’ibimenyetso bishobora kukubwira niba uzagira indwara y’uturemangingo mbere y’uko ugira ibimenyetso. Ariko ntibishobora kwemezwa 100%. Buri gihe hari amahirwe make yo gukora amakosa mu gihe ukora ubwo bwoko bw’ibizamini. Rero, ganira na muganga wawe kuri ibi mbere y’uko ukora ibizamini.

Ni izihe ndwara zishobora kumenyekana hakoreshejwe ibizamini bya gene?

Ibi ni ingenzi cyane. Ni ngombwa kwibuka ko nubwo ibizamini bya genetiki bishobora kugaragaza indwara zimwe na zimwe, ntibishobora kugaragaza byose . Nanone, ibisubizo by'ibizamini bigaragaza ko ufite indwara ntabwo bivuze ko uzayirwara. Ariko, ibi bizamini bya genetiki bishobora kuba ingirakamaro mu kwemeza cyangwa gukuraho indwara nyinshi zitandukanye. Dore ingero nke:

• `Down Syndrome` `(Down Syndrome)`
• Indwara ya Huntington
• Indwara ya cystic fibrosis
• `Indwara y'uturemangingo tw'umusonga` `(Indwara y'uturemangingo tw'umusonga)`
• `Phenylketonuria` `(Phenylketonuria)`
• Kanseri y'umura munini (inkondo y'umura)
• Kanseri y'ibere

Hariho izindi ndwara nyinshi nk'izi.

Ibi bizamini bya ADN bikorwa bite?

Biroroshye cyane. Muganga wawe azagufata icyitegererezo. Bishobora kuba amaraso yawe, umusatsi, agace gato k'uruhu, inyama, cyangwa, niba utwite , amazi yo mu nda akikije umwana wawe.Bishobora kuba. Aya mazi yo mu nda ni yo mazi akikije umwana wawe mu gihe utwite. Muganga azohereza iki gipimo muri laboratwari. Muri laboratwari, abatekinisiye bazareba niba nta mpinduka ziri mu turemangingo twawe, mu turemangingo twa chromosomes, cyangwa muri poroteyine. Amaherezo, abatekinisiye bazohereza ibisubizo by'ibizamini kwa muganga wawe.

Ni izihe ngaruka mbi zo gupima imiterere y'umubiri (genetic pimps)?

Ingaruka zo gupima ingirabuzimafatizo nyinshi ni nke cyane. Ariko, iyo upimye inda mbere yo kubyara, hari ibyago bike cyane byo gukuramo inda . Ibi biterwa nuko ikizamini gikubiyemo gufata icyitegererezo cy'amazi yo mu nda akikije umwana wawe mu nda.

Ariko, gupima imiterere y’uturemangingo bigira ingaruka zikomeye , haba mu marangamutima no mu by’imari.

Tekereza, uramutse ubonye ibisubizo bitunguranye, ushobora kumva urakaye, ufite ubwoba, ubabaye, uhangayitse , cyangwa ufite icyaha . Byongeye kandi, gupima imiterere y'umubiri bishobora kugutwara amafaranga menshi, rimwe na rimwe amafaranga ibihumbi amagana. Ubwishingizi bushobora kugukorera iki kiguzi. Ariko akenshi biterwa n'ubwoko bw'ikizamini n'impamvu y'ikizamini.

Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bya genetiki ntibitanga amakuru ku ndwara zose za genetiki, kandi si ko ibizamini byose biba ari ukuri 100%. Ntabwo kandi bishobora guhanura uko ibimenyetso bikomeye bizaba cyangwa igihe indwara ya genetiki izagaragara.

Ibisubizo by'ikizamini cya ADN bivuga iki?

Ibisubizo by'ikizamini cya ADN ntabwo byoroshye kumva buri gihe. Muganga wawe azakoresha ubwoko bw'ikizamini, amateka y'ubuzima bwawe, n'amateka y'umuryango wawe kugira ngo asobanure ibisubizo. Hanyuma, azagusobanurira ibisubizo byihariye. Ibisubizo bishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bikurikira:

• Ubwiza: Niba ibisubizo bya ADN yawe ari ubwa mbere, bivuze ko laboratwari yashoboye kubona ihinduka ry’uturemangingo rizwiho gutera indwara. Ibi bishobora kwemeza isuzuma, kugaragaza ko uri umuntu urwaye iyi ndwara, cyangwa kwemeza ko uri mu kaga ko kurwara iyi ndwara.
• Ubwinshi bw'indwara: Niba ibisubizo bya ADN yawe ari bibi, bivuze ko laboratwari itashoboye kubona ihinduka ry’uturemangingo muri ADN yawe rishobora gutera indwara. Ibi bishobora gutuma hatabaho isuzuma, kugaragaza ko utari umuntu urwaye iyo ndwara, cyangwa se kwemeza ko utari mu kaga gakomeye ko kurwara iyo ndwara.
• Ntabwo bizwi neza:Niba ibisubizo bya ADN yawe bitarasobanuka neza, bivuze ko laboratwari ishobora kuba yarabonye ihinduka ry’uturemangingo. Ariko nta makuru ahagije bafite yo kumenya niba ari ibisanzwe cyangwa ihinduka ritera indwara. Ibi biterwa nuko buri wese afite impinduka zisanzwe kandi zisanzwe muri ADN ye zitagira ingaruka ku buzima bwe.

Ibizamini bya ADN ni ukuri gute?

Hari uburyo bubiri bwo gupima ukuri kw'ibizamini bya gene. Bumwe ni ukuri kw'isesengura. Ibi bireba niba ikizamini cya ADN gishobora kumenya neza niba impinduka muri gene runaka ihari cyangwa idafite. Ubundi ni ukuri kw'ubuvuzi. Ibi bivuze niba, niba impinduka ihari, ifitanye isano n'indwara cyangwa ikibazo runaka. Laboratwari zose zikora ibizamini bya ADN zigenzurwa hakurikijwe amahame yemewe na leta. Aya mahame agamije kwemeza ko ibizamini bya gene ari ukuri.

Bifata igihe kingana iki kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo by'ikizamini cya ADN?

Ibisubizo bimwe na bimwe by'ibizamini bishobora kuboneka mu minsi mike. Ibipimo by'imbere yo kubyara, cyane cyane, bikunze kugaruka vuba cyane. Ariko, ibindi bizamini bishobora gufata ibyumweru byinshi kugira ngo bibone ibisubizo. Muganga wawe azaguha amakuru yihariye yerekeye igihe uzabonera ibisubizo by'ikizamini urimo gukora.

Ni ikihe gikoresho cyiza cyo gupima ADN?

Mu by’ukuri, niba ushaka gupimwa ADN, ikintu cyiza wakora ni uguhura na muganga cyangwa umujyanama mu by’imiterere y’umubiri uri hafi yawe maze ugakorerwa ikizamini. Hanyuma bazagufasha guhitamo ibizamini bikubereye kandi bakakubwira icyo ibisubizo bisobanuye igihe ubibonye. Ariko, niba udashobora kujya kwa muganga, ushobora no kubona agakoresho ko gupima ADN mu kigo gipima ADN. Ibi byitwa "Gupima ADN mu buryo butaziguye" (DTC) . Agakoresho keza ko gupima ADN gatanga amakuru yoroshye kumva ku bijyanye n’ishingiro rya siyansi ry’ibizamini byabo. Ariko, hari ibyago byo kubikoresha, kuko ushobora kutagira umuntu wo kuvugana nawe ku bisubizo byawe.

Niba upimwe indwara ya genetiki, cyangwa ukabona ko uri mu kaga ko kurwara indwara, menya neza ko uvugana na muganga wawe. Ashobora kukwohereza ku mujyanama w’ingirabuzimafatizo. Uwo mujyanama ashobora kugusuzuma no kugusuzuma amakuru wabonye, ​​akagufasha gufata icyemezo cy’icyo wakora nyuma yaho.

Gupima ADN byatangiye ryari?

Iyi ni inkuru ishimishije kandi. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bavumbuye uburyo bwitwa `(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism - RFLP)` mu myaka ya 1980. Iri sesengura ryari ikizamini cya mbere cya genetike cyakoresheje ADN. Ariko mu myaka ya 1990, `(Polymerase Chain Reaction - PCR)`Hashyizweho uburyo bwo gupima ADN. Ubu buryo bwo gupima ADN bwa PCR bwasimbuye uburyo bwa RFLP bwa mbere. Ubumenyi bwo gupima ADN ni urwego ruhora ruhinduka kandi ruhinduka.

Ikizamini cya ADN Paternity ni iki?

Ushobora kuba warigeze kubyumva. Ikizamini cya ADN gishobora kumenya se w’umwana ubyara umwana. Ikizamini cya ADN cyangwa amaraso bishobora kumenya niba hari umuntu ubyara umwana wawe cyangwa umwana wawe. Ibi bishobora kandi kumenyekana mu gihe utwite ukoresheje ikizamini cya ADN.

Amaherezo, ibintu byo kwibuka

Yego, twavuze byinshi ku bijyanye no gupima ADN, cyangwa gupima imiterere y'umubiri. Ibi bizamini bifasha kumenya niba ufite indwara y'umubiri cyangwa niba ushobora kurwara indwara runaka mu gihe kizaza. Nubwo gupima imiterere y'umubiri bishobora kuguha amahoro yo mu mutima , binazana n'ingaruka nyinshi n'imbogamizi .

Niba ushishikajwe no gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo, menya neza ko wavuganye na muganga wawe. Ashobora kukwohereza ku mujyanama w'imiterere y'uturemangingo akaguha amakuru arambuye ku bijyanye n'iyi gahunda yose.

Twizeye ko aya makuru wayasanze ari ingirakamaro. Niba ushaka kumenya byinshi kuri iki kintu, tubibwire!

Gupima imiterere y'uturemangingo , gupima ADN, impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo, indwara z'uturemangingo, gupima mbere yo kubyara, ubujyanama mu miterere y'uturemangingo, gupima ababyeyi