Ese rimwe na rimwe utekereza uti "Amaso yanjye asa neza n'aya mama" cyangwa "Umusatsi wanjye usa neza n'uwa data"? Twese turagwa imiterere itandukanye y'isura yacu n'imyitwarire yacu kuri mama na data. Impamvu yabyo ni utunyangingo. Uyu munsi rero tugiye kuvuga ku kintu cy'ingenzi cyane kijyanye n'utu tunyangingo. Iyo ni indwara yitwa `(Homozygous)`. Nubwo izina rishobora kumvikana nk'irigoye gato, mu by'ukuri ni iryoroshye cyane. Reka turebe?
Mu magambo make, Homozygous ni iki?
Bitekerezeho muri ubu buryo. Duhabwa kopi ebyiri za buri gene iturutse ku babyeyi bacu b'ibisekuru. Imwe iturutse kuri mama wacu, indi iturutse kuri data. Hari igihe kopi ya gene iturutse kuri mama wacu n'iy'ikomoka kuri data biba bimwe neza . Ibyo ni byo twita "Homozygous" mu bumenyi bw'uturemangingo.
Mu magambo make, ku kintu runaka (urugero: ibara ry'amaso), uzungurwa n'amabwiriza amwe y'uturemangingo y'ababyeyi bawe bombi. Utu turemangingo tumwe tw'uturemangingo twitwa alele. Rero niba uzungurwa n'uturemangingo tubiri, uba ufite ubwo bumuga bungana kuri iyo gene. Ibi nibyo bitera imiterere imwe, nk'amaso y'ubururu n'umusatsi utukura. Ariko rimwe na rimwe, iyo gene zombi zihindutse, hari imiterere imwe n'imwe y'uturemangingo ishobora kubaho.
Allele ni iki?
Twese dufite utunyangingo turenga 99% mu mibiri yacu. Ariko ijanisha rito cyane (riri munsi ya 1%) ry’utunyangingo rifite itandukaniro rito hagati y’umuntu n’undi. Izi 'version' zitandukanye za gene zitwa alleles. Izi tandukaniro rito nizo ziguha imiterere yawe yihariye.
Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya Homozygous na Heterozygous?
Aya magambo yombi asa gato, bityo bishobora gutera urujijo. Ariko itandukaniro ririmo ni rito cyane. Reka turebere hamwe imbonerahamwe nto kugira ngo byoroshye kubyumva.
| Ibiranga | Homozygous | Heterozygous |
|---|---|---|
| Ubusobanuro | "Homo" bisobanura "kimwe." Bivuze ko ubwoko bumwe bwa alele buva ku babyeyi bombi. | "Hetero" bisobanura "gutandukanye." Bivuze ko umuntu afite ubwoko bubiri butandukanye bwa alele kuri buri mubyeyi. |
| Urugero | Iyo ufashe gene mu ibara ry'amaso, uhabwa allele mu ibara ry'umukara na nyoko, na allele mu ibara ry'umukara na so. | Iyo dufashe gene mu ibara ry'amaso, dufata allele mu ibara ry'umukara kuri mama wacu, na allele mu ibara ry'ubururu kuri data. |
Ibuka gusa: Homozygous = kopi ebyiri z'ingirabuzimafatizo imwe. Heterozygous = kopi ebyiri zitandukanye z'ingirabuzimafatizo.
Ni ibihe bintu biranga 'biganza' n'ibisigaye?
Mu gihe tuvuze ku byerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo (genes), amagambo abiri akwiye kumenyekana ni `dominant` na `recessive`.
- Allele ikomeye: Uyu ni nk'umwana w'umunyagitugu cyane mu ishuri. Ni we wenyine udakora urusaku. Ni ukuvuga ko niba hari allele ikomeye, imico igaragazwa nayo izagaragara rwose. Twandika ibi mu nyuguti nkuru z'Icyongereza (urugero: B, F, D).
- Allele isubira inyuma: Iyi isa gato n'umwana utuje kandi wigunze. Kugira ngo imico ye igaragare, igomba guhuzwa n'indi allele isubira inyuma nka we. Twandika ibi mu nyuguti zoroshye z'Icyongereza (urugero: b, f, d).
None se ibi bibaho bite mu gihe cya `(Homozygous)`?
Ushobora kugira alleles ebyiri ziganza. Tuzita homozygous dominant (urugero: BB ). Cyangwa ushobora kugira alleles ebyiri ziganza. Tuzita homozygous recessive (urugero: bb ).
Iyo umuntu wa `(Heterozygous)` (urugero: Bb ) akiriye alleles zombi zigize (B) n'izigize (b), ni cyo kintu kigize (dominant) kizagaragara. Ariko ku muntu wa `(Homozygous)`, ibi ntibizabaho. Kubera ko gene zombi ari zimwe, icyo kintu kizagira (dominant) kizagaragara kimwe.
Ni ibihe bintu bisanzwe bikunze guterwa n'indwara ya homozygous?
Ibintu byinshi, nk'uko tugaragara n'imiterere y'ibice bitandukanye by'umubiri wacu, bigenwa n'utu turemangingo `(Homozygous)`. Reka turebe ingero nke.
| Ibiranga | Homozygous Dominant | Indwara yo mu bwoko bwa Homozygous Recessive |
|---|---|---|
| Ibara ry'amaso | BB - Amaso y'umukara (iyi ni yo mico igaragara cyane) | bb - amaso y'irindi bara, nk'ubururu cyangwa icyatsi kibisi |
| Udukoko tw'umukara | FF - Aho amabara yo mu maso aherereye (yiganje) | ff - Nta mabara y'uruhu |
| Umusatsi w'ijisho | HH - Kugira umusatsi ugororotse (wiganje) | hh - kugira umusatsi ugororotse (ugororotse) |
| Udupfundikizo two mu matwi | UU - Agatsiko k'amatwi kamanitse (gakomeye) | uu - imiterere y'uduheri two mu matwi tugaragara hanze |
Indwara zishobora guterwa na homozygous
Nkuko bisanzwe bigenda ku bintu byiza, rimwe na rimwe iyi ndwara ya `(Homozygous)` ishobora no gutera indwara zikomoka ku ngirabuzimafatizo. Bite se?
Tekereza ko umubyeyi na se bafite gene ifite inenge kandi itera indwara runaka. Ariko nta n'umwe muri bo ufite iyo ndwara, kuko bombi bafite gene ikomeye kandi nzima iyigabanya (ni ukuvuga ko bombi ari `Heterozygous`). Ariko, niba umwana avukanye iyo gene ifite inenge ikomoka kuri nyina na se, uwo mwana azaba `Homozygous Recessive` kuri iyo gene. Noneho amahirwe yo kuba iyo ndwara ya gene iba ari menshi.
Dore zimwe mu ndwara zishobora kubaho:
- Cystic Fibrosis: Iyi ndwara iterwa no kuba hari kopi ebyiri z’uturemangingo twa CFTR dufite inenge. Ibi bituma amatembabuzi yo mu mubiri (amatembabuzi ameze nk’amazi) abyimba, bikagira ingaruka ku buryo bw’imyakura n’igogora.
- Anemia ya Sickle Cell: Iyi ndwara ibaho iyo kopi ebyiri z'uturemangingo twa HBB zivutse. Ibi bituma uturemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso duhinduka (kumera nk'udusimba) kandi ntitubashe gutwara ogisijeni neza.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): Iyi ndwara iterwa no kuba ifite kopi ebyiri z'akaremangingo ka PAH gafite inenge. Ibi bibuza umubiri gusenya aside amine phenylalanine.
Icy'ingenzi: Niba hari umuntu wo mu muryango wawe ufite indwara ya genetiki, cyangwa niba ufite gushidikanya cyangwa ubwoba kuri yo, ni byiza kubivuganaho na muganga wawe cyangwa umuganga. Bazaguha inama n'ubuyobozi ukeneye.
Ubutumwa bwo kujyana mu rugo
- 'Homozygous' bivuze ko uhabwa gene ebyiri zimwe (alleles) ku kintu runaka kiva kuri nyoko na so.
- Ibintu byinshi, nk'ibara ry'amaso yawe n'imiterere y'umusatsi wawe, bigenwa n'izi ngirabuzimafatizo.
- Iyi ishobora kuba allele ikomeye (urugero: BB) cyangwa allele isubira inyuma (urugero: bb).
- Hari igihe kuragwa kopi ebyiri z'ingirabuzimafatizo zifite inenge bishobora gutera indwara za gene nka Cystic Fibrosis cyangwa Sickle Cell Anemia.
- Niba ufite impungenge ku ndwara ziterwa n'uturemangingo, ni ngombwa cyane gushaka inama kwa muganga.
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