Reka twige uburyo bugezweho bwo gupima kanseri hakoreshejwe igitonyanga cy'amaraso (Liquid Biopsy)?

Abantu benshi bagira ubwoba iyo bumvise ijambo "biopsy," sibyo? Ni ibisanzwe kumva ufite ubwoba gato iyo bumvise ijambo "biopsy." Ariko tekereza niba hari uburyo bwo kumenya ibijyanye n'uturemangingo twa kanseri ukoresheje igitonyanga kimwe cy'amaraso yawe? Ni cyo twita ubu buryo butangaje kandi bugezweho, "Liquid Biopsy." Ibi byazanye icyizere gikomeye ku barwanya kanseri.

Mu magambo make, iyi Liquid Biopsy ni iki?

Isuzuma ry’amaraso rikozwe mu buryo bw’amazi ni isuzuma ryihariye ry’amaraso rikoreshwa mu gupima ibibyimba. Tekereza ko iyo ikibyimba kibaye mu mubiri wacu kigakura, uduce duto twacyo turacika tukinjira mu maraso. Nk’uko uduce twa plaster tugwa ku rukuta rushaje. Dushobora kubona uduce twa kanseri twinjira mu maraso dukoresheje iki gipimo cya Isuzuma ry’amaraso.

Hari ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi bishobora kugaragara mu maraso:

• Uturemangingo twa kanseri dukwirakwira mu maraso (CTCs): Utu ni uturemangingo twa kanseri twuzuye twacitsemo ibice tuva muri iyo kanseri kandi tugenda mu mubiri wose mu maraso.
• ADN y'ikibyimba gikwirakwira mu maraso (ctDNA): Utu ni uduce duto tw'amakuru yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo (DNA) mu turemangingo twa kanseri. ADN ni nk'"igishushanyo mbonera" kirimo amabwiriza yose atuma ingirabuzimafatizo zikora. Iyo uturemangingo twa kanseri dupfuye, utwo duce twa ADN twirundanya mu maraso.

Kugira izi CTC cyangwa ctDNA mu maraso yawe ni ikimenyetso cyiza cy'uko hari kanseri ahantu runaka mu mubiri wawe. Nanone, aya makuru ashobora kuduha ubumenyi bwinshi ku makuru yerekeye imiterere y'uturemangingo twa kanseri. Mu gukoresha ayo makuru, muganga wawe ashobora kugufasha guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura.

Iri koranabuhanga riracyari rishya, ariko abahanga mu bya siyansi bizera ko rishobora guhindura uburyo bwo kuvura kanseri. Hari igeragezwa ritandukanye ryemejwe n'ibigo nka FDA (Ikigo gishinzwe ibiribwa n'imiti muri Amerika).

Ibi bitandukanye bite n'isuzuma risanzwe rya biopsy?

Hari itandukaniro rinini hagati y’ibyo byombi. Mu isuzuma risanzwe, icyitegererezo cy’uturemangingo gifatwa mu buryo butaziguye kiva muri kanseri hanyuma kigapimwa. Ariko, mu isuzuma ry’amazi, icyitegererezo ntigifatwa muri kanseri. Ahubwo, gishakisha ibimenyetso bya kanseri (uturemangingo twa kanseri cyangwa uduce twa ADN) mu maraso.

Reka turebe iyi mbonerahamwe kugira ngo turusheho gusobanura itandukaniro riri hagati y’ibyo byombi.

Mu gupimwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "liquid biopsy", hari amahirwe make ko nubwo haba hari kanseri mu mubiri, amaraso yafashwe icyo gihe ntazaba arimo uturemangingo twa kanseri. Ariko, niba kanseri igaragaye, amakuru itanga ni ingenzi cyane mu gutegura uburyo bwo kuvura.

Ni mu bihe ibihe hakorwa biopsy y'amazi?

Ubusanzwe umuganga asaba iki kizamini ku barwayi bafite kanseri ikomeye kandi ikaba yarakwirakwiriye mu bindi bice by'umubiri (cancer ya metastasis). Ibi bibafasha gufata icyemezo cy'icyo bakora nyuma yaho, cyane cyane niba uburyo bwo kuvura budakora neza.

Hari impamvu nyinshi z'ingenzi zo gukora iki kizamini:

1. Kumenya imiterere y'igihe bizabera

Umubare wa CTC (uturemangingo twa kanseri) mu maraso ushobora gutanga igitekerezo gifatika cy'uburwayi bw'umurwayi. Umubare muto wa CTC mu maraso bivuze ko indwara ari nziza. Ariko, niba hari CTC nyinshi, bivuze ko indwara iba ikomeye kurushaho. Muri ubu buryo, abaganga bashobora gukora iki kizamini rimwe na rimwe, bakareba uko indwara igenda ikira iyo ivuwe, kandi bagahindura uburyo bwo kuvura.

2. Fata ibyemezo byo kuvura

Iyi ni imwe mu nyungu z'agaciro kanini za Liquid Biopsy. Uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe twa kanseri tugira amakosa yihariye ya genetiki. Hari imiti yihariye yibanda kuri izo mpinduka gusa. Ubu buryo tubwita "uburyo bwo kuvura bugamije" (targeted therapy). Mu magambo make, ni nk'ingufuri ishobora gufungurwa gusa hakoreshejwe urufunguzo runaka. Liquid Biopsy irashobora kukubwira ubwoko bwa "gufunga" uturemangingo twa kanseri dufite. Hanyuma muganga wawe ashobora kuguha "urufunguzo" (umuti) rukwiye kuri ibyo.

3. Niba isuzuma risanzwe ridashobora gukorwa

Hari igihe umurwayi ashobora kuba afite intege nke cyane ku buryo atashobora gukorerwa isuzuma buri gihe. Cyangwa ikibyimba gishobora kuba kiri mu gice cy’urugingo cy’umubiri gishobora kuba cyoroshye cyane kandi kigoye kugeraho, nko mu bwonko cyangwa mu bihaha. Iyo igice giciwe muri ako gace, hari ibyago byo kwangiza ingingo nzima zikikije. Muri ibyo bihe, isuzuma ry’amazi ridafite ingaruka ni ingirakamaro cyane.

Ni ibihe bipimo byemewe bya Liquid Biopsy?

Hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi buri gukorwa hirya no hino ku isi. Kuri ubu hari igeragezwa rikomeye ryemewe na FDA muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bivuze ko ryapimwe neza kugira ngo rirebe niba ari umutekano n'ukuri:

• Ikizamini cya Cell Search® Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC): Iki gipimo cy’umubare wa CTC (uturemangingo twa kanseri) mu maraso. Gikoreshwa mu kugenzura uko abarwayi barwaye kanseri y’ibere, prostate, n’amara bahagaze mu mubiri wose.
• Ikizamini cya cobas® EGFR Mutation Test v2: Iki kizamini cya ctDNA (uduce twa ADN ya kanseri). Kigaragaza impinduka muri gene ya EGFR, zikunze kugaragara cyane muri kanseri y'ibihaha (kanseri y'ibihaha itari nto - NSCLC). Bityo, "uburyo bwo kuvura" bukwiye cyane bushobora gutoranywa.
• Guardant360® CDx: Ibi kandi bireba ctDNA. Bigaragaza impinduka zisanzwe mu ngirabuzimafatizo zigaragara mu bwoko butandukanye bwa kanseri kandi bigafasha abaganga guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura.
• FoundationOne® Liquid CDx: Iki kandi ni ikizamini cya ctDNA gikoreshwa mu kumenya impinduka mu ngirabuzimafatizo mu bwoko butandukanye bwa kanseri, gishobora gufasha mu kugena uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura.

Ese iki kizamini kirababaza? Bitwara igihe kingana iki kugira ngo ibisubizo biboneke?

Ikintu cyiza kuri Liquid Biopsy ni uko ari uburyo bworoshye cyane kandi butababaza. Ni nko gutanga amaraso kugira ngo habeho isuzuma ry’amaraso rihoraho. Nta bubabare buhari uretse kumva ubabara gato iyo urushinge rushyizwemo.

Ingero z'amaraso yawe zoherezwa muri laboratwari, aho abahanga mu ndwara batandukanya plasma n'amaraso bakayapima CTC cyangwa ctDNA. Ubusanzwe bifata ibyumweru bibiri cyangwa bitatu kugira ngo ubone ibisubizo.

Ibisubizo bikwereka niba amaraso yawe arimo uturemangingo twa kanseri cyangwa uduce twa ADN (twagaragaye ko ari two) cyangwa atari two (twagaragaye ko ari two). Iyo bigaragaye ko ari two, bimwe mu bipimo bishobora no kumenya ubwoko bwa kanseri bakomokaho n'impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo bafite.