Ngaba wakha weva nge-SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)? Makhe sithethe ngayo ngokweenkcukacha!

Usenokukhumbula, kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo, kwakukho intetho ngesifo esibi esasasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Yayiyi-SARS leyo. Ukuchaneka, kwakumalunga nowama-2002 okanye ngowama-2003 apho oku kwaba yingxaki enkulu ehlabathini. Abantu kumazwe amaninzi babandezeleka ngenxa yoku, kwaye abanye bade baphulukana nobomi babo. Ngoko ke, namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesi sifo se-SARS. Masiqonde nje ukuba yintoni, saqala njani, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni ngelo xesha.

Yintoni i-SARS? Ichaphazele njani ihlabathi?

Ngamafutshane, i-SARS sisifo esibangelwa yintsholongwane esichaphazela kakhulu inkqubo yethu yokuphefumla, oko kukuthi, inkqubo yokuphefumla. Saqala ukuchongwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2002. Kwakuphakathi kuka-2002-2003 apho esi sifo sasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kumazwe angama-29 kwihlabathi liphela, sosulela abantu abangaphezu kwama-8,000. Ngelo xesha, sabangela uloyiko olukhulu kunye nexhala, kuba yayisisifo esitsha kwaye sasichaphazela kakhulu.

Kodwa, ngethamsanqa, ngenxa yenyathelo elikhawulezileyo elithathwe ziingcali zempilo kwihlabathi liphela, oku kwalawulwa. Nangona inani elincinci labantu laphinda losulelwa ngo-2004 ngenxa yesiganeko esenzeka kwilabhoratri eTshayina, oko kwalawulwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukususela ngoko, akukho ngxelo ze-SARS kwihlabathi liphela. Ayisosiqabu esikhulu eso?

Ziziphi iimpawu ze-SARS?

Ngoku makhe sijonge iimpawu ze-SARS. Ezinye zezi zinokuvakala ngathi ngumkhuhlane okanye umkhuhlane oqhelekileyo. Kodwa ezinye iimpawu zinzima ngakumbi, ingakumbi izinto ezifana nobunzima bokuphefumla.

Iimpawu eziphambili ezinokubonwa zezi:

• Umkhuhlane ophezulu ongapheliyo: Umkhuhlane odla ngokuba ngaphezulu kwama-38 degrees Celsius (100.4 Fahrenheit). Olu luphawu oluphambili oluza kuqala.
• Ukugodola: Ukuziva ubanda, njengokungcangcazela, okwenza umzimba ungcangcazele.
• Intloko ebuhlungu : Isenokuba buhlungu ngakumbi kunentloko eqhelekileyo.
• Iintlungu zomzimba: Ukuziva intlungu emzimbeni wonke, ingakumbi kwimisipha.
• Ukukhwehlela: Kungaqala njengokukhwehlela okomileyo kuze kukhule kube kukukhwehlela okune-mucus kwiintsuku ezimbalwa.
• Ukuphefumla kancinci: Olu luphawu oluxhalabisayo kancinci. Kunokuba nzima ukuphefumla, uzive ngathi uyaphefumla, kwaye uzive ngathi isifuba sakho siyancipha.
• Urhudo: Kwabanye abantu, malunga nomnye kwabalishumi, urhudo lusenokuba luphawu.
• Umphimbo obuhlungu: Umphimbo obuhlungu, ubunzima bokuginya.

Cinga, abanye abantu banokuba nomkhuhlane kunye nezinye iimpawu ezifana nomkhuhlane. Kodwa kwabanye, ezi mpawu zokuqala zinokuba kukukhwehlela kunye nobunzima bokuphefumla kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezisixhenxe. Kungoko ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukufuna iingcebiso zonyango ngelo xesha ngezi mpawu, ingakumbi ukuba zihamba nobunzima bokuphefumla kunye nomkhuhlane.

Yintoni ebangela i-SARS?

Kulungile, ke ngoko esi sifo se-SARS senzeka njani? Isizathu sale nto yi -SARS-associated coronavirus , intsholongwane ethile ebizwa ngokuba yi- (SARS-CoV-1) ngamafutshane. Uyazi ukuba zeziphi iintsholongwane? Ngamafutshane, ezi ziingceba ezincinci kakhulu zemfuza, ezingabonakaliyo. Oko kukuthi, izinto zemfuza ezifana ne- (DNA) okanye (RNA) zigqunywe yiqokobhe elikhuselayo elenziwe ngeeproteni. Xa ezi ntsholongwane zingena emizimbeni yethu, zisebenzisa izixhobo zeeseli zomzimba wethu ukwenza iikopi ezininzi zazo. Xa inani leentsholongwane ezinjalo lisanda, iiseli zethu zonakala kwaye siyagula. Le ntsholongwane (SARS-CoV-1) ikwasebenza ngendlela efanayo.

I-SARS idluliselwa njani?

Ngoku makhe sijonge indlela intsholongwane ye-SARS esasazeka ngayo ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya komnye. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kakhulu, kuba yiyo into enokuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.

Isasazeka kakhulu ngamathontsi okuphefumla . Oko kukuthi, amathontsi amancinci olwelo, njengesaliva kunye ne-sputum , aphuma xa umntu onentsholongwane ekhohlela, ethimla, okanye ethetha kakhulu. Ukuba ukufutshane nomntu onjalo, loo mathontsi anokungena emzimbeni wakho ngempumlo yakho, umlomo, mhlawumbi namehlo akho, kwaye ungagula.

Enye indlela kukuthinta iindawo ezinentsholongwane. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu ogulayo uchukumisa i-cango, itafile, okanye ifowuni ngaphandle kokuhlamba izandla zakhe, okanye ukuba amathe akhe atshizwe kuloo ndawo, intsholongwane isenokuba khona kwezo ndawo. Emva koko, ukuba uchukumisa loo ndawo uze uchukumise umlomo, impumlo, okanye amehlo akho ngeso sandla singcolileyo, intsholongwane inokungena emzimbeni wakho. Yiyo loo nto ukuhlamba izandla rhoqo kunye nokucoca iindawo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthintela izifo ezosulelayo.

Kuza kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ufumana i-SARS? Ngaba loo nto inokuba yinto enzulu?

Ngoku siyazi ukuba i-SARS ayisasasazeki kwihlabathi liphela. Kodwa ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwesifo sika-2002-2003, abanye abantu bagula yiyo njengomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo baza baphila kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Nangona kunjalo, malunga nomntu omnye kwabalishumi (10% - 20%) waba nesifo esibi kakhulu. Kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezinokwenzeka xa sisiba nzima:

• Isifo semiphunga: Kulapho imiphunga isuleleka khona kwaye iingxowa zomoya ezincinci (ii-alveoli) ezingaphakathi kwemiphunga zizaliswa lulwelo. Oku kuthintela ioksijini ukuba ingangeni kakuhle kwaye i-carbon dioxide ingaphumi. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuphefumla.
• Amanqanaba e-oksijini aphantsi egazini nakwizicwili (Hypoxia): Xa imiphunga ingasebenzi kakuhle, igazi alikwazi ukufunxa ubungakanani be-oksijini efunekayo emzimbeni. Oku kubangela ukunqongophala kwe-oksijini kwizicwili zomzimba wonke. Le yimeko eyingozi kakhulu.
• Ukungasebenzi kakuhle kokuphefumla: Xa imiphunga iba buthathaka kangangokuba ayikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo, umsebenzi wokuphefumla. Kulapho kufuneka ukuphefumla okwenziweyo.

Abantu abagula kakhulu ngolu hlobo, ukuba abakwazi ukuphefumla bodwa, bangeniswa kwiiyunithi zokhathalelo oluphezulu ezibhedlele.Kwafuneka sisebenzise izixhobo zomoya ezisebenzisa oomatshini, oko kukuthi, izixhobo zomoya.

Nangona kunjalo, abo babeneempawu ezingezizo eziqatha kangako kwaye ziqhelekile nje bakwazile ukufumana unyango ekhaya. Njengokuba sisenza xa sinomkhuhlane okanye sinomkhuhlane, sithatha amayeza okudambisa iintlungu, amayeza okunciphisa umkhuhlane, sisele amanzi amaninzi, size siphumle.

Ngaba kukho unyango oluthile lwe-SARS?

Umbuzo abantu abaninzi abawubuzayo kukuba ingaba lukhona na unyango oluthile lwe-SARS virus, oko kukuthi, iyeza elinokunyanga ngokupheleleyo esi sifo. Ukunyaniseka, hayi. Akukho nyango lithile elinokunyanga ngokupheleleyo i-SARS virus. Kwakhona, njengezifo ezininzi ze-virus, bekungekho mayeza athile e-antiviral ngelo xesha, kwaye akukho nanye ngoku. Unyango lujolise kakhulu ekulawuleni iimpawu, ukuxhasa umzimba (umzekelo, ukunika ioksijini), kunye nokuthintela iingxaki ezinokubakho.

Ngaba i-SARS ingathintelwa? Simele senze ntoni?

Ewe, zininzi izinto esinokuzenza ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwezifo ezibangelwa yintsholongwane ezifana ne-SARS kunye nezinye izifo ezisulelayo. Ezi zizinto eziqhelekileyo esizaziyo kwaye esifanele sizilandele yonke imihla. Ezi zinceda ekukhuseleni kungekuphela nje kwi-SARS, kodwa nakwizifo ezifana ne-COVID, kunye nezinto ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo kunye nomkhuhlane.

• Hlamba izandla zakho rhoqo: Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhlamba izandla zakho kakuhle ngesepha namanzi abalekayo ubuncinane imizuzwana engama-20. Ufanele uhlambe izandla zakho emva kokuphuma ngaphandle, ngaphambi kokutya, ngaphambi kokulungisa ukutya, nasemva kokusebenzisa indlu yangasese. Ukuba isepha ayifumaneki, ungasebenzisa isicoci sezandla esisekelwe kutywala.
• Hlala kude nabanye abantu xa ugula: Ukuba unomkhuhlane, ukhohlela, okanye impumlo egobhozayo, hlala ekhaya kangangoko unako. Kuphephe ukuya emsebenzini, esikolweni, okanye kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Oku kuya kukunceda ekuthinteleni ukusasaza esi sifo kwabanye.
• Nxiba imaski xa ugula okanye ucinga ukuba usenokuba uyagula naxa usiya kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi: Oku kukhusela abanye kumathontsi owakhuphayo xa ukhohlela okanye uthimla.
• Gquma umlomo wakho nempumlo yakho ngengqiniba xa ukhohlela okanye uthimla: Kungcono ukuvala umlomo wakho ngaphakathi kwengqiniba yakho okanye ithishu kunokugquma ngesandla sakho. Ukuba usebenzisa ithishu, yilahle emgqomeni emva nje kokuyisebenzisa.
• Kuphephe ukuchukumisa ubuso bakho, amehlo, impumlo, nomlomo ngezandla ezingahlanjwanga.

Ukulandela le mikhwa kuya kusinceda sizikhusele kwizifo ezininzi ezosulelayo, kungekuphela nje kwi-SARS.

Bangaphi abantu abasweleke ngenxa ye-SARS?

Ngexesha lokuphela kobhubhane we-SARS ngo-2003, abantu abayi-916 babesele beswelekile kwihlabathi liphela. Emva koko, kuqhambuko oluncinci ngo-2004, omnye umntu wasweleka. Oko kwenza inani lilonke labantu abaswelekileyo libe yi-917. Njengoko abantu abangaphezu kwe-8,000 bosulelekile ngelo xesha, izinga lokufa lalimalunga ne-10%. Leyo yimeko ebuhlungu, kodwa xa sijonga indlela esisasazeka ngayo esi sifo, sinokucinga ukuba inyathelo elikhawulezileyo elathathwa yi-World Health Organisation kunye namanye amazwe lalinokuthi lithintele inani labantu abaswelekileyo ukuba linganyuki ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile.

Ngaba i-COVID kunye ne-SARS zisifo esinye?

Lo ngumbuzo obalulekileyo kubantu abaninzi, kuba amagama afana kancinci. Hayi, i-COVID-19 kunye ne-SARS azizozifo ezifanayo. Zombini zizifo zokuphefumla ezibangelwa ziintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeentsholongwane . Nangona kunjalo, amagama afana kancinci kuba zombini iintsholongwane ziyinxalenye yosapho olunye lweentsholongwane ezibizwa ngokuba yiCoronaviruses . Intsholongwane ebangela i-SARS yaziwa ngokwesayensi njenge-SARS-CoV-1 kwaye intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19 yaziwa njenge-SARS-CoV-2. Ubusazi na ukuba ezinye ii-coronavirus zinokubangela nezifo ezincinci zokuphefumla ezifana nomkhuhlane oqhelekileyo?

Kukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo oluninzi:

• Isantya kunye nokusasazeka: Intsholongwane ye-COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) isasazeka ngokukhawuleza nangokulula kunentsholongwane ye-SARS (SARS-CoV-1). Kwakhona, izigidi zabantu sele bosulelwe yi-COVID-19, inani elikhulu kakhulu kune-SARS.
• Usulelo olungenazo iimpawu: Kubonakala ngathi i-COVID-19 idluliselwa lula ngabantu abangekabinazo iimpawu kunye nabantu abangenazo iimpawu. Nangona kunjalo, i-SARS yayiyeyona nto isasazekayo emva kokuba kuvele iimpawu. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuyilawula i-COVID-19.
• Ubunzima: Nangona zombini zinokuba nzima, izinga lokufa ngenxa ye-COVID-19 libonakala liphantsi kunele-SARS, kodwa ngenxa yenani elikhulu labantu abosulelwe yi-COVID-19, inani lilonke lokufa liphezulu kakhulu kunele-SARS.

Kwapheliswa njani ukusasazeka kwe-SARS?

Amanyathelo empilo yoluntu ayeluncedo kakhulu ekulawuleni ubhubhane we-SARS. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu, oogqirha, kunye nabasebenzi bezempilo kwihlabathi liphela babesebenzisana ngokukhawuleza.

• Ukuchongwa kweentsholongwane: Izazinzulu zifumanise ngokukhawuleza intsholongwane (SARS-CoV-1) njengembangela yesi sifo sitsha.
• Ukuphucula iindlela zokuvavanya: Nje ukuba intsholongwane ichongwe, iindlela (ezifana novavanyo lwe-PCR) ezinokuvavanya ubukho bayo zaziswa ngokukhawuleza.
• Ukuchonga nokwahlula izigulane: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba i-SARS iyona nto isasazeka kakhulu emva kokuba iimpawu ziqalile, ngoko ke abantu abaneempawu ezifana nomkhuhlane kufuneka bachongwe ngokukhawuleza kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya nasezibhedlele, kwaye kufuneka bahlukaniswe emakhaya.Oko kwenziweyo, okanye okugcinwe kwiiwadi ezikhethekileyo ezibhedlele, kube yimpumelelo enkulu ekulawuleni ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane.
• Ukulandelela abantu abadibene nabo: Xa kufunyenwe isigulana, sifumanisa ukuba ngubani esidibene naye size simjonge.
• Intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe: Amazwe abelane ngolwazi kwaye asebenzisana ngemibutho efana neWorld Health Organization (WHO).

Enyanisweni, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba abantu bazive bengaqinisekanga, besoyika, kwaye bexhalabile xa nasiphi na isifo, ingakumbi ubhubhane omtsha, sisasazeka. I-SARS, kwabanye, yayincinci, ngelixa kwabanye yayinzima, ibulala amakhulu. Kodwa izazinzulu, abasebenzi bezempilo, kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekileyo basebenze kunye kwaye basebenza nzima, benciphisa inani labantu abagulayo. Amagunya ezempilo kumazwe ahlukeneyo asebenzisana ukuchonga ngokukhawuleza intsholongwane nokulawula ukusasazeka kwayo. Yiyo loo nto kungakhange kubekho matyala amatsha e-SARS ukusukela ngo-2004.

Okokugqibela, izinto ekufuneka uzikhumbule

Kulungile, ngoko ke ndicinga ukuba ngoku uyaqonda ngcono into ebesithetha ngayo nge-SARS. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule kukuba okwangoku akukho bhubhane we-SARS ehlabathini. Oko kukunika isiqabu sokwenene. Kodwa, sinezifundo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo esinokuzifunda kwezi ntlobo zezifo ezibulalayo.

• Ukubaluleka kwemikhwa emihle yempilo: Nezinto ezilula ezifana nokuhlamba izandla zakho, ukuhlala kude nabanye xa ugula, kunye nokunxiba imaski yobuso kunokwenza umahluko omkhulu ekuthinteleni ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo.
• Inkqubela phambili kwisayensi nophando: Izinto ezinje zisibonisa ngokucacileyo indlela isayensi ebaluleke ngayo ekuxilongeni izifo ngokukhawuleza, ekwenzeni uvavanyo, ekufumaneni unyango, nasekuphuhliseni amayeza okugonya.
• Amandla obunye: Sikwabona indlela enamandla ngayo ukoyisa imingeni yehlabathi efana nale xa amazwe, izazinzulu, amacandelo ezempilo, kunye noluntu behlangana kwaye besebenzela injongo enye.

Ngoko ke, nangona i-SARS yayisifo esiyingozi ngaphambili, kufuneka silungele ngakumbi ukujongana neemeko ezifanayo kwixesha elizayo ngezifundo esizifundileyo kuyo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuhlala ukhathalela impilo yakho kwaye wenze izinto ngendlela efanelekileyo.

` I-SARS, i-SARS, isifo sokuphefumla, i-coronavirus, iimpawu, usulelo lwentsholongwane, ubhubhane, impilo yoluntu