Nhasi tichataura nezvezvinhu zvidiki zvinodzivirira muviri wedu: Polyclonal Antibodies!

Wakambonzwa here mazwi ekuti 'Polyclonal Antibodies'? Pamwe wakanzwa chiremba achitaura, kana kuti wakaaverenga mubhuku kana mupepanhau kune imwe nzvimbo. Kunyangwe izvi zvingaita seshoko resainzi uye rakaoma kunzwisisa, chaizvoizvo chinhu chakakosha zvikuru pahutano hwemuviri wedu uye kutidzivirira kubva kuzvirwere. Saka nhasi tichataura nezve kuti aya ma polyclonal antibodies chii, kuti anoshanda sei mumuviri wedu, kuti anobatsira sei kwatiri, uye kuti ndeapi mabhenefiti nezvakaipa zvawo, sekunge tiri kuudza shamwari yakanaka kana nhengo yemhuri. Wagadzirira here?

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, ma antibodies aya e polyclonal chii?

Zvakanaka, ngatitangei tanzwisisa zvakajeka kuti aya maPolyclonal Antibodies chii. Munoyeuka here, kana muviri wedu ukarwara, ndiko kuti, kana chimwe chinhu chakaita sejemusi chikapinda, tine zvikamu zvakakosha mumuviri wedu zvinorwisa. Ndizvo zvatinodaidza kuti ma antibodies. Izvi zvakafanana nevarindi vadiki, kana kuti masoja, mumuviri wedu. Mapuroteni aya anonzi ma antibodies anogadzirwa nemuviri wedu zvakananga kurwisa zvirwere nehutachiona uye kutidzivirira.

Zvino ma antibodies aya anobva kurudzi rwakati rwesero rinonzi `(Plasma B cells)`. Izwi rekuti `polyclonal'' rinoreva `kubva kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana'' (poly = akawanda, clonal = lineages/types). Kureva kuti, ma polyclonal antibodies aya haasi erudzi rumwe chete, haasi emold imwe chete. Iwo muunganidzwa wema antibodies anobva kumarudzi akasiyana eplasma B cell (`lineages`), uye akasiyana zvishoma kubva kune mumwe nemumwe. Funga nezvazvo seboka remasoja kubva kumapoka akasiyana euto rimwe chete.

Zvadaro rimwe nerimwe remasoja aya, kana masoja akasiyana, anoona zvikamu zvakasiyana zveantigen imwe chete. Zvino unobvunza kuti, "Chii chinonzi antigen?" Funga nezvayo se "label" diki kana kuti "flag" pahutachiona, mukume, kana imwe puroteni isingazivikanwe inopinda mumuviri wedu. Nekutarisa label iyi, masoja edu ekudzivirira muviri, masoja ekudzivirira emuviri wedu, anoona kana iri yedu ('self') kana kuti muvengi wekune imwe nyika ('asiri self'). Zvakafanana neyunifomu yemuvengi, kana mureza weuto remuvengi.

Saka, aya ma antibodies e polyclonal masoja akasiyana (antibodies) anogona kuziva zviratidzo zvakasiyana, maumbirwo akasiyana (tinodaidza nesainzi kuti `epitopes` ) payunifomu kana mureza wemuvengi mumwe chete (antigen). Unonzwisisa here? Zvakafanana nechikwata chemasoja ane hunyanzvi anogona kurwisa muvengi mumwe chete kubva kumativi akasiyana.

Kana vanhu nedzimwe mhuka vachirwara, ndiko kuti, pavanobatwa nechirwere, ma antibodies aya e polyclonal anogadzirwa mumiviri yavo. Zvisinei, ma antibodies e polyclonal anoshandiswa mukutsvagisa kwezvokurapa uye mamwe marapirwo anowanzo kuwanikwa kubva kumhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakadai setsuro, makwai, nembudzi. Dzimwe nguva, anowanikwawo kubva muropa revanhu vakapora kubva kuzvirwere zvakasiyana.

Ma antibodies aya e polyclonal anoshanda sei chaizvo?

Iye zvino ngationei kuti ma antibodies aya e polyclonal anoshanda sei mumuviri wedu, kuti anorwa sei. Kana ukapinda mumuviri wako hutachiona, mabhakitiriya, kana imwe germ (pathogen), masoja emuviri wako anogadzira ma antibodies ekurwisa.

Utachiona uhu hune maantigen atakataura nezvawo kare pamusoro pawo. Ma antibodies (masoja edu) anoziva maantigen aya uye anosungana nawo. Antibody yega yega inosungana neantigen imwe chete. Nemamwe mashoko, kiyi yega yega inosungana nekiyi imwe chete. Kana antibody ikabatana neantigen, inotumira chiratidzo kune mamwe masoja emuviri, ichiti, "Heuno muvengi, zvino muparadze."

Asi, kunyangwe kune antigen imwe chete, panogona kuva nenzvimbo dzinoverengeka apo antibody inobata, senge buri rekiyi rekamba. Tinodaidza nzvimbo idzi dzekusunga `(epitopes)`. Saka ma polyclonal antibodies ari muropa rako, kana mumhinduro dzakaunganidzwa (`serums`) dzinopihwa kurapwa, muunganidzwa wema antibodies akasiyana. Rimwe nerimwe rema antibodies aya rinogona kuziva nekusunga kune `(epitopes)` dzakasiyana (nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekusunga) pane antigen iyoyo. Nemamwe mashoko, zvakafanana nemapoka akasiyana emasoja anoshanda panguva imwe chete kubata muvengi mumwe chete.

Fungidzira, kune muvengi mukuru. Kana ukakwanisa kubata muvengi iyeye kwete panzvimbo imwe chete, asi munzvimbo dzakawanda panguva imwe chete, dzakadai seruoko rwake, gumbo, musoro, uye kora, mikana yekudzora nekuremadza muvengi yakakura zvikuru. Ndiwo mashandiro anoita ma antibodies e polyclonal. Mhando dzakasiyana dzema antibodies ('lineages') dzinopa masoja emuviri mikana yakawanda yekuziva, kurwisa, uye kubata utachiona. Izvi zvinoita kuti dziviriro yemuviri wedu iwedzere kusimba.

Tinoshandisirei ma antibodies e polyclonal?

Aya ma antibodies e polyclonal, ayo atinogadzira mumiviri yedu, anoshandiswawo mukurapa pamabasa akawanda akakosha. Ngatitarisei kuti chii:

• Kuongororwa kwechirwere: Kune mimwe miedzo yemurabhoritari yaungave wakanzwa nezvayo, yakadai seye ELISA test uye Immunohistochemistry test. Miedzo iyi inoshandisa ma polyclonal antibodies kuona zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotapukira (semuenzaniso HIV, hepatitis) uye kenza. Kureva kuti, vanogona kuona kana sampuro yeropa ine antigen chaiyo yechirwere.

• Tsvagiridzo yesainzi: Vaongorori vanoshandisa ma antibodies aya e polyclonal kuti vanzwisise mashandiro anoita miviri yedu, mashandiro anoita masero akasiyana, kuti zvirwere zvinotikanganisa sei, uye kuti vawane mishonga mitsva. Akaita sezvishandiso zvinobatsira masayendisiti "kuona" zvinhu zvisingaonekwe.

• Kurapa kana kudzivirira zvirwere zvinotapukira uye mamwe matambudziko ehutano:Ma antibodies ePolyclonal anogona kurapa uye, mune dzimwe nguva, kudzivirira kumwe kunyanyisa kushandisa mishonga, kurumwa nenyoka dzine uturu, uye zvimwe zvirwere zvine chekuita neropa.

Ndeapi marapirwo anoshandiswa nema polyclonal antibodies?

Ngatinyatsoongororai mamwe emishonga inoshandiswa nema antibodies e polyclonal:

• Mamwe maantivenom ane ma polyclonal antibodies. Aya anogadzirwa nekubaya huturu hwenyoka hushoma mumhuka, dzakadai semabhiza, uye wobva wachenesa maantivenom anogadzirwa nemhuka idzodzo. Kana nyoka ikakuruma yokupa mushonga uyu, maantivenom ari mairi anoenda kunobvisa huturu hwenyoka.

• Plasma inoporesa: Ungave wakambonzwa nezveizvi panguva yedenda reCOVID-19. Panguva yekupararira kwezvirwere zvakakomba zvinotapukira, plasma (chikamu cheropa chinotorwa kubva muropa revanhu vakapora kubva kuchirwere ichocho chinopihwa varwere. Nekuti plasma iyoyo ine ma antibodies epolyclonal ayo miviri yavo yakagadzira kurwisa chirwere ichocho. Kana ma antibodies aya apinda mumuviri wemurwere, anobatsira kurwisa chirwere chacho.

• Digoxin immune fab: Uyu mushonga wekudzivirira chirwere unopiwa kana munhu akashandisa mushonga wemoyo zvakanyanya digoxin. Uyu unewo ma antibodies e polyclonal akagadzirwa kurwisa digoxin molecule.

• Rho(D) immune globulin: Izvi zvinonziwo `RhIG`, uye dzimwe nguva zvinonyorwa se`Rh 0 (D)`. Izvi zvinopihwa kuna amai vane pamuviri vane rudzi rweropa rwe`Rh-negative`. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechekuti kana ropa raamai riri `Rh-negative` uye ropa remwana riri `Rh-positive`, muviri waamai unogona kugadzira ma antibodies anorwisa ropa remwana. Kunyangwe izvi zvingasakanganisa mwana wekutanga, kana mwana wechipiri we`Rh-positive` aberekwa, ma antibodies iwayo anogona kukuvadza mwana. Izvi zvinonzi `(Rhesus isoimmunization)` (Rhesus incompatibility). Izvi ndizvo zvinopihwa mushonga we`Rho(D)` kudzivirira. Unopiwawo semushonga we`(Chronic immune thrombocytopenia)` kana `(ITP)`, chirwere umo maplatelet muropa anodzikira.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pema antibodies e polyclonal ne monoclonal?

Zvakanaka, ikozvino ungave nemubvunzo mudiki. Kunewo rudzi runonzi 'Monoclonal Antibodies', chii musiyano uripo pakati peaya nema polyclonal antibodies aya? Ose ari maviri ma antibodies, uye ese ari maviri ma target antigens. Asi pane misiyano yakakosha.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore:

• MaPolyclonal Antibodies: Aya anobva mumarudzi akasiyana emasero eB. Saka anogona kuziva nekusunga kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dze `(epitopes)` (nzvimbo dzinosunga) paantigen imwe chete. Zvakafanana nechikwata chemasoja ane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana uye zvombo zvakasiyana. Anorwisa muvengi mumwe chete kubva kumativi akasiyana.

• MaMonoclonal Antibodies: Aya ma "exact copies" e "antibody" imwe chete. Kureva kuti, anogadzirwa ne "B cell lineage" imwe chete. Saka, anoziva uye anosunga "epitope" imwe chete. Kufanana nemasoja akaumbwa anoshandisa rudzi rumwe rwechombo, anorwisa chinangwa chimwe chete.

Pakurapa, ma antibodies e polyclonal anowanzo kuwanikwa kubva muropa remhuka dzakadai setsuro, mbudzi, nemakwai. Dzimwe nguva anowanikwawo kubva kuvanhu (semuenzaniso, plasma yevarwere vakapora). Ma antibodies e monoclonal anotanga kuwanikwa kubva muropa remhuka obva adzokororwa murabhoritari. Parizvino, ma antibodies e monoclonal anoshandiswa kakawanda kupfuura ma antibodies e polyclonal mukurapa, kunyanya kuzvirwere zvakaita sekenza, nekuti ndiwo anonyanya kutsanangurwa pakunangwa kwawo.

Ndezvipi zvakanakira ma polyclonal antibodies?

Saka ndedzipi zvakanakira ma antibodies aya e polyclonal? Sei tichiri kuashandisa?

• Mutengo wekugadzira wakaderera. Zvakachipa kugadzira izvi pane kugadzira ma antibodies e monoclonal.
• Izvi zvinogona kuona maantigen mumuenzaniso uri pamazinga akaderera zvikuru, kunyangwe aripo pamazinga akaderera zvikuru. Nekuti ma antibodies akasiyana anoshanda pamwe chete, kunyangwe rimwe rikasaonekwa, pane mukana mukuru wekuti rimwe ribatwe.
• Kugona kwese kuziva antigen kwakanyanya. Nekuti kune ma antibodies akawanda anogona kubatana ne "epitopes" dzakasiyana, mukana wekuziva antigen wakakwira, kunyangwe chimiro chayo chakasiyana zvishoma.

Pane zvakaipa here ipapo?

Kune zvakanakira nezvakaipira ma antibodies aya e polyclonal. Zvakanaka kuziva kuti ndeapi.

• Nekuti izvi zvinobva kunobva muropa rechisikigo (ropa revanhu kana remhuka), hazvina kuenzana mumhando uye musanganiswa kubva pane rimwe boka kuenda kune rinotevera, kusiyana nemishonga inogadzirwa murabhoritari. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panogona kuva nemusiyano mudiki pakati pemusanganiswa weantibody unogadzirwa pane rimwe nguva nemusanganiswa unogadzirwa pane rimwe nguva. Nokudaro, kushanda kwawo kunogonawo kusiyana zvishoma.
• Nema antibodies e monoclonal, pane mukana mukuru wekuti antigen isanganiswe kune imwe antigen (yatisingade). Izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko mukuyedza kana kutsvagisa. Semuenzaniso, zviratidzo zvenhema zvinogona kuitika. Kureva kuti, munhu asina chirwere anogona kuwana mhinduro inoita seane chirwere. Saka, kana mhinduro yakanaka ikadzoka, semuzvirwere zvinotapukira zvakanyanya, vanachiremba vangafanira kuita bvunzo dzakawanda kuti vasimbise.
• Kana ma antibodies e polyclonal anobva kumhuka ashandiswa pakurapa, pane njodzi yakakura yekusawirirana kana mimwe migumisiro, sezvo mapuroteni aya emhuka asiri emumiviri yedu.

Chekupedzisira, zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zvaunofanira kurangarira

Saka, pamwe wava kunzwisisa kuti ma antibodies e polyclonal chikamu chakakosha kwazvo chekudzivirira muviri kwemuviri wedu, uye akakosha mune zvesainzi yekurapa pakutsvaga, kuongororwa, uye mamwe marapirwo chaiwo.

Izvi zvinowanzo shandiswa pakutsvagisa nekuongororwa kwezvirwere. Zvisinei, kana uine pamuviri uye uine rudzi rweropa rusina Rh (chiremba wako achakuudza nezvazvo), kana uine chirwere chakakomba chinotapukira (senge diphtheria), kana wakarumwa nenyoka, kana uine chirwere chakadai se chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), unogona kupihwa mushonga une ma antibodies e polyclonal.

Kana muine mimwe mibvunzo kana zvinokunetsai nezvenyaya iyi, musazeza kubvunza chiremba wenyu kana nesi. Vachakutsanangurirai zvinhu izvi zvakadzama. Nekuti kuziviswa nezvehutano hwenyu uye marapirwo amunowana ndeimwe yematanho akanakisa ekugara muine hutano uye muchifara!

` MaPolyclonal Antibodies, MaAntibodies, Sisitimu yeMuviri, MaAntigen, Epitope, Kuongorora, Kurapwa Kwechiremba