Unoziva here nezvekuongororwa kweHIV? Ngatikurukurei zvakadzama!

Paunonzwa izwi rekuti HIV, unganzwa kutya kana kutya. Asi zvakakosha kuziva nezvazvo. Nekuti, kana HIV ikaonekwa nekukurumidza, chirwere chinogona kudzorwa zvakanaka uye kurarama hupenyu hwakanaka. Saka, nhasi tichataura nezvekuti kuongororwa kweHIV chii, kuti ungaiwana sei, uye kuti mhedzisiro yacho ndeipi.

Chii chinonzi HIV? Sei bvunzo iyi ichikosha?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) ivhairasi inorwisa masoja emuviri wedu. Masoja edu ekudzivirira muviri akafanana neuto rinodzivirira nyika yedu. Vhairasi yeHIV inorwisa uto iri uye inoripedza simba. Ipapo muviri wedu haugone kumirisana nezvirwere zvidiki.

Kana utachiona hweHIV hukasarapwa zvakanaka, hunogona kuzopedzisira hwava AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) . Hunogona kuisa hupenyu panjodzi. Zvisinei, chinhu chakanakisa ndechekuti kunyangwe uine hutachiona hweHIV, kana ukaonekwa nekukurumidza uye ukatanga kurapwa, unogona kuramba uine hutano hwakanaka usingasvike padanho reAIDS. Ndosaka zvichikosha kuti uongororwe HIV.

Nzira dziri kushandiswa pakuongorora HIV dziri kushanda zvakanaka pakuona hutachiona. Saka, kana uchifunga kuti ungangove uri panjodzi, zvakanaka kuti uongororwe.

Ndedzipi mhando dzebvunzo dziripo kuti uone HIV?

Kune mhando nhatu huru dzekuongororwa kweHIV. Kuongororwa uku kunoshandisa sampuli yeropa rako (ingava mutsinga kana kubaiwa nemunwe) kana sampuli yemvura inonwiwa nemuromo. Izvi zvakasiyana nemate.

1. Kuedzwa kweNucleic Acid (NAT):

• Izvi zvinoongorora zvakananga kuvapo kwemajini ehutachiona hweHIV (`HIV RNA`). Zvinogonawo kuona kuti hutachiona hwakawanda sei huri muropa (`viral load`).
• Iyi bvunzo inodhura zvishoma, inoitirwa murabhoritari hombe. Inosanganisira kutora ropa kubva mutsinga.

2. Kuedzwa kweAntigen/Antibody:

• Izvi hazvisi zvehutachiona pachahwo, asi kuti muviri wedu unoita sei pahutachiona.
• Chinhu chekutanga chekutsvaga chinhu chinonzi antigen . Antigen chinhu chinosimudzira masoja edu emuviri. Kana uine HIV, unofanira kunge uine chinhu chinonzi p24 antigen muropa rako.
• Tevere, tinotsvaga ma antibodies eHIV . Masoja edu ekudzivirira muviri anogadzira ma antibodies aya ekurwisa hutachiona.
• Maantigens anogona kuonekwa muropa risati rasvika ma antibodies.

3. Kuedzwa kweAntibody:

• Izvi zvinongotsvaga ma antibodies eHIV chete.

Kazhinji, bvunzo ye `NAT` inodhura, saka haiwanzo shandiswa kuongorora HIV kunze kwekunge uine zviratidzo. Kana ukaonekwa uine HIV, chiremba wako anogona kuraira bvunzo ye `NAT` kuti aone huwandu hwehutachiona hwako.

Danho rekutanga pakuongororwa kweHIV kungave kuongororwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere kana bvunzo yeantigen/antibody. Kana mhinduro yacho iine hutachiona, bvunzo dzakawanda dzinodiwa kuti dzisimbiswe.

Unofanira kuongororwa HIV rini?

Sekureva kweUS Preventive Services Task Force, munhu wese ari pakati pemakore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matanhatu nemashanu anofanira kuongororwa HIV kamwechete muhupenyu hwake. HIV haiwanzo kukonzera zviratidzo pakutanga. Saka, kuongororwa ndiyo chete nzira yekuziva kana uine hutachiona. Kana ukadaro, unogona kudzivirira kuuparadzira kune vamwe.

Uyewo, kana uri panjodzi huru yekubatwa neHIV, kana kuti kana uine pamuviri, unofanira kuongororwa chirwere ichi.

Ndiani ari panjodzi huru?

HIV inopararira kuburikidza nekuchinjana kwemvura yemuviri neropa panguva yebonde. Kana ukasangana nemvura iyi kubva kune mumwe munhu ane HIV, uri panjodzi huru. Kuita zvepabonde nemunhu ane HIV usingashandise nzira dzekudzivirira (senge makondomu) kunowedzera njodzi yako yekutapukirwa neHIV.

Paunofanira kuongororwa HIV kakawanda:

• Kana ukaita zvepabonde nemunhu ane HIV, kana kuti munhu asina kuzivikanwa kuti ane HIV here kana kuti kwete.
• Kana uine vadikani vepabonde vanopfuura mumwe chete, kana kuti kana mudikani wako aine vadikani vepabonde vanopfuura mumwe chete.
• Kana uri murume uye uchiita zvepabonde nevamwe varume (`MSM - Varume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume`).
• Kana uine chirwere chepabonde (STI) chisiri HIV (kuva nechimwe chirwere chepabonde kunowedzera njodzi yako yekutapukirwa neHIV).
• Kana muchigovana tsono nevamwe kuti mubaise mishonga.

Kuongororwa nguva dzose zvinoreva pamwe kamwe chete pagore, kana kutoti kakawanda. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) inoti varume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume vanofanira kuongororwa mwedzi mitatu kusvika mitanhatu yega yega. Bvunza chiremba wako kuti unofanira kuongororwa kangani.

Kana wabatwa chibharo, zvakakosha kuti uongororwe HIV panguva iyoyo. Unofanirawo kuona chiremba nekukasika wotanga kutora mushonga weHIV, unozivikanwa sePEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis) . Mushonga uyu unogona kubatsira kudzivirira HIV. Zvisinei, unofanirwa kutanga mukati memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri mushure mekusangana nebasa.

Sei kuongororwa kweHIV kwakakosha panguva yekuzvitakura?

Zvinokurudzirwa kuti munhu aongororwe HIV panguva yekuzvitakura, kunyanya mumwedzi mitatu yekutanga yekuzvitakura. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti HIV inogona kutapuriranwa kubva kuna amai kuenda kumwana. Inogonawo kutapuriranwa kuburikidza nemukaka wemuzamu. Kana ukawana mushonga nekukurumidza panguva yekuzvitakura, unogona kudzivirira hutachiona kuti husapfuure kumwana wako.

Kana uine pamuviri uye uri panjodzi huru yekutapukirwa neHIV, zvakanaka kuti unoongororwa kaviri kana katatu panguva yekuzvitakura kwako.

Ndingawana kupi bvunzo dzeHIV?

Kune nzvimbo dzinoverengeka dzaunogona kuongororwa (dzimwe dzinogona kutoitwa kumba kwako).

• Unogona kuiwana kuhofisi yachiremba wako, kukiriniki, kana kuchipatara chemunharaunda.
• Unogona kuwana nzvimbo dzinopa kuongororwa kweHIV nedzimwe njovhera nekuisa kero yako pawebhusaiti yeCDC (yakadai se "HIV Testing Sites & Care Services Locator"). Nzvimbo zhinji idzi dzinopa kuongororwa kwemahara.
• Kana wava nemakore anopfuura 17, unogona kutenga kit yekuyedza HIV kumba kubva ku pharmacy kana online. Kuyedza HIV kumba chete kwakatenderwa neFDA (Food and Drug Administration) pasi rose ndiyo OraQuick® In-Home HIV Test .

Kuongororwa kweHIV kunoratidza sei hutachiona? Chii chinonzi "Window Period"?

Kuongororwa kweHIV kunotsvaga hutachiona hweHIV muropa rako kana mumvura yemumuromo. Izvi zvinogona kunge zviri hutachiona pachahwo, antigen yeHIV uye ma antibodies, kana ma antibodies chete. Kana ukaonekwa uine hutachiona, uchada kuongororwa kwakawanda kuti uzvisimbise. Kana ukaonekwa usina hutachiona, zvinoreva kuti pamwe hauna hutachiona.

Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuziva nezve "window period" pano. Window period inguva iri pakati penguva yaune hutachiona uye pahunogona kuonekwa nebvunzo. Nguva iyi inosiyana kubva pamunhu nemunhu uye zvichienderana nerudzi rwebvunzo. Saka, unofanira kuongororwa mushure mekunge window period iyi yapera.

• Kuongororwa kweNucleic acid (NAT): Iyi ndiyo nguva pfupi kupfuura dzose. Inogona kuona kana uine hutachiona hweHIV pakati pemazuva gumi kusvika makumi matatu nematatu mushure mekusangana nehutachiona.
• Kuongororwa kweAntigen/antibody: Utachiona hunogona kuonekwa pakati pemazuva 18 kusvika 45 mushure mekuonekwa (kuongororwa ropa) kana pakati pemazuva 18 kusvika 90 (kuongororwa kweminwe).
• Kuongororwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere (kuongororwa nekukurumidza uye kumba): Kunogona kuona hutachiona pakati pemazuva makumi maviri nematatu kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekusangana nechirwere.

Kana bvunzo yako ikati hauna, asi uchifunga kuti ungangove wakamboonekwa kuti une chirwere ichi, iva nechokwadi chekuti waongororwazve mushure mekunge nguva yekuongororwa yapera.

Unofanira kugadzirira bvunzo usati waitwa here?

Hapana gadziriro yakakosha inodiwa pakuongororwa ropa. Zvisinei, pakuongororwa kweropa kumba kunoshandisa mvura inonwiwa, unogona kukurudzirwa kuti usadye kana kunwa kwemaminitsi makumi matatu bvunzo isati yaitwa. Tevedzera mirairo iri pakiti nemazvo.

Chii chinoitika panguva yebvunzo?

Izvi zvinosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwebvunzo yauri kuita uye kwairi kuitwa.

Kuongororwa kweHIV kwakaitwa murabhoritari

Kuongororwa kweHIV kwakawanda kunosanganisira nyanzvi yehutano inotora ropa rako yoritumira kurabhoritari. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa muhofisi yachiremba wako kana kukiriniki. Kana ukaonekwa uine hutachiona, chiremba wako achaita mimwe miedzo kuti asimbise izvozvo. CDC inokurudzira kutevedzana kwekuongororwa kweHIV kunotevera:

1. Kuongororwa kwekutanga: Kuongororwa kweAntigen/antibody kuti uone kana HIV antigen p24 uye HIV antibodies dziripo. Kana uine HIV, bvunzo yechipiri inodiwa kuti usimbise mhedzisiro yacho.

2. Bvunzo yechipiri: Bvunzo yemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere (antibody) yekutsvaga masoja ekudzivirira chirwere emhando mbiri dzeHIV, HIV-1 neHIV-2. Kana mhinduro yechipiri iinewo HIV, zvinoonekwa kuti une HIV. Kana mhinduro dzisina kujeka, bvunzo yechitatu ichadiwa.

3. Kuongororwa kwechitatu: Kuongororwa kwe `NAT` kuti uone kana muine HIV muropa rako.

Kusanganiswa kwebvunzo idzi kunoshanda zvizere pakuona HIV.

Kuongororwa kweHIV nekukurumidza

Kuongororwa uku kunotsvaga ma antibodies eHIV muropa rako kana mumvura yemumuromo. Kunewo bvunzo yekukurumidza yeHIV antigen/antibody. Izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenyanzvi yehutano inotora ropa kubva mutsinga, pamunwe, kana swab kubva mumuromo.

Kumwe kuongororwa nekukurumidza kunogona kupa mhinduro mumaminitsi mashanu chete. Asi yeuka, izvi zvinongova zvekutanga chete. Kana mhinduro yako iine hutachiona, uchafanirwa kuona chiremba wako kuti aongororwe zvakare usati waziva mamiriro ako chaiwo eHIV.

Kuongororwa kweHIV kumba

OraQuick®, bvunzo yekumba inotenderwa neFDA chete. Iyi bvunzo yekukurumidza yeHIV inotsvaga ma antibodies eHIV. Kuti uishandise, unotora sampuro yemvura yemumuromo wako nekukwesha mukanwa mako epamusoro nepazasi. Swed yacho inozoiswa mubhodhoro diki. Inoratidza mhedzisiro yakanaka kana yakaipa (sekunge bvunzo yekuzvitakura). Mhedzisiro inogona kuonekwa mumaminitsi makumi maviri kusvika makumi mana.

Kana mhinduro dzacho dziine hutachiona, bvunzo dzakawanda dzinofanira kuitwa kuti dzisimbiswe.

Pane njodzi here nebvunzo iyi?

Hapana njodzi huru pakuongororwa kweHIV. Unganzwa kusagadzikana zvishoma kana ropa ratorwa kana kana donhwe reropa ratorwa kubva pamunwe wako, ndizvo chete.

Zvinotora nguva yakareba sei kuti uwane mhedzisiro?

Nguva yaunotora kuti uwane mhinduro dzako inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi rwebvunzo. Mimwe miedzo inokurumidza, yakaita seye antigen/antibody uye ye antibody, inogona kupa mhinduro mumaminitsi asingasviki makumi maviri. Bvunzo ye `NAT` ine nguva pfupi yekuona HIV mushure mekusangana nehutachiona. Zvisinei, zvinogona kutora nguva kuti uwane mhinduro. Zvinogona kutora mazuva akati wandei kuti mhinduro dzebvunzo ye `NAT` dzidzoke.

Mhedzisiro yacho inoti chii?

Mhedzisiro yebvunzo inogona kuva yakaipa kana kuti yakanaka .

• Mhedzisiro isina kunakaIzvi zvinoreva kuti bvunzo haina kuona zviratidzo zvehutachiona. Izvi zvinogona kureva kuti hauna HIV, kana kuti wave nenguva yakareba uchibatwa neHIV (panguva yekuonekwa kwehutachiona) kuti uoneke uine hutachiona.
• Mhedzisiro yakanaka zvinoreva kuti bvunzo yacho yaona zviratidzo zvehutachiona. Izvi zvinogona kureva kuti une HIV, kana kuti bvunzo dzakawanda dzinodiwa kuti zvisimbiswe.

Ndoita sei kana mhinduro yangu iri yekusava nechirwere?

Kana bvunzo yako yekutanga ikati hauna HIV, asi uchifunga kuti ungangove wakambobatwa neHIV (ndiko kuti, kana wakaongororwa mukati menguva yekuongorora), tora bvunzo yechipiri mushure mekunge nguva yekuongorora yapera. Bvunzo yechipiri inogona kusimbisa mhedzisiro yako isina HIV.

Kunyangwe kana zvikaonekwa kuti hauna HIV, zvakakosha kuti uzvidzivirire mune ramangwana. Taura nachiremba wako nezvekuti PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis) yakakunakira here. `PrEP` ipiritsi raunonwa zuva nezuva. Rinogona kuderedza njodzi yekutapukirwa neHIV kubva pabonde ne99%. Kune vanhu vanobaya mishonga, rinoderedza njodzi ne74%. Kana usina HIV uye mumwe wako aine HIV, zvakakosha kushandisa `PrEP` nemazvo.

Kunyangwe ukatora `PrEP`, zvakanaka kushandisa kondomu kuti uzvidzivirire kubva kuHIV nedzimwe `STIs`.

Ndingaitei kana mhinduro yangu ikati positive?

Kana ukawana mhinduro yakanaka kubva pakuongororwa kamwe chete, unofanirwa kuongororwa kakawanda nachiremba wako kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti ichokwadi. Kana wangoonekwa kuti une chirwere ichi, iwe nachiremba wako muchashanda pamwe chete kugadzira hurongwa hwekurapa. Chiremba wako achaona kuti HIV yako yapararira kusvika papi uye achakupa mishonga yekubatsira kuidzora. Kurapa kweHIV kunonzi antiretroviral therapy (ART) . Kurapa uku kunobatsira muviri wako kurwisa hutachiona uye kudzivirira kuti husapfuurire kuAIDS. Mishonga mitsva iripo ine simba guru. Kana ukaishandisa nemazvo uye nguva dzose, unogona kudzivirira chirwere kuti chisawedzere kuipa uye kurarama hupenyu hwakanaka.

Uyewo, unofanira kutaura nemumwe wako nezvechirwere chako. Kana wakambosangana pabonde usina dziviriro, anogona kunge akatapurirana hutachiona kubva kwauri. Vanofanirawo kuongororwa.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pekuongororwa kweHIV-1 neHIV-2?

Kune mhando mbiri dzeHIV: HIV-1 neHIV-2. Kumwe kuongororwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere kunogona kuona kana uine HIV-1, HIV-2, kana zvese zviri muropa rako. HIV-1 ndiyo mhando yeHIV inonyanya kuwanikwa. Inotapuriranwa zviri nyore kupfuura HIV-2.

Pakupedzisira, ndinofanira kutaura kuti... (Mharidzo yekuenda nayo kumba)

Zvakajairika kuti utye zvishoma paunenge uchifunga nezvekuongororwa HIV. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuti uzive nezvehutano hwako uye udzivirire vanhu vaunoda.

• Kuongororwa HIV kamwe chete muhupenyu hwako.Kana uri panjodzi huru, zviite kakawanda.
• Rangarira nguva yekuongorora. Nyora bvunzo kana nguva iyoyo yapera.
• Kana mhedzisiro yacho iine hutachiona, usavhunduka. Nekurapa kwepamberi kuripo nhasi (ART), unogona kurarama hupenyu hune hutano uye hunofadza neHIV.
• Pane mumwe munhu anogona kukubatsira. Taura nezvenyaya iyi neshamwari, mhuri, kana mupi wezano waunovimba naye.

HIV ingori imwe nyaya yehutano. Kana ikazivikanwa nekukurumidza uye ikatarisirwa nemazvo, hapana chinokutadzisa kuzadzisa zviroto zvako. Ngatizivei, ngativei neutano hwakanaka!

` HIV, kuongororwa kweHIV, AIDS, hutano hwepabonde, masoja emuviri, NAT, bvunzo yeantigen antibody, PrEP